The scientific work of Walther Birkmayer is grounded on his ability to turn what was often a mass of clinical details into the basis for a hypothesis for a new therapeutic approach toward solving the problems of a patient's illness. Birkmayer first became known when, during the Second World War, he built up a clinic for brain injuries in Vienna, in which over 3000 patients were treated. The study of changes in the autonomic functions of the nervous system in these patients as well as the problems of rehabilitation were published in a monograph, "Hirn- verletzungen". Consequently, this was his major scientific interest during the post-war years. His book, "Klinik und Therapie der vegetativen Funktionsstorungen" published with W. Winkler, brought Birkmayer recognition in the German-speaking world. In 1954 he took over the Neurological Department of the Geriatric Hospital of Vienna in Lainz, where he remained until his retirement in 1975. International acclaim followed his breakthrough with the clinical application of L-DOPA in Parkinson's disease. Birkmayer, as a strong adherent to the scientific interpretation of neurological and psychiatric disease, has encouraged multidisciplinary research. This is reflected in his establishment of the former Ludwig Boltzmann- Institute of Neurochemistry, in which pharmacological, biochemical and histopathological research into neuropsychiatric diseases was performed under one roof. Further to his initial work on L-DOPA, Birkmayer has been in the forefront of supplementary parkinsonian therapy using enzyme inhibitors: benserazide in 1967, unselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors in 1962 and deprenyl in 1975.

This volume contains the proceedings of the symposium Pathochemical Markers in Major Psychoses, held in Vienna in July 1983. The development of biological markers in psychiatric diseases, par ticularly in the field of neurochemistry, has made substantial progress during recent years although the multiple mechanisms of mental illness are still not fully understood. The greatest contribution has come through the development of new therapeutic agents that not only pro vide invaluable help for psychiatric patients but also serve as chemical tools for the investigation of the biological mechanisms underlying the disease. The catecholamine and serotonin hypotheses for major psy choses have been of particular heuristic value and have stimulated im portant research. However, the scope of our scientific endeavours has to be broadened to include other putative biological causes of psychoses, e. g., pathomorphological changes, aberrations in the metabolism of other amino acids and oflipids, or the formation of endogenous toxins. This book presents new selected studies of the pathochemical bases of schizophrenia and affective psychoses. Although several topics were inevitably not included in this symposium, we nevertheless hope that it represents an integration of basic pathomorphological research with current clinical findings in the area of pathochemical markers in psy chiatry. October 1984 HELMUT BECKMANN PETER RIEDERER Contents Neuromorphological Background of Pathochemical Studies in Major Psychoses K. JELLINGER (With I Figure) . . . . . . . . . . of Psychopathological Classification The Significance in Interpreting Biochemical Findings E. GABRIEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

A probable neurobiological role for the trace amines began to emerge as soon as techniques sufficiently sophisticated to detect them were developed. Techniques for quantitative analyses included radioenzymatic procedures and, more recently, HPlC-EC and auto mated GC-MS. The methods are applied after separation of the sub stances to be analyzed and after their purification by physicochemical procedures that are becoming more and more efficient. The identification and quantitative analysis of minute amounts of trace amines in biological fluids or tissues is in itself a remarkable technological achievement. The enormous task that several teams of research workers have set themselves is to investigate the origin of the trace amines, to understand their metabolism, and to discover whether or not they possess an important biological role. The 2nd Trace Amines Symposium at Weitenburg Castle near Tubingen from the 15th to the 19th May 1985 was held to gain a somewhat clearer insight into the present state of knowledge. Since the first meeting in 1983 our knowledge has increased and interest is deepening. Hence the idea proposed at that first meeting, of organizing similar gather ings at regular intervals, has come to fruition. Covered in the Neuropsychopharmacology section of this book are studiesof the effects of certain trace amines on different forms of be havior, on neurotransmission mediated by . the classical neuro transmitters, on their biosynthesis or on catabolism, on their possible occurrence as a result of alternative metabolic pathways for the amino acids, and in some instances their neuroanatomical distributions."

This book is a social history of the ritual and custom of churching, a liturgical rite of purification after childbirth performed on a woman's first visit to church after giving birth. This book describes the development of the rite from its original meaning as a response to blood pollution to its redefinition as a rite that honoured marriage. It also examines its use by French bishops as a disciplinary tool enforcing the church's definitions of marriage and lay sexuality and explores the ways that women, families, and clergymen manipulated the rite for their own purposes. This study focuses on northern France and is based on a wide variety of sources, including sermons, penitential literature, court records, liturgies and illuminated manuscripts. It will be of particular interest to students and scholars of women's history, gender and sexuality, and the relationship between church and society.

Experts in the fields of neurology, neuroscience, neurobiology and psychiatry review and present novel findings of basic and clinical research on extrapyramidal disorders and allied conditions. New insights on the nature of extrapyramidal dysfunction and its therapy in the fields of neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience are presented.

The 10th International Winter Conference on Neurodegeneration (lWCN) has taken place from February 14-16,2002, at the lovely "SchloB Ziethen," an old prussian manor (in Prussia, 'faute de mieux', called 'SchloB', i. e. cas tle or residence). This place is 20 km off Tegel Airport, Berlin's main airport, and has been beautifully restored by baroness Edith von Thiingen (nee von BUlow, i. e. of historical Prussian aristocracy); it lends itself rather perfectly for the IWCN type of small interdisciplinary workshops on neurodegenera tion which combine short lectures with plenty of discussion. In this context, we could quote Alexander von Humboldt's famous opening words for one of the first international scientific meetings held at Berlin, on September 18, 1828: "The main purpose . . . does not consist in a mutual reading of manuscripts all to be printed after at least one year in specialised publications, but in the personal communication amongst those who work in similar scientific fields; the oral and thus more stimulating exchange of ideas, might they represent facts, opinions or doubts; the foundation of friendly relations which convey illumination to our sciences, serene grace to our lives and tolerance and mildness to our habits . . . Berlin, Sept. 18, 1828 Alexander von Humboldt To the IWCN aficionado, it may come as a little surprise that this is the pub lication of the 10th Winter Conference as this might mean that they must have missed number 9."

The 10th International Winter Conference on Neurodegeneration (lWCN) has taken place from February 14-16,2002, at the lovely "SchloB Ziethen", an old prussian manor (in Prussia, 'faute de mieux', called 'SchloB', i. e. cas- tle or residence). This place is 20 km off Tegel Airport, Berlin's main airport, and has been beautifully restored by baroness Edith von Thiingen (nee von BUlow, i. e. of historical Prussian aristocracy); it lends itself rather perfectly for the IWCN type of small interdisciplinary workshops on neurodegenera- tion which combine short lectures with plenty of discussion. In this context, we could quote Alexander von Humboldt's famous opening words for one of the first international scientific meetings held at Berlin, on September 18, 1828: "The main purpose ...does not consist in a mutual reading of manuscripts all to be printed after at least one year in specialised publications, but in the personal communication amongst those who work in similar scientific fields; the oral and thus more stimulating exchange of ideas, might they represent facts, opinions or doubts; the foundation of friendly relations which convey illumination to our sciences, serene grace to our lives and tolerance and mildness to our habits . ..Berlin, Sept. 18, 1828 Alexander von Humboldt To the IWCN aficionado, it may come as a little surprise that this is the pub- lication of the 10th Winter Conference as this might mean that they must have missed number 9.

The 8th International Winter Conference on Neurodegeneration from Febru- ary 9 to 13, 2000 took place in Tegernsee, Bavaria, Germany. The interest shown in this symposium, which was carried by invited speakers only, was striking. 28 lectures in 5 sessions dealt with themes on basic science and therapy strategies for neurodegenerative illness. This time especially basic mechanism of cell death and resulting causal treatment possibilities were centre themes of the lectures and lively discussions. In accordance with tradi- tion 5 lectures on Multiple Sclerosis finished the convention. 60 scientists from 13 countries discussed current questions to these themes. The Symposium started with a lecture on the history of the develop- ment of modern-L-DOPA-therapy. Lectures on cell death of dopaminergic nerve cells, new valuation regarding assembly, built up and function of neuromelanin of Substantia nigra and with this, the question of the physio- logic and pathobiochemical role of dopamine and neuromelanin built the first block of themes which consequently extended to molecular and genetic aspects of cell death. Highlights of the symposium were neuroprotective and neuroregenerative future therapy strategies together with discussions on the difficulties of clinical neuroprotection. Developmental biological aspects on nerve cells, reorganisation and neurodegeneration showed a stimulating point of view of momentary and future development possibilities of new and more causal forms of therapy of neurodegenerative illness.

Neurodegeneration is one of the most important subjects of the investigation now and in the coming 21st century. Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly people and Parkinson's disease is one of the major neurologic disorders with the prevalence between 1 and 2/1 000 population in advanced countries. Many others are suffering from intractable neurodegener ative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, or spinocerebellar degeneration. No truly effective treatment is available for any of these neurodegenerative disorders except for Parkinson's disease; even in Parkinson's disease, still it is impossible to slow down the disease process with the currently available treatment. It is urgently needed to develop new effective technique to halt or slow down the disease process in each of those disorders. Recent advance in the molecular biological and molecular genetic technique has brought us great progress in the understanding of etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders, but still it is not known how neurons are going to die in these disorders. To explore the question, mutual cooperation and exchange of ideas between basic scientists and clinical peoples are of utmost importance."

Volume 5 of the series "Advances in Research on Neurodegeneration" is concerned with themes which are currently the focus of intensive research, and in which advances in our understanding of the pathological mechanisms un derlying neurodegenerative diseases are expected in the near future. The first section contains five reviews devoted to the various neuroimaging technolo gies. The discussion is concerned with the question of whether neuroimaging techniques make it possible to follow the process of degeneration as it occurs, and which methods offer the required sensitivity and quantifiability for this purpose. However, the question needs to be examined of whether, given the physical and chemical limitations of these techniques, even under optimal conditions, anatomical resolution can be improved to the extent that neuro degenerative diseases can be diagnosed earlier than currently possible and a confident diagnosis made. The possibilities of using neuroimaging techniques to provide information regarding the effects of neuroprotective or neuroregen erative therapeutic strategies, and for correlating the results of neuropsycho logical research with imaging data are also discussed. The second section is concerned with the significance of endogenous or exogenous neurotoxins as triggers for neurodegenerative processes that may lead to Parkinsonism. Vulnerability factors, which include such factors as nerve ending sensitivity, the synergistic effects of drugs and the various mechanisms underlying different toxins are discussed."

As in other volumes in the series, this newest volume conveys up-to-date knowledge in a clear and straightforward manner. It begins with a survey of the neurobiological functions of the brain, with the emphasis on Parkinson's disease. This is followed by a presentation of the role of dopamine in the regulation of human anterior pituitary function. The final two chapters concentrate on the dopamine receptors: first, the binding sites are characterized and the biochemical and physiological consequences of dopamine-receptor stimulation are discussed and, finally, there is a report on the topology of a dopamine-receptor model that can account comprehensively for agonists and antagonists.

A probable neurobiological role for the trace amines began to emerge as soon as techniques sufficiently sophisticated to detect them were developed. Techniques for quantitative analyses included radioenzymatic procedures and, more recently, HPlC-EC and auto mated GC-MS. The methods are applied after separation of the sub stances to be analyzed and after their purification by physicochemical procedures that are becoming more and more efficient. The identification and quantitative analysis of minute amounts of trace amines in biological fluids or tissues is in itself a remarkable technological achievement. The enormous task that several teams of research workers have set themselves is to investigate the origin of the trace amines, to understand their metabolism, and to discover whether or not they possess an important biological role. The 2nd Trace Amines Symposium at Weitenburg Castle near Tubingen from the 15th to the 19th May 1985 was held to gain a somewhat clearer insight into the present state of knowledge. Since the first meeting in 1983 our knowledge has increased and interest is deepening. Hence the idea proposed at that first meeting, of organizing similar gather ings at regular intervals, has come to fruition. Covered in the Neuropsychopharmacology section of this book are studiesof the effects of certain trace amines on different forms of be havior, on neurotransmission mediated by . the classical neuro transmitters, on their biosynthesis or on catabolism, on their possible occurrence as a result of alternative metabolic pathways for the amino acids, and in some instances their neuroanatomical distributions."

Experts in the fields of neurology, neuroscience, neurobiology and psychiatry review and present novel findings of basic and clinical research on extrapyramidal disorders and allied conditions. New insights on the nature of extrapyramidal dysfunction and its therapy in the fields of neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience are presented.

Gezielte und konsequente Erforschung grundlegender Mechanis- men der Neurotransmission, Entdeckung der biogenen Amine, Er- kennung und Zuordnung von Verhaltensweisen, klinische Beobach- tungsgabe, das Zusammentreffen kongenialer Partner und Zufallig- keiten kennzeichnen den Durchbruch der Erkenntnis, daR neuro- logischen Erkrankungen biochemische Defekte zugrunde liegen, welche pharmakologisch-therapeutisch kompensiert werden k6nnen. Es ist keine Frage, daR diese "Sternstunde" mit Grundlagenforschern wie Arvid Carlsson und Oleh Hornykiewicz und den Klinikern Walther Birkmayer und Andre Barbeau namentlich zu verkniipfen ist. Sie haben das Tor zur weiten biochemischen, histologischen und phar- makologischen Erforschung des Gehirns endgiiltig auf gestoR en. Die Parkinson-Krankheit, flir welche der kausale Zusammenhang von Pathomorphologie, Dopamindefizit und Dopaminsubstitution durch L-DOPA vor rund 25 Jahren festgestellt wurde, gilt auch heute noch als "Modellerkrankung" zur Erforschung neurologischer und psychiatrischer Verhaltensweisen. Einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Erforschung der grundlegenden Mechanismen dopaminerger Neuro- nen hat die Entwicldung der "Madopar"-Therapie, welche mit Wal- ther Birkmayer so eng verkniipft ist, gebracht. Er ist auch einer der wenigen, welcher den langen Weg von den ersten Ansatzen dieser Basistherapie bis zu den aktuellen modulierten Therapieformen mit- gegangen ist und mitgestaltet hat. Es war daher naheliegend, daR Hoffmann-La Roche anlaRlich des 75. Geburtstages von Univ. -Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Walther Birkmayer zu einem Symposium einlud. Die verschiedenen Facetten des Werde- ganges von Madopar sowie der geschichtliche Riickblick, gepaart mit VI Vorwort personlichen Erlebnissen und Anekdoten, umwoben die wissen- schaftliche Basis dieser Tagung. Die ehrenvoIle Aufgabe, als Editoren des Tagungsberichtes zu fungieren, haben wir steIlvertretend fur aIle Freunde des Jubilars gerne ubernommen.

Neuro-Psychopharmaka zahlen zu den meistverordneten Medikamenten, dennoch fallt vielen Arzten der Uberblick schwer. Das kompakte Taschenbuch enthalt die praxis- und verordnungsrelevanten Fakten als tabellarische Kurzinformationen zu knapp 200 Einzelsubstanzen. Die im deutschen Sprachraum erhaltlichen Neuro-Psychopharmaka sind alphabetisch nach ihren Internationalen Freinamen (INN) aufgefuhrt. Der Aufbau gliedert sich in 6 Spalten: - Freinamen (INN) alphabetisch, dazu Handelsnamen (D, A, CH) - Substanzcharakteristik (Pharmakologie, Indikationen, Wirkprofil) - Dosierung (einschliesslich Eliminationshalbwertszeit) - haufige (> 10%) und typische Nebenwirkungen - klinisch relevante Interaktionen (Wechselwirkungen) - Kontraindikationen Alphabetische Register nach Freinamen und nach Handelsnamen sichern ein rasches Auffinden. Alle Arzte, die Psychopharmaka verordnen, erhalten mit diesem ubersichtlichen Kompendium einen handlichen Ratgeber mit den wichtigsten Basisdaten zur schnellen Information auf einen Blick."

Professor Walther Birkmayer, einer der Mitentdecker der neurochemischen Ursachen und der Substitutionstherapie des fehlenden Transmitters bei der Parkinson-Krankheit, und Professor Peter Riederer haben in dem vorliegenden Werk erfolgreich versucht, das derzeitige Wissen um die Bioche- mie, die synaptische UEbertragung zwischen Neuronen, zu deren Erforschung beide Autoren wesentlich beigetragen haben, zusammenfassend darzustellen und mit den Ergeb- nissen der Verhaltensforschung in Beziehung zu setzen. Unter menschlicher Verhaltenskunde oder Human-Etho- logie verstehen wir jenes Wissen um menschliches Verhal- ten, das mit den Methoden der von K. Lorenz, K. Tinber- gen und K. von Frisch, die dafur mit dem Nobelpreis fur Medizin ausgezeichnet wurden, begrundeten Verhaltens- forschung erarbeitet wurde. Diese Methoden wurden dann vor allem im Normalbereich von 1. von Eibl-Eibesfeldt und im pathologischen Bereich von D. von Ploog angewendet und haben entscheidend zum Verstandnis biologisch determi- nierten Verhaltens beigetragen. Ausgehend von diesen Beobachtungen wurden vor allem das Befinden und seine Stoerungen, wie sie fur den Menschen typisch sind und nur von diesem dank der Sprache auch genau beschrieben wer- den koennen, berucksichtigt.