This volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the 'too much' and 'too little' sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of 'just enough nitrogen': sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the 'Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,' as reported in this volume. Humanity today faces unprecedented challenges: How to feed a growing population? How to reduce air pollution, water pollution and climate change? How to handle regional differences in an era of increasing globalization? These questions are at the heart of this edited volume which examines the multi-dimensional nature of the global nitrogen challenge. While humans have massively altered the nitrogen cycle, the consequences have become polarized. Some regions have too much nitrogen, associated with pollution and wasteful use of a valuable resource, while other regions have too little nitrogen, leading to constraints on food production and depletion of soil nutrient stocks. The volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the 'too much' and 'too little' sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of 'just enough nitrogen': sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the 'Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,' as reported in this volume. Together, the contributions in this book are now informing actions by the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) in working with the United Nations Environment Programme and others to establish the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS). A key outcome has been to catalyse development of the first Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management, as adopted by the fourth UN Environment Assembly (UNEA/EA.4/Res.14). The work is written for researchers and policy makers and all those interested in seeing how sustainable nitrogen management can contribute to meeting many of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

This book examines the costs involved in reducing ammonia emissions from agricultural practices as well as the potential benefits for climate change mitigation. It features contributions by experts in agricultural production processes, producers of agricultural equipment and service providers as well as scientists who assess the issue from an European perspective. Coverage examines all agricultural production stages starting from animal feed and housing, including the storage and application of liquid and solid manure and of mineral fertilizer. In addition, the book looks at the relationship between ammonia control and greenhouse gas emissions and details the GAINS (Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) model for estimating costs and reducing ammonia emissions from agriculture. Examples and case studies from select European countries, including Italy, Switzerland, Russia, Ireland, and Spain, provide readers with detailed studies of ammonia abatement costs and the effectiveness of implementing control measures under different conditions. This book is the result of an Expert Workshop held under the auspices of the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and organised by the Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen (TFRN). The findings of this workshop have informed the development of documents supporting the revision of the Gothenburg Protocol and provided researchers and practitioners with vital new data. Bringing together a wealth of key information on the costs of ammonia abatement and the climate co-benefits, this monograph provides readers with deep insight into this complex issue.

The scientific work described in this book is the result of an international coopera tion of over 60 researchers from many different European countries over more than 10 years. Considerable advances have been made in the development, appli cation and improvement of methods and models for the calculation of emissions. Work on the quantification of uncertainties of emission data could be enhanced and carried out and uncertainty assessments conducted. The developed methods present the current state of the art in this field. Collaboration of teams has taken place under the EUROTRAC, the EUREKA project on the transport and chemical transformation of trace constituents in the troposphere over Europe extensive and networks of joint research work could be established across Europe. The editors wish to express their gratitude to all contributing authors and their teams for their cooperation, without which this book could never have been com piled. Furthermore, authors and editors alike are much obliged to the International Scientific Secretariate (ISS) of EUROTRAC, in particular Dr. Pauline Midgley, for outstanding support in the preparation of this book."

During the summers of recent years, Germany and other countries in Europe - perienced a considerable number of days, where limit values for ground level ozone set for the protection of human health were exceeded. This occurred in spite of - ductions of ozone precursor emissions in Europe during the 1990s due to European and national environmental legislation. And with European air quality limit values having become more and more stringent over time, the question arises, to what - tent emission control measures will have to be implemented to achieve compliance with short and long term targets for ozone and other air quality problems. Emission control, however, is usually associated with considerable costs. Thus, air pollution control strategies do not only have to take into account compliance - sues. Cost-effective approaches to achieve targets have to be identified. In addition to that, benefits arising from reduced levels of air pollution need to be accounted for in the frame of a cost-benefit assessment of different options to reduce air pollutant emissions, in order to find the most efficient pathway to improved air quality."

This volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the 'too much' and 'too little' sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of 'just enough nitrogen': sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the 'Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,' as reported in this volume. Humanity today faces unprecedented challenges: How to feed a growing population? How to reduce air pollution, water pollution and climate change? How to handle regional differences in an era of increasing globalization? These questions are at the heart of this edited volume which examines the multi-dimensional nature of the global nitrogen challenge. While humans have massively altered the nitrogen cycle, the consequences have become polarized. Some regions have too much nitrogen, associated with pollution and wasteful use of a valuable resource, while other regions have too little nitrogen, leading to constraints on food production and depletion of soil nutrient stocks. The volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the 'too much' and 'too little' sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of 'just enough nitrogen': sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the 'Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,' as reported in this volume. Together, the contributions in this book are now informing actions by the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) in working with the United Nations Environment Programme and others to establish the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS). A key outcome has been to catalyse development of the first Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management, as adopted by the fourth UN Environment Assembly (UNEA/EA.4/Res.14). The work is written for researchers and policy makers and all those interested in seeing how sustainable nitrogen management can contribute to meeting many of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia cause a host of environmental impacts, including loss of biodiversity, soil acidification and formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Under the auspices of the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, around 80 international experts met to review the state of scientific knowledge. This book reports their analysis. It concludes that threshold levels for ammonia effects have been underestimated and sets new values, it assesses the independent evidence to verify reported reductions in regional ammonia emissions, and it reviews the uncertainties in modelling ammonia, both in "hot spots" and at the regional scale.

Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia cause a host of environmental impacts, including loss of biodiversity, soil acidification and formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Under the auspices of the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, around 80 international experts met to review the state of scientific knowledge. This book reports their analysis. It concludes that threshold levels for ammonia effects have been underestimated and sets new values, it assesses the independent evidence to verify reported reductions in regional ammonia emissions, and it reviews the uncertainties in modelling ammonia, both in "hot spots" and at the regional scale.

The occurrence of high concentrations of ozone during summer episodes in the troposphere over Europe is a problem still unsolved. Although a number* of measures have been implemented that will achieve a further reduction of precursor emissions in the next years, this will not be sufficient to reduce the ozone concentration to levels below thresholds set up to protect human health and plants. Thus, further reductions of emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides are necessary. However, with regard to the increasing costs associated with increasing emission reduction, it is essential to implement abatement strategies, that are effective, i.e. achieving the environmental aim set up, and efficient, i. e. doing this with the least costs possible. In this book, the authors describe the features and the application of a methodology and a model system to identify effective and efficient strategies to reduce ambient concentrations of tropospheric ozone to comply with thresholds set up to protect human health, agricultural crops and ecosystems. Furthermore, macroeconomic impacts of such strategies are addressed and, as burden and benefits of these strategies are not equally distributed between countries, different burden sharing schemes are discussed. The content of this book is based on results of a comprehensive research project, the project INFOS (assessment of policy instruments for efficient ozone abatement strategies in Europe), funded by the European Commission (Directorate General XII) under the Fourth Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration activities.

This book presents a wealth of new information that enables environmental scientists and authorities to design methods for measuring and modelling emission rates related to specific pollution sources, and thus to generate improved emission inventories and reduction strategies. The text shows how to carry out experiments to verify emission data, including tunnel and open motorway studies, comprehensive city experiments and tracer experiments.

This book describes the development of cost effective abatement strategies aimed at controlling air pollutant emissions in Europe, particularly ground level ozone. The author gives a thorough evaluation of the results achieved for different environmental targets, and proposes a modelling scheme for emission targets required to achieve compliance with EU thresholds, and calculations reveal the need to review established ozone thresholds and emission limits.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2009 im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Regionalgeographie, Note: 1,3, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg (Institut fur Geographie), Veranstaltung: Geopolitische Konflikte im Nahen und Mittleren Osten, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Postkoloniale Theorie" ist ein konzeptioneller Ansatz innerhalb der Politischen Geographie. Sie sucht nach persistenten kolonialen Strukturen in heute formal dekolonisierten Gesellschaften. Der Geograph Derek Gregory spricht deshalb von einer Colonial Present" seiner Untersuchungsraume. Zu diesen gehoren demnach aber nicht nur die ehemals kolonisierten Raume, sondern auch die ehemals kolonisierenden Gesellschaften. Das Kolonialzeitalter hinterliess also seine Spuren nicht nur in den von den europaischen Machten kontrollierten Raumen. Die Europaer selbst erfuhren ebenfalls aufgrund ihrer selbst auferlegten Rolle als Kolonialherren" Pragungen durch die Handlungen und die Umstande in jener Zeit. Rollen namlich generieren sich nicht nur aus Weltbildern, sie produzieren sie auch neu oder pflegen sie. Gregory fasst diese Phanomene unter dem Begriff der imaginative geographies" zusammen. Es soll untersucht werden, inwieweit die koloniale Vergangenheit von Okkupierten und Okkupanten bis heute Weltbilder erhalt, aufgrund derer sich die Beteiligten zu etwaigen Handlungen motivieren lassen. Die Prasenz, oder zumindest die direkte Einflussnahme dieser der USA und Grossbritanniens, hat eine lange Tradition im Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Irak und Afghanistan blicken auf eine lange koloniale Vergangenheit zuruck. Damals wie heute sind diese Raume einem hohen Mass an Fremdbestimmung von aussen ausgesetzt. Daraus ergibt sich Frage, inwieweit hinsichtlich der Motive, der Legitimation und der Auspragung dieser Fremdbestimmung Parallelen zwischen der damaligen Zeit und der Gegenwart bestehen. Die Verantwortlichen fur das Engagement in Irak und Afghanistan sprechen von Nation Building." Demnach se

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Geschichte Europa - and. Lander - Neuzeit, Absolutismus, Industrialisierung, Note: 1,4, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg (Lehrstuhl fur Neuere Geschichte), Veranstaltung: Proseminar Friedrich Wilhelm I., Kurfurst von Brandenburg und Konig von Preussen, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Bedeutung Friedrich Wilhelms I. fur die Entwicklung Brandenburg-Preussens im 18. Jahrhundert kann kaum hoch genug eingeschatzt werden. Seiner Herrschaftsauffassung verdankte Brandenburg-Preussen einen Modernisierungsschub, der dem Land eine beispielhafte Vorreiterrolle fur den fruhneuzeitlichen Wandel vom standischen Herrschaftssystem hin zur Werdung moderner Nationalstaaten einbrachte. Wenn auch noch nicht einen Nationalstaat im neuzeitlichen Sinne, so schaffte das Wirken Friedrich Wilhelm I. fur Brandenburg-Preussen immerhin einen entscheidenden Schritt in diese Richtung. Neben seinem Engagement fur eine Zentralisierung der Landesverwaltung und der Forcierung des Merkantilismus ist hierbei vor allem auch seine Reformierung des Militarwesens von grosser Bedeutung. Mit tief greifenden Massnahmen zum Ausbau der militarischen Wehrhaftigkeit des nach Flache und Bevolkerungszahl vergleichsweise kleinen, von europaischen Grossmachten umgebenen Brandenburg-Preussen legte Friedrich Wilhelm I. das Fundament fur eine Starkung der Rolle seines Landes im europaischen Machtesystem. Die Affinitat Friedrich Wilhelms I. zum Soldatentum brachte ihm den Beinamen Soldatenkonig' ein. In seinem Land bewirkte sie nicht nur eine starke Sonderrolle des Militarwesens in der Herrschaftsstruktur und eine herausragend leistungsfahige Armee, sondern auch eine regelrechte Militarisierung der Gesellschaft, deren Nachwirkung bis ins 20. Jahrhundert immer wieder diskutiert wurde. Die Modernisierung seines Heeres, die weitgehende Einbindung des preussischen Landadels in die Offiziersrange und die immense zahlenmassige Vergrosserung der Armee durch eine ne

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Geschichte Europa - and. Lander - Mittelalter, Fruhe Neuzeit, Note: 1,3, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg (Institut fur Mittelalterliche Geschichte und Historische Hilfswissenschaften), Veranstaltung: Proseminar "Die mittelalterliche Reichsstadt Nurnberg," 14 Quellen im Literaturverzeichnis, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Auf dem Reichstag zu Worms 1495 hatten Reichsstadte wie Nurnberg nur wenig Einfluss auf die Reichspolitik. Dabei hatte Nurnberg jedoch erwahnenswerten Anteil an einem auch fur die Reichstagspolitik im Spatmittelalter unerlasslichen Fortschritt der Entwicklung der Kommunikation innerhalb des Reiches. Mit der Entwicklung einer zumindest wirtschaftlich hohen Bedeutung der Stadt Nurnberg ging auch eine hohe Bedeutung des Nachrichtenwesens und darauf aufbauend ein Netz aus weitlaufigen diplomatischen Beziehungen einher, reprasentiert durch Gesandte aus dem Nurnberger Rat. Zumindest half dies sicher auch, gegen Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts wenigstens zu den Reichstagen geladen zu werden. Der Nurnberger Rat konnte so versuchen, den Reichstag als Plattform zur Mitsprache an der Verteilung der Lasten der Eilenden Hilfe fur Konig Maximilian I. und fur die Verhandlung und Abwicklung regionaler Belange zu nutzen. Notwendig dazu war das Ineinandergreifen eines gut entwickelten Botenwesens fur den Nachrichtenverkehr zwischen Nurnberg und Worms und den diplomatischen Bemuhungen der Reichstagsgesandten. Beispielhaft soll deshalb ein Auszug aus der Korrespondenz zwischen dem Nurnberger Rat und den Nurnberger Reichstagsgesandten fur den Zeitraum April bis Juni 1495 vorgestellt werden. Anhand eines der Briefe des Nurnberger Rates an seine Gesandten in Worms wird demonstriert, wie vielseitig die Aufgaben der Gesandten waren, welche weitreichenden Kompetenzen sie hatten und wie wichtig ihre Rolle als Reprasentanten der Reichsstadt Nurnberg angesehen wurde. ...]