Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous endocrinal disorder that affects women in their reproductive age. PCOS is an important risk factor for CVD, DM and endometrial cancer. Sympathetic nervous system is very important in the etiology of PCOS and regulation of ovarian physiology. Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, stress and opioid endorphin release are associated with PCOS. Endogenous opioids ( endorphin) are inhibitory neurotransmitters. PCOS is related to the peripheral and central factors e.g. opioid peptide endorphin which influences sympathetic nervous system. In PCOS opioid system is dysregulated and this cause abnormality in reproductive and metabolic hormones. High opioid tone is found in PCO women. High opioid activity is suppressed by the antagonist Naloxone or Naltrexone. Yohimbine is antagonist of sympathetic nervous system and decreases sympathetic activity and reduces PCOS. Naloxone, Yohimbine and their combined therapy was very effective and cause reduction in PCOS."

Our environment is loaded with the toxicants and heavy metals are incriminated for toxicological influences. A reproductive toxicant may interfere with the sexual functioning or reproductive ability of exposed individuals from puberty throughout adulthood. Cadmium is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that has the potential to disrupt tissue development and function. It has been associated with the male reproductive toxicity. The present study has been designed to investigate the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on the body weights and plasma testosterone level of adult male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Cadmium has manifested its effects through reduction in mean body weights of treated animals. The androgenic profile of animals was also disrupted. The necrosis of testicular vasculature is insinuated for disruption of testosterone synthesis ultimately leading to low plasma testosterone level. Therefore, it can be conclusively stated that cadmium is a potentially hazardous heavy metal that adversely affects the reproductive biology of the males and interferes with the androgen production and regulation.

Lead is a microelement and is naturally present in trace amounts in all biological materials in soil, water, plants and animals. The main sources of lead contamination are smelting works, application of waste water treatment sludge's to soil, transportation, rain, snow, hail and many others. Approximately 98% of lead in the atmosphere originates from human activates. Environmental pollutants like metals, pose serious risks to many aquatic organisms by changing genetic, physiological, biochemical and behavioural parameters. Among the aquatic habitants, fish is the most susceptible to these pollutants or contaminants and are more vulnerable to metal contamination than any other aquatic habitant. This research was undertaken to investigate the effect of Lead (Pb) on the growth hormone (GH) of common species of carp, Labeo rohita. Labeo rohita was selected, because it is an edible fish, so it is directly linked with human beings.

Cortisol is the principal active glucocorticoid produced by the human adrenal gland, which is the key regulator of whole-body homeostasis. Cortisol is essential for provision of nutrients to tissues via carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. It also affects all of the major systems of the body, including the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous, and immune systems, and play critical roles in fetal development. Secretion of cortisol is controlled by hypothalamus, pituitary and the adrenal gland. CRH released from the hypothalamus acts on pituitary gland to release ACTH, which acts on the adrenal gland to increase the synthesis and release of cortisol. This book focuses on the changes in plasma cortisol observed in adult male rabbits treated with monosodium glutamate. Monosodium glutamate, is the salt which is frequently used in daily life. This book demonstrates that how monosodium glutamate crosses the blood brain barrier; acts on the HPA axis; and consequently increases the plasma cortisol level.

The present study was designed to demonstrate the effect of monosodium glutamate on PRL level in prepubertal rabbits. Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter that acts on extensive brain regions, such as hypothalamus and the pituitary and induce the secretion of PRL. In this study, young male rabbits (Lates calcarifer) of 3 to 4 months of age were treated with 2mg/g body weight MSG dissolved in 0.9% saline. The animals in control group received equal quantity of 0.9% saline. Blood samples were collected 15 minutes after administration of drug, and plasma was separated. All plasma samples were analyzed by Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Within the control group, there was no significant difference in plasma PRL level (p

Diabetes mellitus is a hyperglycemic clinical manifestation due to a dysfunction of metabolic systems (carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism) and is one of the most common disorders of endocrine. It is usually recognized as a result of the abnormal secretion of insulin by pancreatic -cells, inability of the insulin to stimulate the peripheral utilization (muscles and adipocytes) and increased endogenous glucose production by liver. DM is classified as Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. The cause of the Type 1 diabetes mellitus has been attributed to lower insulin level in the body due to autoimmune destruction of -cells. Alterations in male reproductive system have been widely reported in diabetic human and also in model animals with diabetes.This book focuses on the alloxan induced diabetes on male reproductive hormones and testicular histology in male rabbits. This book demonstrates the effects of diabetes on animal reproductive system; and will add new research and knowledge to the hazardous effects of diabetes that it contributes to the male rabbits.

Prolactin (PRL) is the most versatile and diverse of all the pituitary hormones in its physiological actions in hair growth, sebaceous gland activity and mammary gland alterations in mammals, spermatogenesis and its effects on accessory reproductive glands in males. There are several factors which are involved in the regulation of this hormone. The role of excitatory amino acid (EAA) is very important in the regulation of all the hormones including PRL. EAAs contribute for the regulatory processes through different pathways . This book provides information regarding the contribution of EAA using opioidergic and adrenergic pathways as well as involvement of endogenous EAA to regulate the PRL during different conditions like basal and stimulated. The work was done on nonhuman primate Rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). The book will provide a great help for those who wants to study the physiological regulation of PRL in primates