The essential peel oil of Citrus limetta var. Mitha (Sweet lime) extracted by steam distillation was assessed for chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. Gas chromatographic analysis identified 17 constituents among which Limonene (95.98 %) was found as major component followed by camphene (1.79 %), while the remaining terpenes were less than 1%. The results of antimicrobial activity of essential oil tested by disc diffusion method, against different against bacteria and fungi showed that it exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus cereus (31.0mm) and Bacillus subtilis (29mm) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25.3mm), whereas the minimum zone of inhibition was shown by Fusarium oxysporum (11mm) after 48 hours of incubation at their respective temperature (370C for bacteria and 250C for fungi). The inhibition zones, measured after 48 hours and 96 hours, showed that it was active against all tested bacteria and fungi. The results of our study showed that essential oil of Citrus limetta var. Mitha peel can be an effective medicine against different pathogenic microbes.

It is important new text book, sharply focous on begomoviruses. It is first report from Pakistan. The sequences obtained in this study were compared with reported sequence in NCBI database using BLAST analysis and preliminary results showed that clone FQ-1 is a strain of MeYVMV and FQ-2, FQ-3 and FQ-4 are isolates of AEV. Sequence FQ-1 were downloaded and used for sequence comparison in MegAlign by Clustal V method. MegAlign results showed that clone FQ-1 has between 89.9 and 91.9% identity to MeYVMV. It encodes six ORF typical of Old World begomoviruses. The complete sequence of FQ-1 is submitted to NCBI databank under accession no. HE578897. Phylogenetic analysis showed that sequence of obtained in this study has a distinct position in the phylogenetic tree and it appears to be among the ancestors of already reportd MeYVMV. In multiple alignment the comparison of the IR sequence of MeYVMV (DNA-A) with that of other isolates of the species showed that it has a stem-loop structure (with a nonanucleotide TAATATTAC) and TATA box forming part of Rep promoter like other begomoviruses. There are three iterons (ACCGA/CT), F1 and F2 on virion-sense strand and R1 on complementary strand.

In this book different techniques were used for the production of amylases from Aspergillus niger It is highly desirable to increase the production and thermal stability of alpha amylases so that the process can be made more economical. Enzyme Engineering Group at Industrial Biotechnology Division, NIBGE, Faisalabad is actively involved in microbial strain development through random mutagenesis and genetic engineering. A deoxy -D-glucose resistant (DG) mutant of Aspergillus niger was developed through gamma rays treatment. The present study was focussed on the optimization of growth conditions for maximum production of -amylases by parent and DG-resistant mutant derivative of Aspergillus niger. Moreover, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of -amylase from hyper producer mutant were also determined. This book is equally beneficial for the researcher, students, faculty members and the scientists with new knowledge of the production of enzyme."

The cosmopolitan whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci has always been regarded as pests to a large range of worldwide crops. They are capable of transmitting plant viruses of different groups. Well-studied B. tabaci populations that have been differentiated are referred to as races or biotypes. Some of the commonly reported biotypes are B, Q, M, B2, L, H, A, C, N, K, R, P, E, S, J and AN. An analysis of genetic diversity of whitefly across Pakistan was conducted. It was based upon phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence of mitochondrial gene Cytochrom Oxidase I. All sequences of mtCOI genes of whitefly samples from eight different geographical areas (Arif wala, Multan, Lodhran, Shujaabad, Bahawalnagar, Kabir wala, Tiba Sultanpur and Khanewal) were grouped in B. tabaci (Asia II). Sequencing results showed that clones obtained in this study were less diverse as they had between 98.3% and 99.6% identity among themselves and between 98.7% and 100% identity with the reported sequences available in databases. This study emphasizes more focus on molecular analysis of whiteflies and it provides relatively widely distributed data regarding the molecular characterization of whitefly from Pakistan.

These studies presence of sufficient exploitable genetic variability for various yield related traits among the rice genotypes. A good number of rice genotypes were screened and identified on the basis of various morphological, physiological and molecular studies, that would be used in the development of F1 hybrid seed. The genotypes CB-17, CB-32 and Basmati-198 were good general combiners for productive tillers per plant, primary branches per panicle and yield per plant, especially under water stress condition and also gave specific cross combinations for good yield and yield related traits. The crosses productive tillers per plant (Basmati-198 x CB-17), seeds per panicle (Basmati-2000 x CB-42, Basmati-198 x CB-14), 1000 seed weight (Basmati-2000 x CB-32, CB-42 x CB-32) and yield per plant (CB-32 x CB-14) sowed promising results for yield and yield related traits. Thus these hybrids could be used as such or further selection could made to develop high yielding rice genotypes suitable for cultivation under water stress condition. Over all this book will provide the information the breeders, geneticist, researchers and students related to genetic study of the rice crop.