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Linguists routinely emphasise the primacy of speech over writing.
Yet, most linguists have analysed spoken language, as well as
language in general, applying theories and methods that are best
suited for written language. Accordingly, there is an extensive
'written language bias' in traditional and present day linguistics
and other language sciences. In this book, this point is argued
with rich and convincing evidence from virtually all fields of
linguistics.
There is a 'written language bias' in the language sciences,
particularly in linguistics. Within the discipline of linguistics,
models and theories of language have been developed that are
strongly dependent on long-time traditions of dealing with writing
and written language. This legacy is still alive in modern,
mainstream theoretical linguistics. As a consequence a paradox
arises: there is an almost unanimous agreement on the absolute
primacy of spoken language, yet language is explored from
theoretical and methodological points of departure that are
ultimately derived from concerns with cultivating, standardising
and teaching forms of written language.
The author substantiates claims about the 'written language bias'
using arguments and points from the theory and philosophy of
language, phonology, grammer, lexicology, semantics, pragmatics,
theory of text and discourse. Special attention is given to the
notion of the single, unitary language, the distinction between
language and speech, the view on language as a set of abstract
objects and rules, the sentences as the fundamental unit of
language, among other themes. Although the book focuses on
mainstream linguistics, it also sketches an alternative theory of
language which describes language use and talk-in-interaction in
dialogical terms and as embodied, social action distributed in
time.
Internationally, there is increasing research and interest in the
processes of the production and reception of texts for specific
purposes and in the historical development of genres and registers
within Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP), psycholinguistics,
sociolinguistics, anthropology and the sociology of science.
Studies of professional communication have traditionally been
biased towards the written medium and have been carried out with
little, if any, connection to LSP. Disciplinary boundaries and
interest groupings have thus kept these different approaches to the
study of professional communication and interaction separate. The
editors of this volume unite these different perspectives and
approaches and bring together recent research from linguistics,
sociolinguistics, ethnography of communication, anthropology and
sociology to provide an up-to-date analysis of different varieties
of professional discourse and their historical development.
Chapters written by leading exponents in the field deal with the
core theoretical issue of how language, written genres and spoken
discourse are constructed as a successive and continuous interplay
between language and social realities. The volume includes chapters
on the moral construction of discourse in the social care
profession, the discourse of dispute negotiation, narrative
accounts in clinical research, doctor-patient interaction, legal
and other kinds of institutional discourse. A key text for students
of applied linguistics and sociolinguistics at both advanced,
undergraduate and MA levels.
Internationally, there is increasing research and interest in the
processes of the production and reception of texts for specific
purposes and in the historical development of genres and registers
within Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP), psycholinguistics,
sociolinguistics, anthropology and the sociology of science.
Studies of professional communication have traditionally been
biased towards the written medium and have been carried out with
little, if any, connection to LSP. Disciplinary boundaries and
interest groupings have thus kept these different approaches to the
study of professional communication and interaction separate. The
editors of this volume unite these different perspectives and
approaches and bring together recent research from linguistics,
sociolinguistics, ethnography of communication, anthropology and
sociology to provide an up-to-date analysis of different varieties
of professional discourse and their historical development.
Chapters written by leading exponents in the field deal with the
core theoretical issue of how language, written genres and spoken
discourse are constructed as a successive and continuous interplay
between language and social realities. The volume includes chapters
on the moral construction of discourse in the social care
profession, the discourse of dispute negotiation, narrative
accounts in clinical research, doctor-patient interaction, legal
and other kinds of institutional discourse. A key text for students
of applied linguistics and sociolinguistics at both advanced,
undergraduate and MA levels.
Memory and learning are seen as mental phenomena and generally
studied as brain processes, for example, within various branches of
psychology and neuroscience. This book represents a rather
different tack, based on sociocultural theory, cultural psychology
and dialogism. Authors from many different disciplines and
countries study memory and learning as practices adopted by people
in different interactional and institutional contexts. Studies
range from detailed analyses of situated activities to broad
sociohistorical studies of cultural phenomena and collective
memories such as national narratives and physical symbols for
commemorating events and traditions. By focusing on how people
engage in remembering and learning, this book provides a necessary
complement to currently popular neuroscientific approaches.
Memory and learning are seen as mental phenomena and generally
studied as brain processes, for example, within various branches of
psychology and neuroscience. This book represents a rather
different tack, based on sociocultural theory, cultural psychology
and dialogism. Authors from many different disciplines and
countries study memory and learning as practices adopted by people
in different interactional and institutional contexts. Studies
range from detailed analyses of situated activities to broad
sociohistorical studies of cultural phenomena and collective
memories such as national narratives and physical symbols for
commemorating events and traditions. By focusing on how people
engage in remembering and learning, this book provides a necessary
complement to currently popular neuroscientific approaches.
A volume in Advances in Cultural Psychology Series Editor: Jaan
Valsiner, Clark University Trust has a constituent role in human
societies. It has been treated as a scientific topic in many
disciplines. Yet, despite the fact that trust and distrust come to
life primarily in human communication and through language, it has
seldom been analyzed from a communicative or linguistic
perspective. This is the theme of this path-breaking volume. This
volume contains 12 chapters, plus introduction and epilogue by the
editors. They have been authored by leading specialists on trust in
language and communication, coming from many disciplines and from
different cultures and countries. Most of the authors share a
conceptual basis in dialogical theories. This book is a follow-up
volume to two previous volumes on trust within cultural psychology,
Trust and Distrust (Markova & Gillespie, 2008) and Trust and
Conflict (Markova & Gillespie, 2012). It will be of interest to
anyone seriously interested in trust in societies, and in trust and
distrust as displayed in communication and language.
A volume in Advances in Cultural Psychology Series Editor: Jaan
Valsiner, Clark University Trust has a constituent role in human
societies. It has been treated as a scientific topic in many
disciplines. Yet, despite the fact that trust and distrust come to
life primarily in human communication and through language, it has
seldom been analyzed from a communicative or linguistic
perspective. This is the theme of this path-breaking volume. This
volume contains 12 chapters, plus introduction and epilogue by the
editors. They have been authored by leading specialists on trust in
language and communication, coming from many disciplines and from
different cultures and countries. Most of the authors share a
conceptual basis in dialogical theories. This book is a follow-up
volume to two previous volumes on trust within cultural psychology,
Trust and Distrust (Markova & Gillespie, 2008) and Trust and
Conflict (Markova & Gillespie, 2012). It will be of interest to
anyone seriously interested in trust in societies, and in trust and
distrust as displayed in communication and language.
In contrast to a vast literature that provides information and
guides about focus groups as a methodological tool, this book is an
introduction to understanding focus groups as analytical means
exploring socially shared knowledge, e.g. social representations of
AIDS, biotechnology or democracy, beliefs and lay explanations of
social phenomena. The main emphasis of the book is to examine how
to analyse interaction and ideas expressed in focus groups. The
book considers, first, different kinds of dynamic interdependencies
among participants who hold the diverse and heterogeneous
positions. Second, it explores circulations of ideas and contents
in focus groups. More generally, the book is concerned with:
language in real social interactions and sense-making, which are
embedded in history and culture; the ways people draw upon and
transform social knowledge when they talk and think together in
dialogue; the ways people generate heterogeneous meanings in the
group dynamics; and communicative activities and genres represented
by different kinds of focus groups. This original approach to
understanding focus groups will be of interest to researchers and
advanced students in social sciences, communication studies,
psychology, and language sciences.
In contrast to a vast literature that provides information and
guides about focus groups as a methodological tool, this book is an
introduction to understanding focus groups as analytical means
exploring socially shared knowledge, e.g. social representations of
AIDS, biotechnology or democracy, beliefs and lay explanations of
social phenomena. The main emphasis of the book is to examine how
to analyse interaction and ideas expressed in focus groups. The
book considers, first, different kinds of dynamic interdependencies
among participants who hold the diverse and heterogeneous
positions. Second, it explores circulations of ideas and contents
in focus groups. More generally, the book is concerned with:
language in real social interactions and sense-making, which are
embedded in history and culture; the ways people draw upon and
transform social knowledge when they talk and think together in
dialogue; the ways people generate heterogeneous meanings in the
group dynamics; and communicative activities and genres represented
by different kinds of focus groups. This original approach to
understanding focus groups will be of interest to researchers and
advanced students in social sciences, communication studies,
psychology, and language sciences.
A volume in Advances in Cultural PsychologySeries Editor: Jaan
Valsiner, Clark University"This is a remarkable and highly original
work on dialogism, dialogical theories and dialogue. With his
erudite and broadly based scholarship PerLinell makes a
path-breaking contribution to the study of the human mind,
presenting a novel alternative to traditional monologism and
exploring thedynamics of sense-making in different forms of
interaction and communicative projects. Although Per Linell
discusses complex dialogical concepts, the text is written with
exceptional clarity, taking the reader through critique as well as
appreciation of great intellectual traditions of our
time."(Professor Ivana Markov, University of Stirling, U.K.)"Per
Linells Rethinking Language, Mind And World Dialogically represents
a landmark in the development ofa transdisciplinary dialogically
basedparadigm for the human sciences. The author?'s lucid analysis
and constructive rethinking ranges all the way from integrating
explanations ofsignificant empirical contributions across the
entire range of human sciences dealing with language, thought and
communication to foundational, epistemological and ontological
issues."(Professor Ragnar Rommetveit, University of Oslo,
Norway)Per Linell took his degree in linguistics and is currently
professor of language and culture, with a specialisation on
communication and spokeninteraction, at the University of Link
ping, Sweden. He has been instrumental in building up an
internationally renowned interdisciplinary graduateschool in
communication studies in Link ping. He has worked for many years on
developing a dialogical alternative to mainstream theories
inlinguistics, psychology and social sciences. His production
comprises more than 100 articles on dialogue, talk-in-interaction
and institutionaldiscourse. His more recent books include
Approaching Dialogue (1998), The Written Language Bias in
Linguistics (2005) and Dialogue in FocusGroups (2007, with I.
Markov, M. Grossen and A. Salazar Orvig).
A volume in Advances in Cultural PsychologySeries Editor: Jaan
Valsiner, Clark University"This is a remarkable and highly original
work on dialogism, dialogical theories and dialogue. With his
erudite and broadly based scholarship PerLinell makes a
path-breaking contribution to the study of the human mind,
presenting a novel alternative to traditional monologism and
exploring thedynamics of sense-making in different forms of
interaction and communicative projects. Although Per Linell
discusses complex dialogical concepts, the text is written with
exceptional clarity, taking the reader through critique as well as
appreciation of great intellectual traditions of our
time."(Professor Ivana Markov, University of Stirling, U.K.)"Per
Linells Rethinking Language, Mind And World Dialogically represents
a landmark in the development ofa transdisciplinary dialogically
basedparadigm for the human sciences. The author?'s lucid analysis
and constructive rethinking ranges all the way from integrating
explanations ofsignificant empirical contributions across the
entire range of human sciences dealing with language, thought and
communication to foundational, epistemological and ontological
issues."(Professor Ragnar Rommetveit, University of Oslo,
Norway)Per Linell took his degree in linguistics and is currently
professor of language and culture, with a specialisation on
communication and spokeninteraction, at the University of Link
ping, Sweden. He has been instrumental in building up an
internationally renowned interdisciplinary graduateschool in
communication studies in Link ping. He has worked for many years on
developing a dialogical alternative to mainstream theories
inlinguistics, psychology and social sciences. His production
comprises more than 100 articles on dialogue, talk-in-interaction
and institutionaldiscourse. His more recent books include
Approaching Dialogue (1998), The Written Language Bias in
Linguistics (2005) and Dialogue in FocusGroups (2007, with I.
Markov, M. Grossen and A. Salazar Orvig).
Generative linguists have always claimed that the transformational
models of language offer the best descriptive accounts of language.
But they have often made a further and more ambitious claim for
these models: that they have some psychological validity and
represent our mental organisation of linguistic knowledge. The
models are therefore supposed to explain at least some aspects of
how, as speakers and listeners, we produce, perceive and understand
all human utterances. Dr Linell attacks this claim and particularly
its application to phonology and offers fundamental criticisms of
the 'orthodox' school of generative phonology associated with
Chomsky and Halle. His own positive proposals stress the importance
of surface phenomena as opposed to abstract underlying forms and
lead to a new typology of phonological rules and a new
consideration of the relations between phonology and phonetics and
between phonology and morphology. The book will interest a wide
range of linguists and some psychologists as well as specialists in
phonology and phonetics.
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