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During the Principate (roughly 27 BCE to 235 CE), when the empire
reached its maximum extent, Roman society and culture were
radically transformed. But how was the vast territory of the empire
controlled? Did the demands of central government stimulate
economic growth or endanger survival? What forces of cohesion
operated to balance the social and economic inequalities and high
mortality rates? How did the official religion react in the face of
the diffusion of alien cults and the emergence of Christianity?
These are some of the many questions posed here, in the new,
expanded edition of Garnsey and Saller's pathbreaking account of
the economy, society, and culture of the Roman Empire. This second
edition includes a new introduction that explores the consequences
for government and the governing classes of the replacement of the
Republic by the rule of emperors. Addenda to the original chapters
offer up-to-date discussions of issues and point to new evidence
and approaches that have enlivened the study of Roman history in
recent decades. A completely new chapter assesses how far Rome's
subjects resisted her hegemony. The bibliography has also been
thoroughly updated, and a new color plate section has been added.
The first known abolitionist critique of the death penalty-here for
the first time in English In 1764, a Milanese aristocrat named
Cesare Beccaria created a sensation when he published On Crimes and
Punishments. At its centre is a rejection of the death penalty as
excessive, unnecessary, and pointless. Beccaria is deservedly
regarded as the founding father of modern criminal-law reform, yet
he was not the first to argue for the abolition of the death
penalty. Against the Death Penalty presents the first English
translation of the Florentine aristocrat Giuseppe Pelli's critique
of capital punishment, written three years before Beccaria's
treatise, but lost for more than two centuries in the Pelli family
archives. Peter Garnsey examines the contrasting arguments of the
two abolitionists, who drew from different intellectual traditions.
Pelli was a devout Catholic influenced by the writings of natural
jurists such as Hugo Grotius, whereas Beccaria was inspired by the
French Enlightenment philosophers. While Beccaria attacked the
criminal justice system as a whole, Pelli focused on the death
penalty, composing a critique of considerable depth and
sophistication. Garnsey explores how Beccaria's alternative penalty
of forced labour, and its conceptualisation as servitude, were
embraced in Britain and America, and delves into Pelli's voluminous
diaries, shedding light on Pelli's intellectual development and
painting a vivid portrait of an Enlightenment man of letters and of
conscience. With translations of letters exchanged by the two
abolitionists and selections from Beccaria's writings, Against the
Death Penalty provides new insights into eighteenth-century debates
about capital punishment and offers vital historical perspectives
on one of the most pressing questions of our own time.
This book explores ancient 'foundational' texts relating to
property and their reception by later thinkers in their various
contexts up to the early nineteenth century. The texts include
Plato's vision of an ideal polity in the Republic, Jesus' teachings
on renunciation and poverty, and Golden Age narratives and other
evolutionary accounts of the transition of mankind from primeval
communality to regimes of ownership. The issue of the legitimacy of
private ownership exercises the minds of the major political
thinkers as well as theologians and jurists throughout the ages.
The book gives full consideration to the historical development of
Rights Theory, with special reference to the right to property. It
ends with a comparative study of the Declarations of Rights in the
American and French Revolutions and seeks to explain, with
reference to contemporary documents, why the French recognised an
inalienable, human right to property whereas the Americans did not.
The Divine Institutes of Lactantius was a vigorous riposte to pagan
criticism and persecution of Christianity, which came to a head in
the 'Great' Persecution of Diocletian in the early fourth century
AD. This edition has been prepared with students and scholars of
intellectual history in mind, but it will also appeal to those
concerned with ecclesiastical history and patristics, and to anyone
interested in tracing the impact of classical philosophy and
literature on an early Christian thinker.
During the Principate (roughly from 27 BC to AD 235), when the
empire reached its maximum extent, Roman society and culture were
radically transformed. But how was the vast territory of the empire
controlled? Did the demands of central government stimulate
economic growth or endanger survival? What forces of cohesion
operated to balance the social and economic inequalities and high
mortality rates? How did the official religion react in the face of
the diffusion of alien cults and the emergence of Christianity?
These are some of the many questions posed here, in an expanded
edition of the original, pathbreaking account of the society,
economy and culture of the Roman empire. As an integrated study of
the life and outlook of the ordinary inhabitants of the Roman
world, it deepens our understanding of the underlying factors in
this important formative period of world history. Additions to the
second edition include an introductory chapter which sets the scene
and explores the consequences for government and the governing
classes of the replacement of the Republic by the rule of emperors.
A second extra chapter assesses how far Rome's subjects resisted
her hegemony. Addenda to the chapters throughout offer up-to-date
bibliography and point to new evidence and approaches which have
enlivened Roman history in recent decades.
The Hellenistic period (approximately the last three centuries
B.C.), with its cultural complexities and enduring legacies,
retains a lasting fascination today. Reflecting the vigor and
productivity of scholarship directed at this period in the past
decade, this collection of original essays is a wide-ranging
exploration of current discoveries and questions. The twelve essays
emphasize the cultural interaction of Greek and non-Greek societies
in the Hellenistic period, in contrast to more conventional focuses
on politics, society, or economy. The result of original research
by some of the leading scholars in Hellenistic history and culture,
this volume is an exemplary illustration of the cultural richness
of this period.
Paul Cartledge's introduction contains an illuminating introductory
overview of current trends in Hellenistic scholarship. The essays
themselves range over broad questions of comparative
historiography, literature, religion, and the roles of Athens,
Rome, and the Jews within the context of the Hellenistic world. The
volume is dedicated to Frank Walbank and includes an updated
bibliography of his work which has been essential to our
understanding of the Hellenistic period.
This is a collection of essays in the social and economic history of Greece and Rome by a leading historian of classical antiquity. They are grouped in three overlapping sections, covering the economy and society of cities; peasants and the rural economy; and food supply and famine. The essays, all previously published, are presented together with bibliographical addenda by Walter Scheidel that summarize and assess scholarly reaction to the author's work. The range of subject matter and approach is wide and the treatment original and provocative.
This is the first study of food in classical antiquity that treats
it as both a biological and a cultural phenomenon. The variables of
food quantity, quality and availability, and the impact of disease,
are evaluated and a judgement reached which inclines to pessimism.
Food is also a symbol, evoking other basic human needs and desires,
especially sex, and performing social and cultural roles which can
be either integrative or divisive. The book explores food taboos in
Greek, Roman, and Jewish society, and food-allocation within the
family, as well as more familiar cultural and economic polarities
which are highlighted by food and eating. The author draws on a
wide range of evidence new and old, from written sources to human
skeletal remains, and uses both comparative historical evidence
from early modern and contemporary developing societies and the
anthropological literature, to create a case-study of food in
antiquity.
This is a broad-based, comprehensive general study of food in antiquity. The book deals with food as food or nutrition, the discussion revolving around the concrete issues of food availability and the nutritional status of the population. It also treats the nonfood uses of food, focusing on the role of food in forming and marking the social hierarchy. Food defines the group, whether social, religious, philosophical or political.
This is a collection of essays in the social and economic history of Greece and Rome by a leading historian of classical antiquity. They are grouped in three overlapping sections, covering the economy and society of cities; peasants and the rural economy; and food supply and famine. The essays, all previously published, are presented together with bibliographical addenda by Walter Scheidel that summarize and assess scholarly reaction to the author's work. The range of subject matter and approach is wide and the treatment original and provocative.
This study, unique of its kind, asks how slavery was viewed by the leading spokesmen of Greece and Rome. There was no movement for abolition in these societies, or a vigorous debate, such as occurred in antebellum America, but this does not imply that slavery was accepted without question. This book draws on a wide range of sources, pagan, Jewish and Christian, over ten centuries, to challenge the common assumption of passive acquiescence in slavery, and the associated view that, Aristotle apart, there was no systematic thought on slavery. The work contains both a typology of attitudes to slavery ranging from critiques to justifications, and paired case studies of leading theorists of slavery, Aristotle and the Stoics, Philo and Paul, Ambrose and Augustine.
Detailed case studies of Athens and Rome, the best known states of antiquity, reveal the effects of the breakdown of the food supply systems and response to the crisis by the masses of the ancient Mediterranean cities.
The first full-length study of famine in antiquity. The study
provides detailed case studies of Athens and Rome, the best known
states of antiquity, but also illuminates the institutional
response to food crisis in the mass of ordinary cities in the
Mediterranean world. Ancient historians have generally shown little
interest in investigating the material base of the unique
civilisations of the Graeco-Roman world, and have left unexplored
the role of the food supply in framing the central institutions and
practices of ancient society.
This book explores ancient 'foundational' texts relating to
property and their reception by later thinkers in their various
contexts up to the early nineteenth century. The texts include
Plato's vision of an ideal polity in the Republic, Jesus' teachings
on renunciation and poverty, and Golden Age narratives and other
evolutionary accounts of the transition of mankind from primeval
communality to regimes of ownership. The issue of the legitimacy of
private ownership exercises the minds of the major political
thinkers as well as theologians and jurists throughout the ages.
The book gives full consideration to the historical development of
Rights Theory, with special reference to the right to property. It
ends with a comparative study of the Declarations of Rights in the
American and French Revolutions and seeks to explain, with
reference to contemporary documents, why the French recognised an
inalienable, human right to property whereas the Americans did not.
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