The thousands of chemicals besides the soot of the cigarette inhaled for decades keep on acting on the various tissues and body systems causing changes in them ultimately leading to the irreparable damages system to function normally. Smoking can induce alteration in drug absorption, metabolism, degeneration, detoxification and drug excretion either in original form or in altered simple compound form. Therefore our aim was to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke on the pharmacokinetic profile of ofloxacin by using rabbits as experimental model. The tested group animals were exposed to cigarette smoke twice daily for 60 days. Ofloxacin was administered orally and samples of blood plasma were collected from each animal at different time intervals. Ofloxacin concentration in plasma samples is determined by microbiological assay using agar well diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus was used as test organism. During the study on the drug interaction of cigarette smoke with ofloxacin, the pharmacokinetic parameters of ofloxacin such as AUC, Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, Vd and CL were altered due to the effect of cigarette smoke.

Immunomodulation using medicinal plants can provide an alternative to conventional chemotherapy for a variety of diseases especially when host defense mechanism has to be acquired under the conditions of impaired immune responsiveness. The objective of the present study was to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of aqueous extract of Trapa bispinosa (TBAE) in immunodeficient experimental animals by studying humoral immunity response, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, macrophase phagocytosis and percent change in neutrophil counts. Further to evaluate antistress activity, wistar rats were subjected to forced swimming endurance test and chronic cold restraint stress. The result of present study suggests that ethanolic fraction of TBAE could stimulate the cellular and humoral response in animals. The anti-stress and adaptogenic activity exhibited by its ethanol fraction in the study further suggests that its ethanolic fraction may useful in the treatment of several disorders caused by stress by its immunostimulating and immunomodulating properties and also enhancing the homeostasis mechanism.