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This volume contains the proceedings of the symposium Pathochemical
Markers in Major Psychoses, held in Vienna in July 1983. The
development of biological markers in psychiatric diseases, par
ticularly in the field of neurochemistry, has made substantial
progress during recent years although the multiple mechanisms of
mental illness are still not fully understood. The greatest
contribution has come through the development of new therapeutic
agents that not only pro vide invaluable help for psychiatric
patients but also serve as chemical tools for the investigation of
the biological mechanisms underlying the disease. The catecholamine
and serotonin hypotheses for major psy choses have been of
particular heuristic value and have stimulated im portant research.
However, the scope of our scientific endeavours has to be broadened
to include other putative biological causes of psychoses, e. g.,
pathomorphological changes, aberrations in the metabolism of other
amino acids and oflipids, or the formation of endogenous toxins.
This book presents new selected studies of the pathochemical bases
of schizophrenia and affective psychoses. Although several topics
were inevitably not included in this symposium, we nevertheless
hope that it represents an integration of basic pathomorphological
research with current clinical findings in the area of
pathochemical markers in psy chiatry. October 1984 HELMUT BECKMANN
PETER RIEDERER Contents Neuromorphological Background of
Pathochemical Studies in Major Psychoses K. JELLINGER (With I
Figure) . . . . . . . . . . of Psychopathological Classification
The Significance in Interpreting Biochemical Findings E. GABRIEL .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."
The scientific work of Walther Birkmayer is grounded on his ability
to turn what was often a mass of clinical details into the basis
for a hypothesis for a new therapeutic approach toward solving the
problems of a patient's illness. Birkmayer first became known when,
during the Second World War, he built up a clinic for brain
injuries in Vienna, in which over 3000 patients were treated. The
study of changes in the autonomic functions of the nervous system
in these patients as well as the problems of rehabilitation were
published in a monograph, "Hirn- verletzungen". Consequently, this
was his major scientific interest during the post-war years. His
book, "Klinik und Therapie der vegetativen Funktionsstorungen"
published with W. Winkler, brought Birkmayer recognition in the
German-speaking world. In 1954 he took over the Neurological
Department of the Geriatric Hospital of Vienna in Lainz, where he
remained until his retirement in 1975. International acclaim
followed his breakthrough with the clinical application of L-DOPA
in Parkinson's disease. Birkmayer, as a strong adherent to the
scientific interpretation of neurological and psychiatric disease,
has encouraged multidisciplinary research. This is reflected in his
establishment of the former Ludwig Boltzmann- Institute of
Neurochemistry, in which pharmacological, biochemical and
histopathological research into neuropsychiatric diseases was
performed under one roof. Further to his initial work on L-DOPA,
Birkmayer has been in the forefront of supplementary parkinsonian
therapy using enzyme inhibitors: benserazide in 1967, unselective
monoamine oxidase inhibitors in 1962 and deprenyl in 1975.
A probable neurobiological role for the trace amines began to
emerge as soon as techniques sufficiently sophisticated to detect
them were developed. Techniques for quantitative analyses included
radioenzymatic procedures and, more recently, HPlC-EC and auto
mated GC-MS. The methods are applied after separation of the sub
stances to be analyzed and after their purification by
physicochemical procedures that are becoming more and more
efficient. The identification and quantitative analysis of minute
amounts of trace amines in biological fluids or tissues is in
itself a remarkable technological achievement. The enormous task
that several teams of research workers have set themselves is to
investigate the origin of the trace amines, to understand their
metabolism, and to discover whether or not they possess an
important biological role. The 2nd Trace Amines Symposium at
Weitenburg Castle near Tubingen from the 15th to the 19th May 1985
was held to gain a somewhat clearer insight into the present state
of knowledge. Since the first meeting in 1983 our knowledge has
increased and interest is deepening. Hence the idea proposed at
that first meeting, of organizing similar gather ings at regular
intervals, has come to fruition. Covered in the
Neuropsychopharmacology section of this book are studiesof the
effects of certain trace amines on different forms of be havior, on
neurotransmission mediated by . the classical neuro transmitters,
on their biosynthesis or on catabolism, on their possible
occurrence as a result of alternative metabolic pathways for the
amino acids, and in some instances their neuroanatomical
distributions."
This book is a social history of the ritual and custom of
churching, a liturgical rite of purification after childbirth
performed on a woman's first visit to church after giving birth.
This book describes the development of the rite from its original
meaning as a response to blood pollution to its redefinition as a
rite that honoured marriage. It also examines its use by French
bishops as a disciplinary tool enforcing the church's definitions
of marriage and lay sexuality and explores the ways that women,
families, and clergymen manipulated the rite for their own
purposes. This study focuses on northern France and is based on a
wide variety of sources, including sermons, penitential literature,
court records, liturgies and illuminated manuscripts. It will be of
particular interest to students and scholars of women's history,
gender and sexuality, and the relationship between church and
society.
Experts in the fields of neurology, neuroscience, neurobiology and
psychiatry review and present novel findings of basic and clinical
research on extrapyramidal disorders and allied conditions. New
insights on the nature of extrapyramidal dysfunction and its
therapy in the fields of neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience are
presented.
The 10th International Winter Conference on Neurodegeneration
(lWCN) has taken place from February 14-16,2002, at the lovely
"SchloB Ziethen", an old prussian manor (in Prussia, 'faute de
mieux', called 'SchloB', i. e. cas- tle or residence). This place
is 20 km off Tegel Airport, Berlin's main airport, and has been
beautifully restored by baroness Edith von Thiingen (nee von BUlow,
i. e. of historical Prussian aristocracy); it lends itself rather
perfectly for the IWCN type of small interdisciplinary workshops on
neurodegenera- tion which combine short lectures with plenty of
discussion. In this context, we could quote Alexander von
Humboldt's famous opening words for one of the first international
scientific meetings held at Berlin, on September 18, 1828: "The
main purpose ...does not consist in a mutual reading of manuscripts
all to be printed after at least one year in specialised
publications, but in the personal communication amongst those who
work in similar scientific fields; the oral and thus more
stimulating exchange of ideas, might they represent facts, opinions
or doubts; the foundation of friendly relations which convey
illumination to our sciences, serene grace to our lives and
tolerance and mildness to our habits . ..Berlin, Sept. 18, 1828
Alexander von Humboldt To the IWCN aficionado, it may come as a
little surprise that this is the pub- lication of the 10th Winter
Conference as this might mean that they must have missed number 9.
The 10th International Winter Conference on Neurodegeneration
(lWCN) has taken place from February 14-16,2002, at the lovely
"SchloB Ziethen," an old prussian manor (in Prussia, 'faute de
mieux', called 'SchloB', i. e. cas tle or residence). This place is
20 km off Tegel Airport, Berlin's main airport, and has been
beautifully restored by baroness Edith von Thiingen (nee von BUlow,
i. e. of historical Prussian aristocracy); it lends itself rather
perfectly for the IWCN type of small interdisciplinary workshops on
neurodegenera tion which combine short lectures with plenty of
discussion. In this context, we could quote Alexander von
Humboldt's famous opening words for one of the first international
scientific meetings held at Berlin, on September 18, 1828: "The
main purpose . . . does not consist in a mutual reading of
manuscripts all to be printed after at least one year in
specialised publications, but in the personal communication amongst
those who work in similar scientific fields; the oral and thus more
stimulating exchange of ideas, might they represent facts, opinions
or doubts; the foundation of friendly relations which convey
illumination to our sciences, serene grace to our lives and
tolerance and mildness to our habits . . . Berlin, Sept. 18, 1828
Alexander von Humboldt To the IWCN aficionado, it may come as a
little surprise that this is the pub lication of the 10th Winter
Conference as this might mean that they must have missed number 9."
The 8th International Winter Conference on Neurodegeneration from
Febru- ary 9 to 13, 2000 took place in Tegernsee, Bavaria, Germany.
The interest shown in this symposium, which was carried by invited
speakers only, was striking. 28 lectures in 5 sessions dealt with
themes on basic science and therapy strategies for
neurodegenerative illness. This time especially basic mechanism of
cell death and resulting causal treatment possibilities were centre
themes of the lectures and lively discussions. In accordance with
tradi- tion 5 lectures on Multiple Sclerosis finished the
convention. 60 scientists from 13 countries discussed current
questions to these themes. The Symposium started with a lecture on
the history of the develop- ment of modern-L-DOPA-therapy. Lectures
on cell death of dopaminergic nerve cells, new valuation regarding
assembly, built up and function of neuromelanin of Substantia nigra
and with this, the question of the physio- logic and
pathobiochemical role of dopamine and neuromelanin built the first
block of themes which consequently extended to molecular and
genetic aspects of cell death. Highlights of the symposium were
neuroprotective and neuroregenerative future therapy strategies
together with discussions on the difficulties of clinical
neuroprotection. Developmental biological aspects on nerve cells,
reorganisation and neurodegeneration showed a stimulating point of
view of momentary and future development possibilities of new and
more causal forms of therapy of neurodegenerative illness.
Neurodegeneration is one of the most important subjects of the
investigation now and in the coming 21st century. Alzheimer's
disease is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly people and
Parkinson's disease is one of the major neurologic disorders with
the prevalence between 1 and 2/1 000 population in advanced
countries. Many others are suffering from intractable neurodegener
ative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's
disease, or spinocerebellar degeneration. No truly effective
treatment is available for any of these neurodegenerative disorders
except for Parkinson's disease; even in Parkinson's disease, still
it is impossible to slow down the disease process with the
currently available treatment. It is urgently needed to develop new
effective technique to halt or slow down the disease process in
each of those disorders. Recent advance in the molecular biological
and molecular genetic technique has brought us great progress in
the understanding of etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders,
but still it is not known how neurons are going to die in these
disorders. To explore the question, mutual cooperation and exchange
of ideas between basic scientists and clinical peoples are of
utmost importance."
Volume 5 of the series "Advances in Research on Neurodegeneration"
is concerned with themes which are currently the focus of intensive
research, and in which advances in our understanding of the
pathological mechanisms un derlying neurodegenerative diseases are
expected in the near future. The first section contains five
reviews devoted to the various neuroimaging technolo gies. The
discussion is concerned with the question of whether neuroimaging
techniques make it possible to follow the process of degeneration
as it occurs, and which methods offer the required sensitivity and
quantifiability for this purpose. However, the question needs to be
examined of whether, given the physical and chemical limitations of
these techniques, even under optimal conditions, anatomical
resolution can be improved to the extent that neuro degenerative
diseases can be diagnosed earlier than currently possible and a
confident diagnosis made. The possibilities of using neuroimaging
techniques to provide information regarding the effects of
neuroprotective or neuroregen erative therapeutic strategies, and
for correlating the results of neuropsycho logical research with
imaging data are also discussed. The second section is concerned
with the significance of endogenous or exogenous neurotoxins as
triggers for neurodegenerative processes that may lead to
Parkinsonism. Vulnerability factors, which include such factors as
nerve ending sensitivity, the synergistic effects of drugs and the
various mechanisms underlying different toxins are discussed."
As in other volumes in the series, this newest volume conveys
up-to-date knowledge in a clear and straightforward manner. It
begins with a survey of the neurobiological functions of the brain,
with the emphasis on Parkinson's disease. This is followed by a
presentation of the role of dopamine in the regulation of human
anterior pituitary function. The final two chapters concentrate on
the dopamine receptors: first, the binding sites are characterized
and the biochemical and physiological consequences of
dopamine-receptor stimulation are discussed and, finally, there is
a report on the topology of a dopamine-receptor model that can
account comprehensively for agonists and antagonists.
A probable neurobiological role for the trace amines began to
emerge as soon as techniques sufficiently sophisticated to detect
them were developed. Techniques for quantitative analyses included
radioenzymatic procedures and, more recently, HPlC-EC and auto
mated GC-MS. The methods are applied after separation of the sub
stances to be analyzed and after their purification by
physicochemical procedures that are becoming more and more
efficient. The identification and quantitative analysis of minute
amounts of trace amines in biological fluids or tissues is in
itself a remarkable technological achievement. The enormous task
that several teams of research workers have set themselves is to
investigate the origin of the trace amines, to understand their
metabolism, and to discover whether or not they possess an
important biological role. The 2nd Trace Amines Symposium at
Weitenburg Castle near Tubingen from the 15th to the 19th May 1985
was held to gain a somewhat clearer insight into the present state
of knowledge. Since the first meeting in 1983 our knowledge has
increased and interest is deepening. Hence the idea proposed at
that first meeting, of organizing similar gather ings at regular
intervals, has come to fruition. Covered in the
Neuropsychopharmacology section of this book are studiesof the
effects of certain trace amines on different forms of be havior, on
neurotransmission mediated by . the classical neuro transmitters,
on their biosynthesis or on catabolism, on their possible
occurrence as a result of alternative metabolic pathways for the
amino acids, and in some instances their neuroanatomical
distributions."
Experts in the fields of neurology, neuroscience, neurobiology and
psychiatry review and present novel findings of basic and clinical
research on extrapyramidal disorders and allied conditions. New
insights on the nature of extrapyramidal dysfunction and its
therapy in the fields of neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience are
presented.
Gezielte und konsequente Erforschung grundlegender Mechanis- men
der Neurotransmission, Entdeckung der biogenen Amine, Er- kennung
und Zuordnung von Verhaltensweisen, klinische Beobach- tungsgabe,
das Zusammentreffen kongenialer Partner und Zufallig- keiten
kennzeichnen den Durchbruch der Erkenntnis, daR neuro- logischen
Erkrankungen biochemische Defekte zugrunde liegen, welche
pharmakologisch-therapeutisch kompensiert werden k6nnen. Es ist
keine Frage, daR diese "Sternstunde" mit Grundlagenforschern wie
Arvid Carlsson und Oleh Hornykiewicz und den Klinikern Walther
Birkmayer und Andre Barbeau namentlich zu verkniipfen ist. Sie
haben das Tor zur weiten biochemischen, histologischen und phar-
makologischen Erforschung des Gehirns endgiiltig auf gestoR en. Die
Parkinson-Krankheit, flir welche der kausale Zusammenhang von
Pathomorphologie, Dopamindefizit und Dopaminsubstitution durch
L-DOPA vor rund 25 Jahren festgestellt wurde, gilt auch heute noch
als "Modellerkrankung" zur Erforschung neurologischer und
psychiatrischer Verhaltensweisen. Einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur
Erforschung der grundlegenden Mechanismen dopaminerger Neuro- nen
hat die Entwicldung der "Madopar"-Therapie, welche mit Wal- ther
Birkmayer so eng verkniipft ist, gebracht. Er ist auch einer der
wenigen, welcher den langen Weg von den ersten Ansatzen dieser
Basistherapie bis zu den aktuellen modulierten Therapieformen mit-
gegangen ist und mitgestaltet hat. Es war daher naheliegend, daR
Hoffmann-La Roche anlaRlich des 75. Geburtstages von Univ. -Prof.
Dr. Dr. h. c. Walther Birkmayer zu einem Symposium einlud. Die
verschiedenen Facetten des Werde- ganges von Madopar sowie der
geschichtliche Riickblick, gepaart mit VI Vorwort personlichen
Erlebnissen und Anekdoten, umwoben die wissen- schaftliche Basis
dieser Tagung. Die ehrenvoIle Aufgabe, als Editoren des
Tagungsberichtes zu fungieren, haben wir steIlvertretend fur aIle
Freunde des Jubilars gerne ubernommen.
Neuro-Psychopharmaka zahlen zu den meistverordneten Medikamenten,
dennoch fallt vielen Arzten der Uberblick schwer. Das kompakte
Taschenbuch enthalt die praxis- und verordnungsrelevanten Fakten
als tabellarische Kurzinformationen zu knapp 200 Einzelsubstanzen.
Die im deutschen Sprachraum erhaltlichen Neuro-Psychopharmaka sind
alphabetisch nach ihren Internationalen Freinamen (INN) aufgefuhrt.
Der Aufbau gliedert sich in 6 Spalten: - Freinamen (INN)
alphabetisch, dazu Handelsnamen (D, A, CH) - Substanzcharakteristik
(Pharmakologie, Indikationen, Wirkprofil) - Dosierung
(einschliesslich Eliminationshalbwertszeit) - haufige (> 10%)
und typische Nebenwirkungen - klinisch relevante Interaktionen
(Wechselwirkungen) - Kontraindikationen Alphabetische Register nach
Freinamen und nach Handelsnamen sichern ein rasches Auffinden. Alle
Arzte, die Psychopharmaka verordnen, erhalten mit diesem
ubersichtlichen Kompendium einen handlichen Ratgeber mit den
wichtigsten Basisdaten zur schnellen Information auf einen Blick."
Professor Walther Birkmayer, einer der Mitentdecker der
neurochemischen Ursachen und der Substitutionstherapie des
fehlenden Transmitters bei der Parkinson-Krankheit, und Professor
Peter Riederer haben in dem vorliegenden Werk erfolgreich versucht,
das derzeitige Wissen um die Bioche- mie, die synaptische
UEbertragung zwischen Neuronen, zu deren Erforschung beide Autoren
wesentlich beigetragen haben, zusammenfassend darzustellen und mit
den Ergeb- nissen der Verhaltensforschung in Beziehung zu setzen.
Unter menschlicher Verhaltenskunde oder Human-Etho- logie verstehen
wir jenes Wissen um menschliches Verhal- ten, das mit den Methoden
der von K. Lorenz, K. Tinber- gen und K. von Frisch, die dafur mit
dem Nobelpreis fur Medizin ausgezeichnet wurden, begrundeten
Verhaltens- forschung erarbeitet wurde. Diese Methoden wurden dann
vor allem im Normalbereich von 1. von Eibl-Eibesfeldt und im
pathologischen Bereich von D. von Ploog angewendet und haben
entscheidend zum Verstandnis biologisch determi- nierten Verhaltens
beigetragen. Ausgehend von diesen Beobachtungen wurden vor allem
das Befinden und seine Stoerungen, wie sie fur den Menschen typisch
sind und nur von diesem dank der Sprache auch genau beschrieben
wer- den koennen, berucksichtigt.
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