Most people know Greg Graffin as the lead singer of the punk band Bad Religion, but few know that he also received a PhD from Cornell University and teaches evolution at the University of California at Los Angeles. In "Anarchy Evolution," Graffin argues that art and science have a deep connection. As an adolescent growing up when "drugs, sex, and trouble could be had on any given night," Graffin discovered that the study of evolution provided a framework through which he could make sense of the world.

In this provocative and personal book, he describes his own coming of age as an artist and the formation of his naturalist worldview on questions involving God, science, and human existence. While the battle between religion and science is often displayed in the starkest of terms, "Anarchy Evolution" provides fresh and nuanced insights into the long-standing debate about atheism and the human condition. It is a book for anyone who has ever wondered if God really exists.

"Take one man who rejects authority and religion, and leads a punk band. Take another man who wonders whether vertebrates arose in rivers or in the ocean....Put them together, what do you get? Greg Graffin, and this uniquely fascinating book." --Jared Diamond, author of Guns, Germs, and Steel Anarchy Evolution is a provocative look at the collision between religion and science, by an author with unique authority: UCLA lecturer in Paleontology, and founding member of Bad Religion, Greg Graffin. Alongside science writer Steve Olson (whose Mapping Human History was a National Book Award finalist) Graffin delivers a powerful discussion sure to strike a chord with readers of Richard Dawkins' The God Delusion or Christopher Hitchens God Is Not Great. Bad Religion die-hards, newer fans won over during the band's 30th Anniversary Tour, and anyone interested in this increasingly important debate should check out this treatise on science from the god of punk rock.

For months in early 1980, scientists, journalists and ordinary people listened anxiously to rumblings in the long quiescent volcano Mount St. Helens. Still, when a massive explosion took the top off the mountain, no one was prepared. Fifty-seven people died and the lives of many others were changed forever. Steve Olson interweaves history, science and vivid personal stories to portray the disaster as a multi-faceted turning point. Powerful economic, political and historical forces influenced who died when the volcano erupted. The eruption of Mount St. Helens transformed volcanic science, the study of environmental resilience and our perceptions of how to survive on an increasingly dangerous planet.

What types of instructional experiences help K-8 students learn science with understanding? What do science educators, teachers, teacher leaders, science specialists, professional development staff, curriculum designers, and school administrators need to know to create and support such experiences? Ready, Set, Science! guides the way with an account of the groundbreaking and comprehensive synthesis of research into teaching and learning science in kindergarten through eighth grade. Based on the recently released National Research Council report Taking Science to School: Learning and Teaching Science in Grades K-8, this book summarizes a rich body of findings from the learning sciences and builds detailed cases of science educators at work to make the implications of research clear, accessible, and stimulating for a broad range of science educators. Ready, Set, Science! is filled with classroom case studies that bring to life the research findings and help readers to replicate success. Most of these stories are based on real classroom experiences that illustrate the complexities that teachers grapple with every day. They show how teachers work to select and design rigorous and engaging instructional tasks, manage classrooms, orchestrate productive discussions with culturally and linguistically diverse groups of students, and help students make their thinking visible using a variety of representational tools. This book will be an essential resource for science education practitioners and contains information that will be extremely useful to everyone A-A'A1/2including parents A-A'A1/2directly or indirectly involved in the teaching of science.

It began with plutonium, the first element ever manufactured in quantity by humans. Fearing that the Germans would be the first to weaponise the atom, the United States marshalled brilliant minds and seemingly inexhaustible bodies to find a way to create a nuclear chain reaction of inconceivable explosive power. In a matter of months, the Hanford nuclear facility was built to produce the enigmatic and deadly new material that would fuel atomic bombs. In the desert of eastern Washington State, far from prying eyes, scientists Glenn Seaborg, Enrico Fermi and thousands of others-the physicists, engineers, labourers and support staff at the facility-manufactured plutonium for the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, and for the bombs in the current American nuclear arsenal, enabling the construction of weapons with the potential to end human civilisation. With his characteristic blend of scientific clarity and storytelling, Steve Olson asks why Hanford has been largely overlooked in histories of the Manhattan Project and the Cold War. Olson, who grew up just twenty miles from Hanford's B Reactor, recounts how a small Washington town played host to some of the most influential scientists and engineers in American history as they sought to create the substance at the core of the most destructive weapons ever created. The Apocalypse Factory offers a new generation this dramatic story of human achievement and ultimately, of lethal hubris.

Every year, public and private funders spend many billions of dollars on large-scale, complex, multi-national health initiatives. The only way to know whether these initiatives are achieving their objectives is through evaluations that examine the links between program activities and desired outcomes. Investments in such evaluations, which, like the initiatives being evaluated, are carried out in some of the world's most challenging settings, are a relatively new phenomenon. In the last five years, evaluations have been conducted to determine the effects of some of the world's largest and most complex multi-national health initiatives. Evaluation Design for Complex Global Initiatives is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine in January 2014 to explore these recent evaluation experiences and to consider the lessons learned from how these evaluations were designed, carried out, and used. The workshop brought together more than 100 evaluators, researchers in the field of evaluation science, staff involved in implementing large-scale health programs, local stakeholders in the countries where the initiatives are carried out, policy makers involved in the initiatives, representatives of donor organizations, and others to derive lessons learned from past large-scale evaluations and to discuss how to apply these lessons to future evaluations. This report discusses transferable insights gained across the spectrum of choosing the evaluator, framing the evaluation, designing the evaluation, gathering and analyzing data, synthesizing findings and recommendations, and communicating key messages. The report also explores the relative benefits and limitations of different quantitative and qualitative approaches within the mixed methods designs used for these complex and costly evaluations. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview of the Workshop 2 Overview Framework for Complex Evaluations 3 Framing the Evaluation 4 Developing the Evaluation Design and Selecting Methods 5 Mapping Data Sources and Gathering and Assessing Data 6 Applying Qualitative Methods to Evaluation on a Large Scale 7 Applying Quantitative Methods to Evaluation on a Large Scale 8 Analysis Through Triangulation and Synthesis to Interpret Data in a Mixed Methods Evaluation 9 Evolving Methods in Evaluation Science 10 Lessons from Large-Scale Program Evaluation on a Not-Quite-as-Large Scale 11 Using Evaluation Findings and Communicating Key Messages 12 Envisioning a Future for Evaluation References Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Participant Biographies Appendix D: Evaluation Information Summary for Core Example Initiatives Appendix E: Evaluation Design Resources Highlighted at the Workshop

Many drug developers have examined new strategies for creating efficiencies in their development processes, including the adoption of genomics-based approaches. Genomic data can identify new drug targets for both common and rare diseases, can predict which patients are likely to respond to a specific treatment, and has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of clinical trials by reducing the number of patients that must be enrolled in order to demonstrate safety and efficacy. A key component of the approval of targeted therapeutics is the ability to identify the population of patients who will benefit from treatment, and this has largely hinged on the co-development and co-submission to the FDA of a companion diagnostic test.The co-development process, or the development of the test and drug for the simultaneous submission to FDA, has led to a major alteration in the way that drugs are being developed, with traditionally separate entities-pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies-now working in close collaboration. Refining Processes for the Co-Development of Genome-Based Therapeutics and Companion Diagnostic Tests is the summary of a workshop held by the Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health on February 27, 2013 to examine and discuss challenges and potential solutions for the codevelopment of targeted therapeutics and companion molecular tests for the prediction of drug response. Prior to the workshop, key stakeholders, including laboratory and medical professional societies, were individually asked to provide possible solutions to resolve the concerns raised about co-development of companion diagnostic tests and therapies. Workshop speakers were charged with addressing these solutions in their presentations by providing insight on (1) whether the proposed solutions address the problems described, (2) whether there are other solutions to propose, and (3) what steps could be taken to effectively implement the proposed solutions. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Regulatory Perspectives 3 Perspectives from Patients, Providers, and Laboratory Representatives 4 Perspectives of Diagnostic Test and Pharmaceutical Developers 5 Perspectives of Payers and Regulators 6 Concluding Observations References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches Appendix C: Statement of Task Appendix D: Registered Attendees

Tuberculosis (TB) kills approximately 4,500 people worldwide every day. While most cases of TB can be treated with antibiotics, some strains have developed drug resistance that makes their treatment more expensive, more toxic and less effective for the patient. The IOM Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation and the Academy of Science of South Africa held a workshop to discuss ways to fight the growing threat of drug-resistant TB. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 The Incidence of Drug-Resistant TB in Southern Africa 3 Surveillance and Tracking of Drug-Resistant TB 4 Transmission and Infection Control 5 Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant TB 6 Treatment of Drug-Resistant TB 7 Drug-Resistant TB in Children 8 Convergence of Science and Policy to Create a Blueprint for Action References Appendix A: Agenda Appendix B: Report from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Workshop Appendix C: Participant Biographies

Many measurement systems to monitor the well-being of children and guide services are implemented across the community, state, and national levels in the United States. While great progress has been made in recent years in developing interventions that have been shown to improve the cognitive, affective, and behavioral health of children, many of these tested and effective interventions have yet to be widely implemented. One potential reason for this lag in implementation is a need to further develop and better utilize measures that gauge the success of evidence-based programs as part of a broad effort to prevent negative outcomes and foster children's health and well-being. To address this issue, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Promoting Children's Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Health held a workshop in Washington, DC, on November 5-6, 2014. The workshop featured presentations on the use of data linkage and integration to inform research and practice related to children's cognitive, affective, and behavioral health; the use of quality measures to facilitate system change in health care, classroom, and juvenile justice settings; and tools developed to measure implementation of evidence-based prevention programs at scale to support sustainable program delivery, among other topics. Workshop presenters and participants discussed examples of innovative design and utilization of measurement systems, new approaches to build on existing data systems, and new data systems that could support the cognitive, affective, and behavioral health and well-being of children. This report summarizes the presentation and discussions of the event. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Maximizing the Value of National, State, and Local Measurement Systems 3 Measurement Systems to Assess Individual- and Population-Level Change 4 Using Quality Measures to Facilitate System Change 5 Toward Efficient and Sustainable Delivery of Interventions 6 Breakout Group Discussions Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographies of Workshop Speakers

Involvement with the juvenile justice system can impact young people's physical and mental health and well-being throughout their lives, as well as the health and well-being of their families and communities. Youth of color are more likely to become involved with the juvenile justice system, and suffer worse outcomes in sentencing, during incarceration, and after release. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity convened a workshop to discuss the impact that juvenile justice system involvement has on the health and well-being of adolescents, families, and communities of color; examine policies that are successful in improving outcomes; and explore what needs to be done to improve all aspects of encounters with the juvenile justice system. The workshop suggested pursuing alternatives to traditional juvenile justice systems that would allow adolescents to stay in their communities rather than in detention, responding to behavioral problems in youth with interventions that promote health and positive development rather than punishment, and tailoring interventions and programming to participants' cultural background and gender identity. This report summarizes the proceedings of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Juvenile Justice and Equitable Outcomes 3 The Effects of Involvement with the Juvenile Justice System 4 Luncheon Panel 5 Alternatives to Juvenile Detention 6 Possible Future Directions 7 Reflections on the Workshop References Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Speaker Biographies

Since 1965 the foreign-born population of the United States has swelled from 9.6 million or 5 percent of the population to 45 million or 14 percent in 2015. Today, about one-quarter of the U.S. population consists of immigrants or the children of immigrants. Given the sizable representation of immigrants in the U.S. population, their health is a major influence on the health of the population as a whole. On average, immigrants are healthier than native-born Americans. Yet, immigrants also are subject to the systematic marginalization and discrimination that often lead to the creation of health disparities. To explore the link between immigration and health disparities, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity held a workshop in Oakland, California, on November 28, 2017. This summary of that workshop highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 The Past and Present of U.S. Immigration Policy 3 Immigration and the Social Determinants of Health 4 The Voices of Immigrants 5 Reflections on the Workshop References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches Appendix C: World Caf Organizations Appendix D: Statement of Task

Increasing numbers of evidence-based interventions have proven effective in preventing and treating behavioral disorders in children. However, the adoption of these interventions in the health care system and other systems that affect the lives of children has been slow. Moreover, with few exceptions, current training in many fields that involve the behavioral health of children falls short of meeting the needs that exist. In general, this training fails to recognize that behavioral health disorders are among the largest challenges in child health and that changing cognitive, affective, and behavioral health outcomes for children will require new and more integrated forms of care at a population level in the United States. To examine the need for workforce development across the range of health care professions working with children and families, as well as to identify innovative training models and levers to enhance training, the Forum on Promoting Children's Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Health held a workshop in November 2016. Workshop panelists and participants discussed the needs for workforce development across the range of health care professions working with children, youth, and families, and identified innovative training models and levers for change to enhance training. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Perspectives from Parents 3 The National Landscape of Health Care Training and Workforce Processes 4 Promising Models 5 Accreditation, Certification, and Credentialing 6 Other Child-Serving Settings 7 Collaborative Efforts 8 Possible Next Steps and Reflections on the Workshop References Appendix A: Workshop Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Poster Session Abstracts Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Planning Committee Members, Workshop Speakers, and Moderators

The integration and coordination of health, education, nutrition, social protection, and other services have the potential to improve the lives of children and their caregivers around the world. However, integration and coordination of policies and programs affecting early childhood development can create both risks and benefits. In different localities, these services are more or less effective in achieving their objectives. They also are more or less coordinated in delivering services to the same recipients, and in some cases services are delivered by integrated multisectoral organizations. The result is a rich arena for policy analysis and change and a complex challenge for public- and private-sector organizations that are seeking to improve the lives of children. To examine the science and policy issues involved in coordinating investments in children and their caregivers, the Forum on Investing in Young Children Globally held a workshop in Hong Kong on March 14-15, 2015. Held in partnership with the Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion and Wu Yee Sun College of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the workshop brought together researchers, policy makers, program practitioners, and other experts from 22 countries. This report highlights the presentations and discussions of the event. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Coordinated and Integrated Approaches to Investing in Young Children 3 Integrated and Coordinated Programs in Hong Kong and Chile 4 Coordinating Investments in Children from a Policy Perspective 5 Using Existing Platforms to Integrate Services on the Ground 6 Using Existing Platforms to Reach and Invest in Vulnerable Populations 7 Issues in Program Development, Implementation, and Sustainability 8 Breakout Group Reports and Closing Remarks References Appendix A: Acronyms Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers

Many health care providers do not have either the knowledge or the tools they need in order to apply genetic information in their day-to-day practices. This lack of support is contributing to a substantial delay in the translation of genetic research findings, when appropriate, into improvement in patient outcomes within the health care system. Although the need to improve genetics knowledge among health care providers is clear, the best approaches to educating health care providers in a way that produces meaningful changes in clinical practice are not, especially given the competing coursework and training needs that exist in today's increasingly complex health care settings. To examine the potential and the challenges of providing genetics education, the Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health of the Institute of Medicine hosted a workshop on August 18, 2014. The workshop examined a variety of approaches that could improve the teaching of genetics in the graduate and continuing education of health professionals; these approaches included online and interactive instruction, just-in-time approaches, the development of clinical decision-support tools, and the incorporation of genetics requirements into licensing and accreditation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussion of the event. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Themes of the Workshop 2 Myths and Mistakes in Graduate and Continuing Medical Education 3 Educational Approaches 4 Graduate Health Professional Education and Post-Graduate Training 5 Continuing Medical Education 6 Next Steps to Achieve Effective Genetics Education for Health Professionals References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches Appendix C: Statement of Task Appendix D: Registered Attendees

Being able to communicate is a cornerstone of healthy aging. People need to make themselves understood and to understand others to remain cognitively and socially engaged with families, friends, and other individuals. When they are unable to communicate, people with hearing impairments can become socially isolated, and social isolation can be an important driver of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Despite the critical importance of communication, many older adults have hearing loss that interferes with their social interactions and enjoyment of life. People may turn up the volume on their televisions or stereos, miss words in a conversation, go to fewer public places where it is difficult to hear, or worry about missing an alarm or notification. In other cases, hearing loss is much more severe, and people may retreat into a hard-to-reach shell. Yet fewer than one in seven older Americans with hearing loss use hearing aids, despite rapidly advancing technologies and innovative approaches to hearing health care. In addition, there may not be an adequate number of professionals trained to address the growing need for hearing health care for older adults. Further, Medicare does not cover routine hearing exams, hearing aids, or exams for fitting hearing aids, which can be prohibitively expensive for many older adults. Hearing Loss and Healthy Aging is the summary of a workshop convened by the Forum on Aging, Disability, and Independence in January 2014 on age-related hearing loss. Researchers, advocates, policy makers, entrepreneurs, regulators, and others discussed this pressing social and public health issue. This report examines the ways in which age-related hearing loss affects healthy aging, and how the spectrum of public and private stakeholders can work together to address hearing loss in older adults as a public health issue.

The #1 best-seller on franchise development and Amazon #1 best-seller, Grow to Greatness has instantly become the must-read, essential guide on how to build a world-class franchise system faster. This breakthrough book delivers advice and proven, step-by-step systems and processes for emerging and established franchisors, as well as for anyone considering franchising their business. The $29.95 guide has saved existing and potential franchisors thousands of dollars in costly mistakes. -- One hundred+ case examples and checklists reveal how to do it right ... and how not to do it wrong -- Profit from real "best practices" solutions and proven step-by-step processes -- Endorsed by franchising's top brand executives of KFC, Taco Bell, Dunkin' Donuts, Pinkberry, Molly Maids, Postnet, Checkers, AlphaGraphics, Popeye's, Cartridge World, Express Employment Professionals, the International Franchise Association ... and many more. Each benchmark is described in detail, supported by case studies, industry research and steps taken by franchise leaders from various industries. " Steve's Grow to Greatness is the 'Driver's Ed Manual'. It delivers great lessons for startup franchisors and the most seasoned franchise executives. In the words of Bill Rosenberg, founder of Dunkin' Donuts and the International Franchise Association, 'We can avoid failures, if we study success.' Study Grow to Greatness and you will be rewarded." John Reynolds, CFE President, IFA Educational Foundation

Young adults are at a significant and pivotal time of life. They may seek higher education, launch their work lives, develop personal relationships and healthy habits, and pursue other endeavors that help set them on healthy and productive pathways. However, the transition to adulthood also can be a time of increased vulnerability and risk. Young adults may be unemployed and homeless, lack access to health care, suffer from mental health issues or other chronic health conditions, or engage in binge drinking, illicit drug use, or driving under the influence. Young adults are moving out of the services and systems that supported them as children and adolescents, but adult services and systems--for example, the adult health care system, the labor market, and the justice system--may not be well suited to supporting their needs.
"Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults" is the summary of a workshop hosted by the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Research Council (NRC) in May, 2013. More than 250 researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and young adults presented and discussed research on the development, health, safety, and well-being of young adults. This report focuses on the developmental characteristics and attributes of this age group and its placement in the life course; how well young adults function across relevant sectors, including, for example, health and mental health, education, labor, justice, military, and foster care; and how the various sectors that intersect with young adults influence their health and well-being. "Improving the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Young Adults" provides an overview of existing research and identifies research gaps and issues that deserve more intensive study. It also is meant to start a conversation aimed at a larger IOM/NRC effort to guide research, practices, and policies affecting young adults.

The childhood obesity epidemic and related health consequences are urgent public health problems. Approximately one-third of America's young people are overweight or obese. Health problems once seen overwhelmingly in adults, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension, are increasingly appearing in youth. Though the health of Americans has improved in many broad areas for decades, increases in obesity could erode these and future improvements. The IOM report Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation recognized the importance of the school environment in addressing the epidemic and recommended making schools a focal point for obesity prevention. The development and implementation of K-12 nutrition benchmarks, guides, or standards (for a discussion of these terms, see the next section of this chapter) would constitute a critical step in achieving this recommendation. National nutrition education curriculum standards could have a variety of benefits, including the following: Improving the consistency and effectiveness of nutrition education in schools; Preparing and training teachers and other education staff to help them provide effective nutrition education; Assisting colleges and universities in the development of courses in nutrition as part of teacher certification and in updating methods courses on how to integrate nutrition education in subject-matter areas in the classroom and in materials; and Establishing a framework for future collaborative efforts and partnerships to improve nutrition education. Nutrition Education in the K-12 Curriculum: The Role of National Standards is a summary of the workshop's presentations and discussions prepared from the workshop transcript and slides. This summary presents recommendations made by individual speakers. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Themes of the Workshop 2 The Current Opportunity 3 The Context for Change 4 Lessons Learned from Federal Programs 5 Lessons Learned from State and Local Experiences 6 Perspectives from Educators 7 Teacher Preparation and Training 8 Developing and Implementing K-12 National Nutrition Education Curriculum Standards References Appendix A: Statement of Task and Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Moderator and Speaker Biographical Sketches Appendix C: Workshop Attendees Appendix D: Abbreviations and Acronyms

At some point during 2009, more than 17 million households in the United States had difficulty providing enough food for all their members because of a lack of resources. In more than one-third of these households, the food intake of some household members was reduced and normal eating patterns were disrupted due to limited resources. The Workshop on Understanding the Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Obesity was held to explore the biological, economic, psychosocial, and other factors that may influence the relationship between food insecurity, overweight, and obesity in the United States. Hunger and Obesity examines current concepts and research findings in the field. The report identifies information gaps, proposes alternative approaches to analyzing data, recommends new data that should be collected, and addresses the limitations of the available research. Table of Contents Front Matter Overview 1 Goals of the Workshop 2 Setting the Stage for the Coexistence of Food Insecurity and Obesity 3 Socioeconomic Disparities: Food Insecurity and Obesity 4 Sentinel Populations 5 Socioecological Perspectives: The Individual Level 6 Socioecological Perspectives: The Family and Household Level 7 Socioecological Perspectives: The Environmental Level 8 Socioecological Perspectives: The Institutional Level 9 Putting the Levels Together 10 Research Applications 11 Research Gaps from a Disciplinary Perspective 12 Research Methods and Measures 13 Key Elements, Priorities, and Next Steps Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Planning Committee Biographical Sketches Appendix C: Speaker Biographical Sketches Appendix D: Workshop Participants Appendix E: Acronyms Appendix F: Roundtable Discussions Appendix G: Public Comments Appendix H: Brief List of Recurring Workshop Discussions

In a journey across four continents, acclaimed science writer Steve Olson traces the origins of modern humans and the migrations of our ancestors throughout the world over the past 150,000 years. Like Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs and Steel, Mapping Human History is a groundbreaking synthesis of science and history. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including the latest genetic research, linguistic evidence, and archaeological findings, Olson reveals the surprising unity among modern humans and "demonstrates just how naive some of our ideas about our human ancestry have been" (Discover).Olson offers a genealogy of all humanity, explaining, for instance, why everyone can claim Julius Caesar and Confucius as forebears. Olson also provides startling new perspectives on the invention of agriculture, the peopling of the Americas, the origins of language, the history of the Jews, and more. An engaging and lucid account, Mapping Human History will forever change how we think about ourselves and our relations with others.

Rural counties make up about 80 percent of the land area of the United States, but they contain less than 20 percent of the U.S. population. The relative sparseness of the population in rural areas is one of many factors that influence the health and well-being of rural Americans. Rural areas have histories, economies, and cultures that differ from those of cities and from one rural area to another. Understanding these differences is critical to taking steps to improve health and well-being in rural areas and to reduce health disparities among rural populations. To explore the impacts of economic, demographic, and social issues in rural communities and to learn about asset-based approaches to addressing the associated challenges, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on June 13, 2017. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Potential Challenges and Opportunities in Rural Communities 3 Leveraging Resources to Advance Equity in Rural Areas 4 Building Greater Prosperity in Rural Communities 5 Equitable Access to Health and Health Care 6 Final Reflections References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographical Sketches

An estimated 8.8 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) in 2010 and 1.4 million died from the disease. Although antibiotics to treat TB were developed in the 1950s and are effective against a majority of TB cases, resistance to these antibiotics has emerged over the years, resulting in the growing spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. Due to challenges in timely and accurate diagnosis of drug-resistant TB, length and tolerability of treatment regimens, and expense of second-line anti-TB drugs, effectively controlling the disease requires complex public health interventions. The IOM Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation held three international workshops to gather information from local experts around the world on the threat of drug resistant TB and how the challenges it presents can be met. Workshops were held in South Africa and Russia in 2010. The third workshop was held April 18-19, 2011, in New Delhi, India, in collaboration with the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Council of Medical Research. The aim of the workshop was to highlight key challenges to controlling the spread of drug-resistant strains of TB in India and to discuss strategies for advancing and integrating local and international efforts to prevent and treat drug-resistant TB. This document summarizes the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Drug-Resistant TB in India 3 The Global Burden of Drug-Resistant TB 4 Preventing Transmission of Drug-Resistant TB 5 Detecting Drug Resistance and Strengthening Laboratory Capacity 6 Addressing TB and Drug-Resistant TB in Vulnerable Populations 7 Combating Drug-Resistant TB Through PublicPrivate Collaboration and Innovative Approaches 8 Confronting Challenges to the Supply Chain for SecondLine Drugs 9 Creating a Blueprint for Action References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Summary of a Joint Meeting of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and Indian Biomedical Research Agencies, Held April 20-21, 2011, New Delhi, India Appendix C: Participant Biographies

The rapid growth of home health care has raised many unsolved issues and will have consequences that are far too broad for any one group to analyze in their entirety. Yet a major influence on the safety, quality, and effectiveness of home health care will be the set of issues encompassed by the field of human factors research-the discipline of applying what is known about human capabilities and limitations to the design of products, processes, systems, and work environments. To address these challenges, the National Research Council began a multidisciplinary study to examine a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues resulting from the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. Its goal is to lay the groundwork for a thorough integration of human factors research with the design and implementation of home health care devices, technologies, and practices. On October 1 and 2, 2009, a group of human factors and other experts met to consider a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues associated with the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. This book is a summary of that workshop, representing the culmination of the first phase of the study. Table of Contents Front Matter Part I: Workshop Summary 1 Introduction 2 The People Who Receive and Provide Home Health Care 3 Home Health Care Tasks and Tools 4 The Environments of Home Health Care 5 Concluding Discussion Part II: Workshop Papers 6 The Health Care Challenge: Matching Care to People inTheir Home Environments--Neil Charness 7 Informal Caregivers in the United States: Prevalence, Caregiver Characteristics, and Ability to Provide Care--Richard Schulz and Connie A. Tompkins 8 Medical Devices in Home Health Care--Molly Follette Story 9 Information Technology and Systems in Home Health Care--George Demiris 10 The Physical Environment and Home Health Care--Jonathan Sanford 11 Impact of Cultural, Social, and Community Environments on Home Care--Steven M. Albert 12 Effects of Policy, Reimbursement, and Regulation on Home Health Care--Peter A. Boling Appendix: Workshop Agenda and Participants

An estimated 2 billion people, one third of the global population, are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Spread through the air, this infectious disease killed 1.7 million in 2009, and is the leading killer of people with HIV. Tuberculosis (TB) is also a disease of poverty-the vast majority of tuberculosis deaths occur in the developing world. Exacerbating the devastation caused by TB is the growing threat of drug-resistant forms of the disease in many parts of the world. Drug-resistant tuberculosis presents a number of significant challenges in terms of controlling its spread, diagnosing patients quickly and accurately, and using drugs to treat patients effectively. In Russia in recent decades, the rise of these strains of TB, resistant to standard antibiotic treatment, has been exacerbated by the occurrence of social, political, and economic upheavals. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation, in conjunction with the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences held a workshop to discuss ways to fight the growing threat of drug-resistant TB. The New Profile of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Russia: A Global and Local Perspective: Summary of a Joint Workshop presents information from experts on the nature of this threat and how it can be addressed by exploring various treatment and diagnostic options. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 A Global Perspective on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 3 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the Russian Federation 4 Transmission and Infection Control of Drug-Resistant TB 5 Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant TB 6 Treatment of Drug-Resistant TB 7 TB and Drug-Resistant TB in Vulnerable Populations 8 The Second-Line Drug Supply Chain 9 The Development of New TB Diagnostics and Drugs 10 Convergence of Science and Policy to Create a Call for Action References Appendix A: Agenda Appendix B: Summary of a Meeting of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Held May 2425, 2010, Moscow, Russian Federation Appendix C: Participant Biographies