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This work examines the issue of accelerated soil erosion, which has
become an increasingly serious concern in the twentieth century.
Aspects considered include on-site impact of erosion; application
of soil science to problems of non-agricultural uses of soil, such
as mineland restoration, urban uses and disposal of urban wastes;
soil contamination and pollution by industrial activities; and
athletic and recreational uses of soil. Soil Quality and Soil
Erosion will be a useful text for soil scientists, agronomists,
foresters, and environmental scientists as we enter the next
century.
This work examines the issue of accelerated soil erosion, which has become an increasingly serious concern in the twentieth century. Aspects considered include on-site impact of erosion; application of soil science to problems of non-agricultural uses of soil, such as mineland restoration, urban uses and disposal of urban wastes; soil contamination and pollution by industrial activities; and athletic and recreational uses of soil. Soil Quality and Soil Erosion will be a useful text for soil scientists, agronomists, foresters, and environmental scientists as we enter the next century.
Of all the food produced in the world one third is lost to insect
pests, weeds and diseases, and the total world population is
estimated as growing from 4000 million in 1975 to about 6000
million by the year 2000. To satisfy these needs, the world's
farmers must meet the extra requirement every year. The easiest way
in which farmers can increase the amount of food they produce is to
prevent the loss due to pests. The biological control measures
which were once thought to be the safest methods of pest control
have, as we now know, not proved successful on a commercial scale.
In such a dismal situation the only solution is to use pesticides
to save the losses from pests and to increase the crop yield. Apart
from agriculture, pesticides have also contributed much to human
com fort by controlling the vectors of typhoid, malaria, sleeping
sickness, filariasis, dengue hemorrhage fever, plague etc. On the
other hand, the indiscriminate use of insecticides and their
harmful effects on nontarget organisms has attracted much attention
from people in all walks of life, for example, scientists,
administrators, the press and the public. The harmful effects of
insecticides on higher organisms such as birds, fish and mammals
are easy to observe and have received much attention. However, the
interactions of insecticides with microorganisms such as bacteria,
fungi, algae and protozoa have gone unnoticed until recently."
The world needs for food and fiber continue to increase. Population
growth in the developing countries peaked at 2. 4% a year in 1965
and has fallen to about 2. 1%. However, in many developing
countries almost half the people are under 15 years of age, poised
to enter their productive and reproductive years. The challenges to
produce enough food for this growing population will remain great
Even more challenging is growing the food in the areas of greatest
need. Presently the world has great surpluses of food and fiber in
some areas while there are devastating deficiencies in other areas.
Economic conditions and the lack of suitable infrastructure for
distribution all too often limit the alleviation of hunger even
when there are adequate supplies, sometimes even within the country
itself. World hunger can be solved in the long run only by
increasing crop production in the areas where the population is
growing most rapidly. This will require increased efforts of both
the developed and developing countries. Much of the technology that
is so successful for crop production in the developed countries
cannot be utilized directly in the developing countries. Many of
the principles, however, can and must be adapted to the conditions,
both physical and economic, of the developing countries.
The purpose of Advances in Soil Science is to provide a forum for
leading scientists to analyze and summarize the available
scientific information on a subject, assessing its importance and
identifying additional research needs. A wide array of subjects has
been addressed by authors from many countries in the initial ten
volumes of the series. The quick acceptance of the series by both
authors and readers has been very gratifying and confirms our
perception that a need did exist for a medium to fill the gap
between the scientific journals and the comprehensive reference
books. This volume is the first of the series devoted entirely to a
single topic soil degradation. Future volumes will include both
single-topic volumes as well as volumes containing reviews of
different topics of soil science, as in the case of the first ten
volumes. There are increasing concern and attention about managing
natural re sources, particularly soil and water. Soil degradation
is clearly one of the most pressing problems facing mankind.
Although the spotlight regarding soil degradation in recent years
has focused on Africa, concern about the degradation of soil and
water resources is worldwide. The widespread con cern about global
environmental change is also being linked to severe problems of
soil degradation. Therefore, we are indeed pleased that the first
volume of the series devoted to a single topic addresses such an
impor tant issue. The current volume is also the first of the
series involving a guest editor."
Soil degradation is clearly one of the most pressing problems
facing man kind. A continuation of soil degradation will eventually
lead to a loss in crop productivity even though fertilizers and
other inputs often result in increased yields in the short term.
Soil degradation also leads to environ mental pollution. A decrease
in soil quality invariably leads to a decrease in water quality,
and often in air quality. While there is a clear consensus that
soil degradation is a major problem, the literature on this subject
leaves numerous baffling questions. If statis tics on land
degradation are correct, there is a definite cause for concern, and
present a mammoth challenge for agricultural scientists. There are
those that say the scientific community has over dramatized this
issue, and created a credibility problem. Consequently; Volume 11
of Advances in Soil Science was organized by Dr. Rattan Lal who is
recognized as a lead ing authority on the subject. The objective of
Volume 11 was to assess the types and processes of soil degradation
and establish some of the major cause-effect relationships. Volume
II documented the seriousness of soil degradation in many parts of
the world. Therefore, it seemed immediately important to devote a
volume to the principles and technologies for restor ing degraded
soils to a productive status. While the land resources are limited,
world population is rapidly increasing, particularly in developing
countries. Dr."
The study of soils has taken on increased importance because a
rapidly expanding population is placing demands on the soil never
before experi enced. This has led to an increase in land
degradation. Land degradation is one of the most severe problems
facing mankind. Volume 11 of Advances in Soil Science was devoted
entirely to this critical area of soil science. The editors of that
volume, R. Lal and B.A. Stewart, defined soil degradation as the
decline in soil quality caused by its misuse by humans. They
further stated that soil degradation is a major concern for at
least two reasons. First, it undermines the productive capacity of
an ecosystem. Second, it affects global climate through alterations
in water and energy balances and disruptions in cycles of carbon,
nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements. Through its impact on
agricultural productivity and environment, soil deg radation leads
to political and social instability, enhanced rate of deforesta
tion, intensive use of marginal and fragile lands, accelerated
runoff and soil erosion, pollution of natural waters, and emission
of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In fact, soil degradation
affects the very fabric of mankind."
As the semiconductor industry attempts to increase the number of
functions that will fit into the smallest space on a chip, it
becomes increasingly important for new technologies to keep apace
with these demands. Photomask technology is one of the key areas to
achieving this goal. Although brief overviews of photomask
technology exist in the literature, the Handbook of Photomask
Manufacturing Technology is the first in-depth, comprehensive
treatment of existing and emerging photomask technologies
available. The Handbook of Photomask Manufacturing Technology
features contributions from 40 internationally prominent authors
from industry, academia, government, national labs, and consortia.
These authors discuss conventional masks and their supporting
technologies, as well as next-generation, non-optical technologies
such as extreme ultraviolet, electron projection, ion projection,
and x-ray lithography. The book begins with an overview of the
history of photomask development. It then demonstrates the steps
involved in designing, producing, testing, inspecting, and
repairing photomasks, following the sequences observed in actual
production. The text also includes sections on materials used as
well as modeling and simulation. Continued refinements in the
photomask-making process have ushered in the sub-wavelength era in
nanolithography. This invaluable handbook synthesizes these
refinements and provides the tools and possibilities necessary to
reach the next generation of microfabrication technologies.
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