Einstein His Life and Times By PHILIPP FRANK. Contents include: I. EINSTEIN'S YOUTH AND TRAINING 1 Family Background 3 2 Childhood 6 3 Gymnasium in Munich 10 4 Intellectual Interests 12 5 Departure from Munich 15 6 Student at Zurich 18 7 Official of a Patent Office 21 II. CONCEPTIONS OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD BEFORE EINSTEIN 1 Philosophical Conception of Nature 25 2 Organismic Physics of the Middle Ages 27 3 Mechanistic Physics and Philosophy 28 4 Relativity Principle in Newtonian Mechanics 30 5 Ether as a Mechanical Hypothesis 32 6 Remnants of Medieval Concepts in Mechanistic Physics 34 7 Critics of the Mechanistic Philosophy 36 8 Ernst Mach: The General Laws of Physics Are Summaries of Observations Organized in Simple Forms 38 9 Henri Polncarl: The General Laws of Physics Are Free Creations of the Human Mind 40 10 Positivistic and Pragmatic Movements 42 11 Science at the End of the Nineteenth Century 45 HI. BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS 1 Life in Bern 49 2 Interest in Philosophy 50 3 The Fundamental Hypotheses of the Theory of Relativity 53 vli Contents 4 Consequences of Einstein's Two Hypotheses 55 5 Relativity of Time 57 6 Relativity of Other Physical Concepts 63 7 Equivalence of Mass and Energy 65 8 Theory of Brownian Motion 67 9 Origin of the Quantum Theory 69 10 Theory of the Photon 71 IV. EINSTEIN AT PRAGUE 1 Professor at the University of Zurich 74 2 Appointment to Prague 77 3 Colleagues at Prague 80 4 TA? Jews in Prague 83 5 Einstein's Personality Portrayed in a Novel 85 6 Einstein as a Professor 89 7 Generalization of the Special Theory of Relativity 91 8 Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light 94 9 Departure from Prague 98 V. EINSTEIN AT BERLIN 1 The Solvay Congress101 2 Trip to Vienna 103 3 Invitation to Berlin 106 4 Einstein's Position in the Academic Life of Berlin 109 5 Relationship with Colleagues 112 6 Relationship with Students 116 7 Outbrea of the World War 119 8 German Science in the War 121 9 Lz'jfe iVz Wartime 123 VI. THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 1 New Theory of Gravitation 127 2 . R0/

The Law of Causality and its Limits was the principal philosophical work of the physicist turned philosopher, Philipp Frank. Born in Vienna on March 20, 1884, Frank died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 21, 1966. He received his doctorate in 1907 at the University of Vienna in theoretical physics, having studied under Ludwig Boltzmann; his sub sequent research in physics and mathematics was represented by more than 60 scientific papers. Moreover his great success as teacher and expositor was recognized throughout the scientific world with publication of his collaborative Die Differentialgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik, with Richard von Mises, in 1925-27. Frank was responsible for the second volume, on physics, and especially noted for his authoritative article on classical Hamiltonian mechanics and optics. Among his earliest papers were those, beginning in 1908, devoted to special relativity, which together with general relativity and physical cosmology occupied him throughout his life. Already in 1907, Frank published his seminal paper 'Kausalgesetz und Erfahrung' ('Experience and the Law of Causality'), much later collected with a splendid selection of his essays on philosophy of science, in English (1941c and 1949g, in our Bibliography). Joining the first 'Vienna Circle' in the first decade of the 20th century, with Hans Hahn, mathematician, and Otto Neurath, sociologist and economist, and deeply influenced by studies of Ernst Mach's critical conceptual histories of science and by the striking challenge of Poincare and Duhem, Frank continued his epistemological investigations."

Caveolae (latin for little caves) are small structures found at the surface of cells. They are responsible for the regulation of important metabolic pathway. As a consequence, they may play a critical role in several human diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, and muscular dystrophies. This book analyzes the role and function of caveolae in these aspects and serves as the first textbook currently available on caveolae/caveolin.

The Law of Causality and its Limits was the principal philosophical work of the physicist turned philosopher, Philipp Frank. Born in Vienna on March 20, 1884, Frank died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 21, 1966. He received his doctorate in 1907 at the University of Vienna in theoretical physics, having studied under Ludwig Boltzmann; his sub sequent research in physics and mathematics was represented by more than 60 scientific papers. Moreover his great success as teacher and expositor was recognized throughout the scientific world with publication of his collaborative Die Differentialgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik, with Richard von Mises, in 1925-27. Frank was responsible for the second volume, on physics, and especially noted for his authoritative article on classical Hamiltonian mechanics and optics. Among his earliest papers were those, beginning in 1908, devoted to special relativity, which together with general relativity and physical cosmology occupied him throughout his life. Already in 1907, Frank published his seminal paper 'Kausalgesetz und Erfahrung' ('Experience and the Law of Causality'), much later collected with a splendid selection of his essays on philosophy of science, in English (1941c and 1949g, in our Bibliography). Joining the first 'Vienna Circle' in the first decade of the 20th century, with Hans Hahn, mathematician, and Otto Neurath, sociologist and economist, and deeply influenced by studies of Ernst Mach's critical conceptual histories of science and by the striking challenge of Poincare and Duhem, Frank continued his epistemological investigations."

Das Manuskript zu diesem Buch ist unter merkwurdigen Um standen entstanden. Ich begann die Niederschrift 1939 in New York, setzte sie 1940 in Chicago fort und beendete den grossten Teil 1941 in Boston. Das Manuskript war in deutscher Sprache geschrieben, aber begreiflicherweise unter der damaligen Reichs regierung nicht fur eine Veroffentlichung in deutscher Sprache bestimmt; 'es sollte ins Englische ubersetzt und in Amerika ver offentlicht werden. Bevor die ubersetzung beendet war, wurde die Einsteinsche Relativitatstheorie, die oft als eine spekulative Hypothese an gesehen und unterschatzt wurde, die Grundlage einer ganz neuen Wendung in der technischen Entwicklung der Menschheit: Die Kernenergie des Atoms wurde die Energiequelle der Zukunft, und all die truben Prophezeiungen uber ein Versagen der Energie quellen konnten zum alten Gerumpel geworfen werden. Jm Jahre 1945 fugte ich eine Darstellung dieser Wendung in englischer Sprache hinzu, und dieser Teil ist der einzige im Buch, der aus dem Englischen ubersetzt ist. Die amerikanische Ausgabe erschien 1947; grosse Teile der deutschen Fassung wurden nicht aufgenom men. Daher ist das vorliegende Buch die erste vollstandige Wieder gabe meines Manuskriptes."

Seit beinahe einem Jahrhundert sind Mathematiker und Logiker mit Erfolg bemuht, aus der Logik eine strenge Wissen. schaft zu machen. Dieses Ziel ist in einem gewissen Sinn erreicht worden: man hat gelernt, in der Logistik mit Symbolen und Formeln ahnlich denen der Mathematik in strenger Weise zu operieren. Aber ein logisches Buch muss ausser den Formeln auch Zwischentext enthalten, der mit Hilfe der gewohnlichen Wort. sprache uber die Formeln spricht und ihren Zusammenhang klar macht. Dieser Zwischentext lasst oft an Klarheit und Exakt. heit manches zu wunschen ubrig. In den letzten Jahren nun hat sich bei den Logikern verschiedener Richtungen immer mehr die Einsicht entwickelt, dass dieser Zwischentext das Wesentliche an der Logik ist und dass es darauf ankommt, fur diese Satze uber Satze eine exakte Methode zu entwickeln. Dieses Buch will die systematische Darstellung einer solchen Methode, der "logischen Syntax," geben (nahere Erlauterungen in der Einleitung, 1, 2). In unserem "Wiener Kreis" und in manchen ahnlich gerich. teten Gruppen (in Polen, Frankreich, England, USA. und ver. einzelt sogar in Deutschland) hat sich gegenwartig die Auffassung immer deutlicher herausgebildet, dass die traditionelle meta. physische Philosophie keinen Anspruch auf Wissenschaftlichkeit machen kann. Was an der Arbeit des Philosophen wissenschaft. lich haltbar ist, besteht - soweit es nicht empirische Fragen betrifft, die der Realwissenschaft zuzuweisen sind - in logischer Analyse. Die logische Syntax will nun ein Begriffsgebaude, eine Sprache liefern, mit deren Hilfe die Ergebnisse logischer Analyse exakt formulierbar sind. Philosophie wird durch Wissen."

Contributing Authors Include W. H. Sheldon, Charles Morris, Hans Reichenbach And Others. Proceedings Of The American Academy Of Arts And Sciences, Volume 80, Number 1, July, 1951.

Text extracted from opening pages of book: Einstein His Life and Times BY PHILIPP FRANK TRANSLATED FROM A GERMAN MANUSCRIPT BY GEORGE ROSEN EDITED AND REVISED BY SHUICHI KUSAKA ALFRED A. KNOPF: HEW 4 7 THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK, PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. & Copyright 1947 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this boo\ may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages and reproduce not more than three illustrations in a review to be printed in a magazine or news paper. Manufactured in the United States of America. PUBLISHED SIMULTANEOUSLY IN CANADA BY THE RYERSON PRESS PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 20, 1947 SECOND PRINTING, APRIL 1947 The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible. ALBERT EINSTEIN ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE PHOTOGRAPHS reproduced in this book were obtained with the friendly help of Miss Helen Dukas of Princeton, Professor Rudolph W. Ladenburg of Princeton University, Professor Har low Shapley of Harvard University, and Dr. and Mrs. Gustav Bucky of New York. The diagrams were designed by Mr. Gerald Holton of Harvard University, and the Index compiled with the co-operation of Miss Martha Henderson of Cambridge, , Massachusetts. CONTENTS I. EINSTEIN'S YOUTH AND TRAINING 1 Family Background 3 2 Childhood 6 3 Gymnasium in Munich 10 4 Intellectual Interests 12 5 Departure from Munich 15 6 Student at Zurich 18 7 Official of a Patent Office 21 II. CONCEPTIONS OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD BEFORE EINSTEIN 1 Philosophical Conception of Nature 25 2 Organismic Physics of the Middle Ages 27 3 Mechanistic Physics and Philosophy 28 4 Relativity Principle in Newtonian Mechanics 305 Ether as a Mechanical Hypothesis 32 6 Remnants of Medieval Concepts in Mechanistic Physics 34 7 Critics of the Mechanistic Philosophy 36 8 Ernst Mach: The General Laws of Physics Are Summaries of Observations Organized in Simple Forms 38 9 Henri Polncarl: The General Laws of Physics Are Free Creations of the Human Mind 40 10 Positivistic and Pragmatic Movements 42 11 Science at the End of the Nineteenth Century 45 HI. BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS 1 Life in Bern 49 2 Interest in Philosophy 50 3 The Fundamental Hypotheses of the Theory of Relativity 53 vli Contents 4 Consequences of Einstein's Two Hypotheses 55 5 Relativity of Time 57 6 Relativity of Other Physical Concepts 63 7 Equivalence of Mass and Energy 65 8 Theory of Brownian Motion 67 9 Origin of the Quantum Theory 69 10 Theory of the Photon 71 IV. EINSTEIN AT PRAGUE 1 Professor at the University of Zurich 74 2 Appointment to Prague 77 3 Colleagues at Prague 80 4 TA? Jews in Prague 83 5 Einstein's Personality Portrayed in a Novel 85 6 Einstein as a Professor 89 7 Generalization of the Special Theory of Relativity 91 8 Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light 94 9 Departure from Prague 98 V. EINSTEIN AT BERLIN 1 The Solvay Congress 101 2 Trip to Vienna 103 3 Invitation to Berlin 106 4 Einstein's Position in the Academic Life of Berlin 109 5 Relationship with Colleagues 112 6 Relationship with Students 116 7 Outbrea of the World War 119 8 German Science in the War 121 9 Lz'jfe iVz Wartime 123 VI. THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 1 New Theory of Gravitation 127 2 . R0/

Much has been written about Albert Einstein, technical and biographical, but very little remains as valuable as this unique hybrid of a book written by Einstein's colleague and contemporary. Both rich in personal insights and grounded in a deep knowledge of twentieth-century science, Phillip Frank's biography anchors the reader with a lucid overview of physics and draws an intimate portrait of the Nobel Prize-winner.