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The collection of essays in Microbes in Agriculture and
Environmental Development explores the applications of microbes for
the improvement of environmental quality and agricultural
productivity through inoculants and enzymes. These are useful for
the conservation and restoration of degraded natural and
agricultural ecosystems, crop yield extension, soil health
improvement, and other aspects of agriculture and the environment.
It discusses the effective use of microbial technology, wastewater
treatment, and recycling of agricultural and industrial wastes. It
provides detailed accounts of recent trends in microbial
application in plant growth promotion, soil fertility, microbial
biomass and diversity, and environmental sustainability through
bioremediation, biodegradation, and biosorption processes Features:
Discusses microbes and their applications for sustainable
agriculture and environmental protection in agro-environmental
circumstances Presents innovative and eco-friendly approaches for
the remediation of contaminated soil and wastewater Focuses on
green technologies and sustainability Includes chapters on
sustainable agriculture development through increasing soil
fertility, physico-chemical properties and soil microbial biomass
in nutrient-deprived soils Defines the role of microbial bio
formulation-based consortia in the productivity improvement of
agricultural crops It will be an invaluable addition to the
bookshelves of researchers and graduate students in agriculture and
environmental engineering, soil science; microbiology, sustainable
agriculture, and ecosystems. Dr. Chhatarpal Singh is presently the
President of Agro Environmental Development Society (AEDS), Majhra
Ghat, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Dr. Tiwari is currently working
in the field of methanotrophs ecology (methane oxidizing bacteria),
which is sole entity responsible for the oxidation of potent
greenhouse gas CH4. Dr. Jay Shankar Singh is presently working as a
faculty member in the Department of Environmental Microbiology at
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University in Lucknow, India. Dr. Ajar
Nath Yadav is currently serving as an assistant professor in the
Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal
University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India.
The collection of essays in Microbes in Agriculture and
Environmental Development explores the applications of microbes for
the improvement of environmental quality and agricultural
productivity through inoculants and enzymes. These are useful for
the conservation and restoration of degraded natural and
agricultural ecosystems, crop yield extension, soil health
improvement, and other aspects of agriculture and the environment.
It discusses the effective use of microbial technology, wastewater
treatment, and recycling of agricultural and industrial wastes. It
provides detailed accounts of recent trends in microbial
application in plant growth promotion, soil fertility, microbial
biomass and diversity, and environmental sustainability through
bioremediation, biodegradation, and biosorption processes Features:
Discusses microbes and their applications for sustainable
agriculture and environmental protection in agro-environmental
circumstances Presents innovative and eco-friendly approaches for
the remediation of contaminated soil and wastewater Focuses on
green technologies and sustainability Includes chapters on
sustainable agriculture development through increasing soil
fertility, physico-chemical properties and soil microbial biomass
in nutrient-deprived soils Defines the role of microbial bio
formulation-based consortia in the productivity improvement of
agricultural crops It will be an invaluable addition to the
bookshelves of researchers and graduate students in agriculture and
environmental engineering, soil science; microbiology, sustainable
agriculture, and ecosystems. Dr. Chhatarpal Singh is presently the
President of Agro Environmental Development Society (AEDS), Majhra
Ghat, Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Dr. Tiwari is currently working
in the field of methanotrophs ecology (methane oxidizing bacteria),
which is sole entity responsible for the oxidation of potent
greenhouse gas CH4. Dr. Jay Shankar Singh is presently working as a
faculty member in the Department of Environmental Microbiology at
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University in Lucknow, India. Dr. Ajar
Nath Yadav is currently serving as an assistant professor in the
Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal
University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Microbes in Land Use Change Management details the various roles of
microbial resources in management of land uses and how the microbes
can be used for the source of income due to their cultivation for
the purpose of biomass and bioenergy production. Using various
techniques, the disturbed and marginal lands may also be restored
eco-friendly in present era to fulfil the feeding needs of mankind
around the globe. Microbes in Land Use Change Management provides
standard and up to date information towards the land use change
management using various microbial technologies to enhance the
productivity of agriculture. Needless to say that Microbes in Land
Use Change Management also considers the areas including generation
of alternative energy sources, restoration of degraded and marginal
lands, mitigation of global warming gases and next generation
-omics technique etc. Land use change affects environment
conditions and soil microbial community. Microbial population and
its species diversity have influence in maintaining ecosystem
balance. The study of changes of microbial population provides an
idea about the variation occurring in a specific area and
possibilities of restoration. Meant for a multidisciplinary
audience Microbes in Land Use Change Management shows the need of
next-generation omics technologies to explore microbial diversity.
Over the last decade considerable progress has been made in white
biotechnology research and further major scientific and
technological breakthroughs are expected in the future. The first
large-scale industrial applications of modern biotechnology have
been in the areas of food and animal feed production
(agricultural/green biotechnology) and in pharmaceuticals
(medical/red biotechnology). In contrast, the productions of
bioactive compounds through fermentation or enzymatic conversion
are known as industrial or white biotchnology. The fungi are
ubiquitous in nature and have been sorted out from different
habitats, including extreme environments (high temperature, low
temperature, salinity and pH); and associated with plants
(Epiphytic, Endophytic and Rhizospheric). The fungal strains are
beneficial as well as harmful for human beings. The beneficial
fungal strains may play important roles in the agricultural,
industrial, and medical sectors. The fungal strains and its product
(enzymes, bioactive compounds, and secondary metabolites) are very
useful for industry (e.g., the discovery of penicillin from
Penicillium chrysogenum). This discovery was a milestone in the
development of white biotechnology as the industrial production of
penicillin and antibiotics using fungi moved industrial
biotechnology into the modern era, transforming it into a global
industrial technology. Since then, white biotechnology has steadily
developed and now plays a key role in several industrial sectors
providing both high value nutraceutical and pharmaceutical
products. The fungal strains and bioactive compounds also play an
important role in environmental cleaning. This volume covers the
latest research developments related to value-added products in
white biotechnology through fungi.
Over the last decade considerable progress has been made in white
biotechnology research and further major scientific and
technological breakthroughs are expected in the future. The first
large-scale industrial applications of modern biotechnology have
been in the areas of food and animal feed production
(agricultural/green biotechnology) and in pharmaceuticals
(medical/red biotechnology). In contrast, the productions of
bioactive compounds through fermentation or enzymatic conversion
are known as industrial or white biotchnology. The fungi are
ubiquitous in nature and have been sorted out from different
habitats, including extreme environments (high temperature, low
temperature, salinity and pH); and associated with plants
(Epiphytic, Endophytic and Rhizospheric). The fungal strains are
beneficial as well as harmful for human beings. The beneficial
fungal strains may play important roles in the agricultural,
industrial, and medical sectors. The fungal strains and its product
(enzymes, bioactive compounds, and secondary metabolites) are very
useful for industry (e.g., the discovery of penicillin from
Penicillium chrysogenum). This discovery was a milestone in the
development of white biotechnology as the industrial production of
penicillin and antibiotics using fungi moved industrial
biotechnology into the modern era, transforming it into a global
industrial technology. Since then, white biotechnology has steadily
developed and now plays a key role in several industrial sectors
providing both high value nutraceutical and pharmaceutical
products. The fungal strains and bioactive compounds also play an
important role in environmental cleaning. This volume covers the
latest research developments related to value-added products in
white biotechnology through fungi.
White biotechnology is industrial biotechnology dealing with
various biotech products through applications of microbes. The main
application of white biotechnology is commercial production of
various useful organic substances, such as acetic acid, citric
acid, acetone, glycerine, etc., and antibiotics like penicillin,
streptomycin, mitomycin, etc., and value added product through the
use of microorganisms especially fungi and bacteria. The
value-added products included bioactive compounds, secondary
metabolites, pigments and industrially important enzymes for
potential applications in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, medicine
and allied sectors for human welfare. In the 21st century,
techniques were developed to harness fungi to protect human health
(through antibiotics, antimicrobial, immunosuppressive agents,
value-added products etc.), which led to industrial scale
production of enzymes, alkaloids, detergents, acids,
biosurfactants. The first large-scale industrial applications of
modern biotechnology have been made in the areas of food and animal
feed production (agricultural/green biotechnology) and
pharmaceuticals (medical/red biotechnology). In contrast, the
production of bio-active compounds through fermentation or
enzymatic conversion is known industrial or white biotechnology.
The beneficial fungal strains may play important role in
agriculture, industry and the medical sectors. The beneficial fungi
play a significance role in plant growth promotion, and soil
fertility using both, direct (solubilization of phosphorus,
potassium and zinc; production of indole acetic acid, gibberellic
acid, cytokinin and siderophores) and indirect (production of
hydrolytic enzymes, siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanides and
antibiotics) mechanisms of plant growth promotion for sustainable
agriculture. The fungal strains and their products (enzymes,
bio-active compounds and secondary metabolites) are very useful for
industry. The discovery of antibiotics is a milestone in the
development of white biotechnology. Since then, white biotechnology
has steadily developed and now plays a key role in several
industrial sectors, providing both high valued nutraceuticals and
pharmaceutical products. The fungal strains and bio-active
compounds also play important role in the environmental cleaning.
This volume covers the latest research developments related to
value-added products in white biotechnology through fungi.
India is among the largest cotton growing country in the world.
Cotton planting is conventionally done by seed drill and other
types of planter. The seeds are sown in line at a depth 30-50 mm
with two seed per hill maintaining the desired spacing between rows
and plants. In order to get desired plant population/crop stand by
other than this method, extra seed rate is used which requires
thinning of crop. This not only requires extra seed rate but also
increase cost of labour for thinning and extra time for desired
crop establishment in the field. Based on performance results
obtained in initial study, the optimum machine parameters and
dimensions were designed and developed for improved inclined cell
plate type Bt. cotton planter. The performance evaluation of
improved prototype planter was carried out under field condition
and compared with existing inclined plate type cotton planter. The
cost of planting by improved Bt. cotton planter was Rs. 380 per
hectare against Rs. 625 of the existing planter.
Meteorological models generate fields of precipitation and other
climatological variables as spatial averages at the scale of the
grid used for numerical solution. The grid-scale can be large,
particularly for general circulation models and disaggregation is
required. Disaggregation models were introduced in hydrology by the
pioneering work of Valencia and Schaake (1972, 1973).
Disaggregation models are widely used tools for the stochastic
simulation of hydrologic series. They divide known higher-level
values (e.g. annual) into lower level ones (e.g. seasonal), which
add up to the given higher level. Thus ability to transform a
series from a higher time scales to a lower one. Artificial Neural
Network that mimics working of human neurons has proved to be a
better performing model compared to stochastic and mathematical
modeling of hydrological series. The result identified for
Valencia-Schaake Model, Lane's Model and using ANN technique have
been thoroughly discussed for their application and better
understanding of Disaggregation modeling.
Rice is a major crop that is grown in more than 110 countries. The
total area planted under rice in India is 44.0 million hectares
which is largest in the world against a total area of 156.6 million
hectares. The average yield of rice in India is 3.2 tonnes/hectare
alone. The reasons for low yield are limited area under irrigation,
seasonal shortage of resources and delay in land preparation and
transplanting. A study on economics and major constraints in rice
cultivation in Kaithal district of Haryana was conducted during
2009-10.Total costs in rice production amounted to be Rs.
33778.68/ha. Average yield was 4.99 t/ha. Benefit-cost ratio worked
out to be 1.27. Pests and disease incidence, lack of remunerative
price and labour shortage were the major constraints in rice
production.
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