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Medical terminology for students of the health professions offers a
systematic approach to explaining terminology to entry-level
students of the health sciences, including students of medicine,
dentistry, nursing, dietetics, occupational therapy, radiography,
human movement sciences, speech-language pathology and audiology,
and veterinary sciences. The focus of this book is on terms and
study texts with clinical relevance that are commonly used in
health and veterinary sciences practice, and the textbook includes
exercises to further facilitate students' comprehension of medical
terminology. This book has six sections. The first contains an
introductory chapter, followed by eight vocabulary chapters in
section II, and six chapters on systems of the body in section III.
A chapter is also included (in section IV) on veterinary science
terminology for students of that profession. Section V deals with
medical terms in context. Section VI contains lists of eponyms,
term parts (with both their English and Afrikaans meanings),
abbreviations (used in pharmaceutical prescriptions) as well as a
comprehensive word list of medical terms. This book is designed in
such a way that students who study this text over a period of 14
weeks will be well equipped to analyse and understand most medical
terms. It will enable students to understand and use the highly
technical terminology of the health and related sciences with
confidence during their studies and professional careers.
Medical terminology for students of the health professions offers a
systematic approach to explaining terminology that entry-level
medical, dental and health care science students often find
difficult to comprehend. This title has three sections with one
introductory chapter, eight vocabulary chapters and six body system
chapters.
This book is concerned with the appropriate form of explanations in
historiography and the social sciences. It combines action theory
and philosophy of historiography and develops a theory of
teleological explanations of human actions based on
late-Wittgensteinian and Ordinary Language Philosophy insights. In
philosophy of action, many philosophers favor causal theories of
human action. Additionally, in current philosophy of historiography
the majority view is that historians should explain historical
phenomena by their causes. This book pushes back against these
mainstream views by reviving an anti-causal view of explanation of
current and past human actions. The author argues that disciplines
that deal with human actions require a certain form of explanation,
namely a teleological or intentional explanation. This means that
past human actions and their results will have to be explained by
reasons of agents, not by causes. Therefore, historiography employs
a method of explanation which is in stark contrast to the sciences.
The author thus proposes a Verstehen (understanding) approach in
historiography and the social sciences. Historical Explanation will
be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in
philosophy of action, philosophy of history, and philosophy of the
social sciences.
A critical part of early childhood development is the development
of "theory of mind" (ToM), which is the ability to take the
perspective of another person. The main purpose of this book is to
discuss and integrate findings from prominent research areas in
developmental psychology that are typically studied in isolation,
but are clearly related. Two examples are whether executive
functions represent a precursor of ToM or whether ToM understanding
predicts the development of executive functions, and to what extent
children's level of verbal ability and their working memory are
important predictors of performance on both executive functioning
and ToM tasks. The chapters in this book give a detailed account of
the major outcomes of this research. First, the state of the art
concerning current understanding of the relevant constructs
(working memory, ToM, executive functioning) and their
developmental changes is presented, followed by chapters that deal
with interactions among the core concepts. Its main focus ison
theoretically important relationships among determinants of young
children's cognitive development--considered to be "hot" issues in
contemporary developmental psychology.
Based on presentations made at an international workshop, this book
is divided into two parts. In the first part, five teams of
researchers present theoretical analyses and overviews of empirical
evidence regarding the core constructs of memory, executive
functions, and ToM. The next part deals with the interplay among
the core concepts outlined in Part I with developmental trends in
the interaction.
This book constitutes a timely contribution to the existing
literature by presenting a relatively comprehensive,
neurobiological account of certain aspects of second language
acquisition. It represents the collaborative efforts of members of
the Neurobiology of Language Research Group in the Applied
Linguistics and TESL Department at UCLA. Members of the group are
trained in neurobiology and then use this knowledge to develop
biological accounts of various aspects of applied linguistics.
The volume avoids the corticocentric bias that characterizes many
brain-language publications--both cortical and subcortical
structures receive their appropriate attention. In addition, it
demonstrates that enough is presently known about the brain to
inform our conceptualizations of how humans acquire second
languages, thus, it provides a refreshingly novel, highly
integrative contribution to the (second) language acquisition
literature.
The goal of the research program was based on the need to drawmore
links between the neurobiological mechanisms and second language
acquisition. As such, the book promotes a neurobiology of language
that starts with the brain and moves to behavior. The fundamental
insights presented should guide second language acquisition
researchers for years to come.
The chapters provide a wide-ranging view of issues addressing how
advertisers can proceed on the Internet and World Wide Web. An
initial chapter traces the development of Web advertising from its
very beginnings as it was represented and discussed in the pages of
"Advertising Age." Although there is a noticeable trend to define
Web advertising by comparing it to traditional media, it is clear
that Web advertising just won't fit the old mold. Keith Reinhard of
DDB Needham actually articulates this linkage between the old and
new in his invited chapter.
What the reader will encounter in "Advertising and the World Wide
Web" is a solid conception of how Web advertising is different from
anything that has come before. There are numerous discussions on
consumer and advertiser interactivity, the role of Web advertising
within larger campaigns, audience segmentation, and alternative
Web-based promotion formats. The five sections cover definition and
theory, structure, specific applications, legal issues, and the
voice of the practitioner. Although there remain a few nay-sayers
concerning the future of Web advertising, the reader will be able
to see just how incredibly high-impact this new medium has become
and the vast potential that it holds for future promotional
endeavors.
The notion of swarm intelligence was introduced for describing
decentralized and self-organized behaviors of groups of animals.
Then this idea was extrapolated to design groups of robots which
interact locally to cumulate a collective reaction. Some natural
examples of swarms are as follows: ant colonies, bee colonies, fish
schooling, bird flocking, horse herding, bacterial colonies,
multinucleated giant amoebae Physarum polycephalum, etc. In all
these examples, individual agents behave locally with an emergence
of their common effect. An intelligent behavior of swarm
individuals is explained by the following biological reactions to
attractants and repellents. Attractants are biologically active
things, such as food pieces or sex pheromones, which attract
individuals of swarm. Repellents are biologically active things,
such as predators, which repel individuals of swarm. As a
consequence, attractants and repellents stimulate the directed
movement of swarms towards and away from the stimulus,
respectively. It is worth noting that a group of people, such as
pedestrians, follow some swarm patterns of flocking or schooling.
For instance, humans prefer to avoid a person considered by them as
a possible predator and if a substantial part of the group in the
situation of escape panic (not less than 5%) changes the direction,
then the rest follows the new direction, too. Some swarm patterns
are observed among human beings under the conditions of their
addictive behavior such as the behavior of alcoholics or gamers.
The methodological framework of studying swarm intelligence is
represented by unconventional computing, robotics, and cognitive
science. In this book we aim to analyze new methodologies involved
in studying swarm intelligence. We are going to bring together
computer scientists and cognitive scientists dealing with swarm
patterns from social bacteria to human beings. This book considers
different models of simulating, controlling, and predicting the
swarm behavior of different species from social bacteria to humans.
Around the third millennium B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a
world-system with a single world-economy, covering very vast
regions, began to form. Mesopotamia became the center of this
world-system. This was possible due to the development of common
commercial law and logical competence there. The expansion of the
world-economy during the Silk Road period from the 4th century B.C.
to the early 5th century A.D. across various countries of Eurasia
was accompanied by the spread of logical competence, first formed
in Mesopotamia, as a mechanism of legal hermeneutics to draw
logical conclusions without fallacies. This competence was
simultaneously comprehended in different cultures connected by the
Great Silk Road - in ancient Greek logic (4th - 2nd centuries
B.C.); ancient Chinese proto-logic (5th - 2nd centuries B.C.);
Judaic logical hermeneutics (1st - 2nd centuries A.D.); and in
Indian-Buddhist logic (2nd - 6th centuries A.D.). The book analyzes
the emergence of logic and its spread and early forms of its
reflection. Consequently, logical competence is seen not as an
innate ability, but as a social practice first established in
Mesopotamia. Logic as a science became possible only after the
development of logical competence as an accepted social practice.
On the other hand, this view is a non-Marxist assessment of the
early form of the world-system, centered on international law and
logical competence, which made the world-economy and international
trade then possible.
Is the appropriate form of human action explanation causal or
rather teleological? While this is a central question in analytic
philosophy of action, it also has implications for questions about
the differences between methods of explanation in the sciences on
the one hand and in the humanities and the social sciences on the
other. Additionally, this question bears on the problem of the
appropriate form of explanations of past human actions, and
therefore it is prominently discussed by analytic philosophers of
historiography. This volume brings together causalists and
anti-causalists to address enduring philosophical questions at the
heart of this debate, as well as their implications for the
practice of historiography. Part I considers the quarrel between
causalism and anti-causalism in recent developments in the
philosophy of action. Part II presents papers by causalists and
anti-causalists that are more narrowly focused on the philosophy of
historiography.
This book investigates public claims for the protection of weak
groups and interests in Japan and China from the nineteenth century
to the present day. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, it
engages with ongoing global debates relevant to both Western and
non-Western societies whilst also providing an historically
informed analysis of contemporary issues. Using case studies on
disaster victims, employee well-being, cultural heritage and animal
welfare, this book analytically distinguishes between framing,
mobilisation and institutionalisation processes. It examines these
processes at the intersections of international and domestic
spheres and, in doing so, demonstrates how drives for protection
are formulated, contested and played out in practice. Ultimately
however, this book argues that claims for protection do not
necessarily translate into effective measures, but may in fact
entail ambiguous or negative outcomes for the protected 'weak'.
Protecting the Weak in East Asia makes a significant contribution
to the empirical and theoretical research into the transformation
of East Asian societies. As such, it will appeal to students and
scholars of Asian history, Asian culture and society and East Asian
Studies more broadly.
The notion of swarm intelligence was introduced for describing
decentralized and self-organized behaviors of groups of animals.
Then this idea was extrapolated to design groups of robots which
interact locally to cumulate a collective reaction. Some natural
examples of swarms are as follows: ant colonies, bee colonies, fish
schooling, bird flocking, horse herding, bacterial colonies,
multinucleated giant amoebae Physarum polycephalum, etc. In all
these examples, individual agents behave locally with an emergence
of their common effect. An intelligent behavior of swarm
individuals is explained by the following biological reactions to
attractants and repellents. Attractants are biologically active
things, such as food pieces or sex pheromones, which attract
individuals of swarm. Repellents are biologically active things,
such as predators, which repel individuals of swarm. As a
consequence, attractants and repellents stimulate the directed
movement of swarms towards and away from the stimulus,
respectively. It is worth noting that a group of people, such as
pedestrians, follow some swarm patterns of flocking or schooling.
For instance, humans prefer to avoid a person considered by them as
a possible predator and if a substantial part of the group in the
situation of escape panic (not less than 5%) changes the direction,
then the rest follows the new direction, too. Some swarm patterns
are observed among human beings under the conditions of their
addictive behavior such as the behavior of alcoholics or gamers.
The methodological framework of studying swarm intelligence is
represented by unconventional computing, robotics, and cognitive
science. In this book we aim to analyze new methodologies involved
in studying swarm intelligence. We are going to bring together
computer scientists and cognitive scientists dealing with swarm
patterns from social bacteria to human beings. This book considers
different models of simulating, controlling, and predicting the
swarm behavior of different species from social bacteria to humans.
This book is the second in a new series profiling the Knight's
Cross holders of the Wehrmacht in World War II. Concise
biographies, rare photographs of personalities, aircraft, and award
documents cover not only known soldiers and airmen, but lesser
known KC holders as well. This volume covers two famed Luftwaffe
fighter aces - Heinz Bar and Joachim Mencheberg - Army infantry
officer Gerhard Terke, and Luftwaffe NCO Arnold Huebner.
This book is the first in a new series profiling the Knight's Cross
holders of the Wehrmacht in World War II. Concise biographies, rare
photographs of personalities, aircraft, and award documents cover
not only known soldiers and airmen, but lesser known KC holders as
well. This initial volume covers four Luftwaffe fighter, and bomber
pilots.
The Seven Years War has been described as the first global conflict
in history. It engulfed the Euro-Atlantic world from 1756 to 1763,
and engaged the energies of European cabinets as never before. More
than previous conflicts, the Seven Years War involved a variety of
approaches to war, and taxed the military, material and moral
resources of the powers involved. Drawing on a diverse array of
archival, printed primary and secondary sources, The Seven Years
War: A Transatlantic History covers the war's origins, its conduct
on land and at sea, its effects on logistics and finance, its
interactions with domestic politics, its influence on international
relations and its approach to peace. The book highlights the role
of personality, alongside the enduring importance of communication,
misperception and understanding. In so doing, it endeavours not
merely to chronicle the war's events, but to situate them in the
context of mid-eighteenth century warfare, finance, politics and
diplomacy. The Seven Years War will be of great interest to
students of the European history, American history, maritime
history, diplomatic and military history.
This book constitutes a timely contribution to the existing
literature by presenting a relatively comprehensive,
neurobiological account of certain aspects of second language
acquisition. It represents the collaborative efforts of members of
the Neurobiology of Language Research Group in the Applied
Linguistics and TESL Department at UCLA. Members of the group are
trained in neurobiology and then use this knowledge to develop
biological accounts of various aspects of applied linguistics.
The volume avoids the corticocentric bias that characterizes many
brain-language publications--both cortical and subcortical
structures receive their appropriate attention. In addition, it
demonstrates that enough is presently known about the brain to
inform our conceptualizations of how humans acquire second
languages, thus, it provides a refreshingly novel, highly
integrative contribution to the (second) language acquisition
literature.
The goal of the research program was based on the need to drawmore
links between the neurobiological mechanisms and second language
acquisition. As such, the book promotes a neurobiology of language
that starts with the brain and moves to behavior. The fundamental
insights presented should guide second language acquisition
researchers for years to come.
Is the appropriate form of human action explanation causal or
rather teleological? While this is a central question in analytic
philosophy of action, it also has implications for questions about
the differences between methods of explanation in the sciences on
the one hand and in the humanities and the social sciences on the
other. Additionally, this question bears on the problem of the
appropriate form of explanations of past human actions, and
therefore it is prominently discussed by analytic philosophers of
historiography. This volume brings together causalists and
anti-causalists to address enduring philosophical questions at the
heart of this debate, as well as their implications for the
practice of historiography. Part I considers the quarrel between
causalism and anti-causalism in recent developments in the
philosophy of action. Part II presents papers by causalists and
anti-causalists that are more narrowly focused on the philosophy of
historiography.
The chapters provide a wide-ranging view of issues addressing how
advertisers can proceed on the Internet and World Wide Web. An
initial chapter traces the development of Web advertising from its
very beginnings as it was represented and discussed in the pages of
Advertising Age. Although there is a noticeable trend to define Web
advertising by comparing it to traditional media, it is clear that
Web advertising just won't fit the old mold. Keith Reinhard of DDB
Needham actually articulates this linkage between the old and new
in his invited chapter. What the reader will encounter in
Advertising and the World Wide Web is a solid conception of how Web
advertising is different from anything that has come before. There
are numerous discussions on consumer and advertiser interactivity,
the role of Web advertising within larger campaigns, audience
segmentation, and alternative Web-based promotion formats. The five
sections cover definition and theory, structure, specific
applications, legal issues, and the voice of the practitioner.
Although there remain a few nay-sayers concerning the future of Web
advertising, the reader will be able to see just how incredibly
high-impact this new medium has become and the vast potential that
it holds for future promotional endeavors.
This book explores the complex relationship between nationalism and
liberal thought in the Arab East during the first half of the
twentieth century. Examining this formative period through
reformist Islam, Arab secularism and Arab literature, the book
situates major shifts in the political ideologies and practices of
Arab liberals within a historical context. Contributions from
renowned scholars in the field show how rather than fundamentally
contradicting each other, these two schools of thought are closely
linked. Many key demands of liberalism - most notably
constitutionalism, the rule of law, individual rights, and popular
participation - have been central to the nationalist agenda, while
other issues have proven more controversial: inter-confessional
tolerance, secularism, and the goals of state-sponsored education.
Although a strong nation-state was pivotal to the nationalist
imagination during most of the twentieth century, a powerful
critique of unchecked state power took shape as Arab countries
experienced a half-century of authoritarian government. In
analyzing these issues, the chapters demonstrate how the rise and
fall of liberalism across the region was not determined solely by
religion or culture, but by the ideas of influential intellectuals
and politicians. Advancing our understanding of political ideology
and practice in the Arab East, this volume will be of great
interest to students and scholars of political science, history and
the Middle East.
This book explores the complex relationship between nationalism
and liberal thought in the Arab East during the first half of the
twentieth century. Examining this formative period through
reformist Islam, Arab secularism and Arab literature, the book
situates major shifts in the political ideologies and practices of
Arab liberals within a historical context.
Contributions from renowned scholars in the field show how
rather than fundamentally contradicting each other, these two
schools of thought are closely linked. Many key demands of
liberalism - most notably constitutionalism, the rule of law,
individual rights, and popular participation - have been central to
the nationalist agenda, while other issues have proven more
controversial: inter-confessional tolerance, secularism, and the
goals of state-sponsored education. Although a strong nation-state
was pivotal to the nationalist imagination during most of the
twentieth century, a powerful critique of unchecked state power
took shape as Arab countries experienced a half-century of
authoritarian government. In analyzing these issues, the chapters
demonstrate how the rise and fall of liberalism across the region
was not determined solely by religion or culture, but by the ideas
of influential intellectuals and politicians.
Advancing our understanding of political ideology and practice
in the Arab East, this volume will be of great interest to students
and scholars of political science, history and the Middle East.
A critical part of early childhood development is the development
of "theory of mind" (ToM), which is the ability to take the
perspective of another person. The main purpose of this book is to
discuss and integrate findings from prominent research areas in
developmental psychology that are typically studied in isolation,
but are clearly related. Two examples are whether executive
functions represent a precursor of ToM or whether ToM understanding
predicts the development of executive functions, and to what extent
children's level of verbal ability and their working memory are
important predictors of performance on both executive functioning
and ToM tasks. The chapters in this book give a detailed account of
the major outcomes of this research. First, the state of the art
concerning current understanding of the relevant constructs
(working memory, ToM, executive functioning) and their
developmental changes is presented, followed by chapters that deal
with interactions among the core concepts. Its main focus is on
theoretically important relationships among determinants of young
children's cognitive development--considered to be "hot" issues in
contemporary developmental psychology. Based on presentations made
at an international workshop, this book is divided into two parts.
In the first part, five teams of researchers present theoretical
analyses and overviews of empirical evidence regarding the core
constructs of memory, executive functions, and ToM. The next part
deals with the interplay among the core concepts outlined in Part I
with developmental trends in the interaction.
Inclusive campus-community collaborations provide critical
opportunities to build community capacity - defined as a
community's ability to jointly respond to challenges and
opportunities - and sustainability. Through case studies from
across all three subregions of Appalachia from Georgia to
Pennsylvania, Engaging Appalachia: A Guidebook for Building
Capacity and Sustainability offers diverse perspectives and
guidance for promoting social change through campus-community
relationships from faculty, community members, and student
contributors. This volume explores strategies for creating more
inclusive and sustainable partnerships through the arts,
humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. In representing
diverse areas, environments, and issues, three relatable themes
emerge within a practice viewpoint that is scalable to communities
beyond Appalachia: fostering student leadership, asset-building,
and needs fulfillment within community engagement. Engaging
Appalachia presents collaborative approaches to regional community
engagement and offers important lessons in place-based methods for
achieving sustainable and just development. Written with
practicality in mind, this guidebook embraces hard-earned
experiences from decades of work in Appalachia and sets forth new
models for building community resilience in a changing world.
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