The Book of Causes, highly influential in the medieval university, was commonly but incorrectly understood to be the completion of Aristotle's metaphysics. It was Thomas Aquinas who first judged it to have been abstracted from Proclus's Elements of Theology, presumably by an unknown Arabic author, who added to it ideas of his own. The Book of Causes is of particular interest because themes that appear in it are echoed in the metaphysics of Aquinas: its treatment of being (esse) as proceeding from the First Creating Cause; the triadic scheme of being, living, and knowing; and the general scheme of participation in which "all is in all." Thus, the Book of Causes provides a historical backdrop for understanding and appreciating Aquinas's development of these themes in his metaphysics. Thomas's Commentary on the Book of Causes, composed during the first half of 1272, is a distinct philosophical work in its own right. It provides an extended view of his approach to Neoplatonic thought and functions as a guide to his metaphysics. Though long neglected and, until now, never translated into English, it deserves an equal place alongside his commentaries on Aristotle and Boethius. In addition to the extensive annotation, bibliography, and thorough introduction, this translation is accompanied by two valuable appendices. The first provides a translation of another version of proposition 29 of the Book of Causes, which was not known to St. Thomas. The second lists citations of the Book of Causes found in the works of St. Thomas and cross-references these to a list showing the works, and the exact location within them, where the citations can be found.

Bluetongue may be described as an acute insect borne disease of ruminants, manifested clinically in sheep by a catarrhal inflammation of the mucous mem branes of the digestive and respiratory systems and associated with degenerative changes in the skeletal musculature. The profound emaciation and weakness which follow the acute disease are responsible for a protracted convalescence and for serious economic losses due to diminished productivity. II. Historical During the early colonisation of Africa, susceptible Merino and other European breeds of sheep were introduced into the Cape, at first by the Dutch East India Company between 1652 and 1785 and again later in 1870. A report of the Cattle and Sheep Diseases Commission (1876) records the appearance of a serious febrile disease amongst these imported sheep in which both morbidity and mortality was high (cited by HENNING, 1949). HuTCHEON (1881) gave this disease the name of "Fever" or "Epizootic Catarrh," in order to distinguish it from other clinical conditions of a similar nature encountered amongst sheep. In the first com prehensive description of this clinical syndrome and its epizootiology HuTCHEON (1902) referred to it as "Malarial Catarrhal Fever of Sheep," a designation which was obviously influenced by the mistaken belief that an intracorpuscular parasite was the primary cause of the disease. More systematic studies were conducted by SPREULL (1902; 1905), who endeavoured to immunize sheep by the simultaneous inoculation of immune serum and infective blood."

The major cause of death in the Western world is some form of vascular disease; and principal among these forms is atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). Although much is known about the etiology and treatment of ASHD, there is, as yet, no specific means of prognosis of an impending coronary episode. There are, however, several indications of susceptibility to coronary disease, generally known as risk factors, the foremost of which is hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia is more commonly designated as hypercholesteremia or triglyceridemia, depending upon which moiety is elevated, but since lipids are transported in the blood as members of a lipoprotein complex, the most descriptive general term would be hyperlipoproteinemia. This volume represents an effort to elucidate the origins and metabolic behavior of lipoproteins and their components, to describe aspects of the morphology, biochemistry and experimental induction of ASHD, and to describe modalities of treatment. The contributions to this book include descriptions of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism, as well as the metabolism of bile acids, the principal products of cholesterol metabolism. There are also chapters on the mechanisms of hyperlipidemia and on lipoprotein metabolism. The induction of experimental atherosclerosis and the aortic structural changes caused by this disease are discussed.

Following World War II, Americans expected that the United States would wage another major war against a superpower. Instead, the nation has fought limited wars against much weaker states, such as North Korea, North Vietnam, and Iraq. This revised and updated edition of "Presidential Decisions for War" analyzes the means by which four presidents have taken the nation to war and assesses the effectiveness of each president's leadership during those conflicts.

Gary Hess recreates the unfolding crises in Korea, Vietnam, and Iraq to probe the reasons why Presidents Truman, Johnson, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush and their advisors decided in favor of war. He compares the performance of the commanders-in-chief and evaluates how effectively each understood U.S. interests, explored alternatives to war, adhered to constitutional processes, and built congressional, popular, and international support. A new conclusion points out, that unlike the administrations of Truman, Johnson, and the elder Bush, George W. Bush's White House actively sought to change the international order through preemptive war and aggressive democracy building.

Fully revised and featuring an examination of how each of the presidents learned from history and juggled the demands on diplomacy, this comparative study of presidential war-making elucidates how effective executive leadership--or its absence--directly affects the outcome of wars.

fen, zum Verstehen und Erklaren und damit zur eigentlichen, nur dem Menschen eigenen weiteren intellektuellen Entwicklung. Die Sprache bleibt aber lange Zeit egozentrisch. Sie dient lange kaum der gegenseitigen Information, sondern sie begleitet das Handeln des Kindes und gibt ihm Betonung. Das Kleinkind halt Monologe. Oft fahrt es selbst dann damit fort, wenn es mit andern zusammen ist: Es spricht ohne sich zu kiimmern, ob ihm zugehort und es verstanden wird. Die ersten Substantive bedeuten einen Befehl oder Wunsch ("Brot" bedeutet die Auf forderung, Brot zu geben). Spater tritt die Neigung auf zu fragen und andere zu kritisieren. Erst langsam wird die Sprache zur Information und zum Gedankenaus tausch gebraucht. Noch im Alter des Schuleintritts sind etwa die Halfte der spon tanen Aussagen eines Kindes ganz egozentrisch und dienen nicht dem Dialog. Nach der Bildung der ersten Begriffe entwickelt sich ein reiches Phantasieleben, die Marchen bekommen groBe Bedeutung und im Spiele leben sich symbolisch phantastische Vorstellungen aus. Mit dem ersten Gestaltwandel etwa im 6. Lebensjahr ist das Kind reifer fUr konkretes und logisches Denken. Es setzt sich als eigene Person der Umwelt gegen iiber ab und fUhlt sich nicht mehr wie friiher einfach als Teil derselben. Die bild haft-phantastischen Vorstellungen treten in den Hintergrund und an deren Stelle sammelt das Kind genaue Beobachtungen von Einzelheiten und sucht einfache Zusammenhange. Langsam iiberwindet es die kleinkindliche Egozentrizitat. 1m Pubertatsalter beschleunigt sich die Entwicklung zum abstrakteren Den ken, zu iibersehen, das Wesentliche hervorzuheben."

RUDOLF HESSE, derVerfasser der ersten drei, 1939, 1943 und 1949 erschienenen Auflagen dieses Buches, ist am 25. 7. 1956 gestorben. Ffir die vierte Auflage hatte er schon manches vorgearbeitet, hinterlieB aber nur den Entwurf fiir das Manuskript. Deshalb iibernahm der Herausgeber die Aufgabe, die noch bestehenden Liicken zu schlieBen und alles griindlich zu iiberarbeiten, zumal die neuere Entwicklung des LichtbogenschweiBens Erganzungen und Verbesserungen notwendig machte. So wurden das SchutzgasschweiBen und die neuen DIN-Normen iiber Bezeichnungen und Sinnbilder fUr die SchweiBnahte und iiber SchweiBelektroden, ferner das SchweiBen der NichteisenmetaIle und das elektrische Schneiden sowie die aus dem Leserkreise stammenden Anregungen und sonstige Erfahrungen beriicksichtigt. Herrn E. KRAEMER, Hamburg, dankt der Herausgeber fiir verschiedene Ver- besserungsvorschHige und seine freundliche Hilfe bei Durchsicht der Korrektur. Das Buch wendet sich, wie in den friiheren Auflagen, in erster Linie an aIle jene, die das SchweiBen mit dem elektrischen Lichtbogen erlernen wollen. DafUr soll es und Erfahrungen in allgemeinverstand- die wichtigsten grundlegenden Kenntnisse licher Form vermitteln, zur Festigung und Vertiefung des Wissens, das sich der ElektroschweiBer in Grundkursen und Fortgeschrittenen-Kursen unter Anleitung erfahrener LehrschweiBer aneignet. Vielleicht kann dieses Biichlein auch in der Hand des LehrschweiBers Nutzen bringen oder auch dem Studierenden und dem Betriebsmann Anregungen geben. Sein Stoff ist auf die Praxis des Lichtbogen-HandschweiBens beschrankt. Einrichtungen ffir die Stromerzeugung, fiir das automatische SchweiBen, das elektrische WiderstandsschweiBen usw. werden in anderen Werkstattbiichern be- handelt, die im Schrifttum am SchluB des Buches angegeben sind.

Richard Hess has written an insightful commentary on one of the most intriguing books of the Bible, which celebrates God's gift of love. Following an introduction to the biblical book and a history of its interpretation, Hess divides his discussion into seven major sections. Each section begins with a fresh translation, followed by paragraph-by-paragraph commentary, and concluding with a summary of the passage's theological implications. Technical questions related to the Hebrew text or scholarly debate are addressed in the footnotes. Pastors and teachers will find here an accessible commentary that will serve as an excellent resource for their study. This is the first volume in the Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms series.

Series Editor: Akira Iriye, Harvard University

The volumes in this series critically assess United States foreign relations since 1945 by presenting both historical and contemporary information on the effect that U.S. politics and economics have had on a multitude of areas around the world. Each volume is an authoritative, readable account by a preeminent historian and includes: A concise chronology of major events Background on pre-1945 history Details on the development and impact of U.S. foreign policy Explication of themes in postwar international relations Insights into the effects of U.S. policy on people worldwide Illustrations, bibliographic essay, and index