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The main scope of this Cargese NATO Advanced Study Institute (June
5-17 2000) was to bring together a number of international experts,
covering a large spectrum of the various Physical Aspects of
Fracture. As a matter of fact, lecturers as well as participants
were coming from various scientific communities: mechanics,
physics, materials science, with the common objective of
progressing towards a multi-scale description of fracture. This
volume includes papers on most materials of practical interest:
from concrete to ceramics through metallic alloys, glasses,
polymers and composite materials. The classical fields of damage
and fracture mechanisms are addressed (critical and sub-critical
quasi-static crack propagation, stress corrosion, fatigue,
fatigue-corrosion . . . . as well as dynamic fracture). Brittle and
ductile fractures are considered and a balance has been carefully
kept between experiments, simulations and theoretical models, and
between the contributions of the various communities. New topics in
damage and fracture mechanics - the effect of disorder and
statistical aspects, dynamic fracture, friction and fracture of
interfaces - were also explored. This large overview on the
Physical Aspects of Fracture shows that the old barriers built
between the different scales will soon "fracture." It is no more
unrealistic to imagine that a crack initiated through a molecular
dynamics description could be propagated at the grain level thanks
to dislocation dynamics included in a crystal plasticity model,
itself implemented in a finite element code. Linking what happens
at the atomic scale to fracture of structures as large as a dam is
the new emerging challenge.
Fracture, and particularly brittle fracture, is a good example of
an instability. For a homogeneous solid, subjected to a uniform
stress field, a crack may appear anywhere in the structure once the
threshold stress is reached. However, once a crack has been
nucleated in some place, further damage in the solid will in most
cases propagate from the initial crack, and not somewhere else in
the solid. In this sense fracture is an unstable process. This
property makes the process extremely sensitive to any heterogeneity
present in the medium, which selects the location of the first
crack nucleated. In particular, fracture appears to be very
sensitive to disorder, which can favor or impede local cracks.
Therefore, in most realistic cases, a good description of fracture
mechanics should include the effect of disorder. Recently this need
has motivated work in this direction starting from the usual
description of fracture mechanics. Parallel with this first trend,
statistical physics underwent a very important development in the
description of disordered systems. In particular, let us mention
the emergence of some "new" concepts (such as fractals, scaling
laws, finite size effects, and so on) in this field. However, many
models considered were rather simple and well adapted to
theoretical or numerical introduction into a complex body of
problems. An example of this can be found in percolation theory.
This area is now rather well understood and accurately described.
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Phenix / Sibilla (Paperback)
Jean-Marc Lofficier; Illustrated by Stephane Roux, Frederic Grivaud
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