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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous endocrinal
disorder that affects women in their reproductive age. PCOS is an
important risk factor for CVD, DM and endometrial cancer.
Sympathetic nervous system is very important in the etiology of
PCOS and regulation of ovarian physiology. Hyperactivity of the
sympathetic nervous system, stress and opioid endorphin release are
associated with PCOS. Endogenous opioids ( endorphin) are
inhibitory neurotransmitters. PCOS is related to the peripheral and
central factors e.g. opioid peptide endorphin which influences
sympathetic nervous system. In PCOS opioid system is dysregulated
and this cause abnormality in reproductive and metabolic hormones.
High opioid tone is found in PCO women. High opioid activity is
suppressed by the antagonist Naloxone or Naltrexone. Yohimbine is
antagonist of sympathetic nervous system and decreases sympathetic
activity and reduces PCOS. Naloxone, Yohimbine and their combined
therapy was very effective and cause reduction in PCOS."
Our environment is loaded with the toxicants and heavy metals are
incriminated for toxicological influences. A reproductive toxicant
may interfere with the sexual functioning or reproductive ability
of exposed individuals from puberty throughout adulthood. Cadmium
is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that has the potential to
disrupt tissue development and function. It has been associated
with the male reproductive toxicity. The present study has been
designed to investigate the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on
the body weights and plasma testosterone level of adult male
rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Cadmium has manifested its effects
through reduction in mean body weights of treated animals. The
androgenic profile of animals was also disrupted. The necrosis of
testicular vasculature is insinuated for disruption of testosterone
synthesis ultimately leading to low plasma testosterone level.
Therefore, it can be conclusively stated that cadmium is a
potentially hazardous heavy metal that adversely affects the
reproductive biology of the males and interferes with the androgen
production and regulation.
Lead is a microelement and is naturally present in trace amounts in
all biological materials in soil, water, plants and animals. The
main sources of lead contamination are smelting works, application
of waste water treatment sludge's to soil, transportation, rain,
snow, hail and many others. Approximately 98% of lead in the
atmosphere originates from human activates. Environmental
pollutants like metals, pose serious risks to many aquatic
organisms by changing genetic, physiological, biochemical and
behavioural parameters. Among the aquatic habitants, fish is the
most susceptible to these pollutants or contaminants and are more
vulnerable to metal contamination than any other aquatic habitant.
This research was undertaken to investigate the effect of Lead (Pb)
on the growth hormone (GH) of common species of carp, Labeo rohita.
Labeo rohita was selected, because it is an edible fish, so it is
directly linked with human beings.
Cortisol is the principal active glucocorticoid produced by the
human adrenal gland, which is the key regulator of whole-body
homeostasis. Cortisol is essential for provision of nutrients to
tissues via carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. It also
affects all of the major systems of the body, including the
cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous, and immune systems, and
play critical roles in fetal development. Secretion of cortisol is
controlled by hypothalamus, pituitary and the adrenal gland. CRH
released from the hypothalamus acts on pituitary gland to release
ACTH, which acts on the adrenal gland to increase the synthesis and
release of cortisol. This book focuses on the changes in plasma
cortisol observed in adult male rabbits treated with monosodium
glutamate. Monosodium glutamate, is the salt which is frequently
used in daily life. This book demonstrates that how monosodium
glutamate crosses the blood brain barrier; acts on the HPA axis;
and consequently increases the plasma cortisol level.
The present study was designed to demonstrate the effect of
monosodium glutamate on PRL level in prepubertal rabbits. Glutamate
is a major neurotransmitter that acts on extensive brain regions,
such as hypothalamus and the pituitary and induce the secretion of
PRL. In this study, young male rabbits (Lates calcarifer) of 3 to 4
months of age were treated with 2mg/g body weight MSG dissolved in
0.9% saline. The animals in control group received equal quantity
of 0.9% saline. Blood samples were collected 15 minutes after
administration of drug, and plasma was separated. All plasma
samples were analyzed by Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
Within the control group, there was no significant difference in
plasma PRL level (p
Diabetes mellitus is a hyperglycemic clinical manifestation due to
a dysfunction of metabolic systems (carbohydrate, lipid and protein
metabolism) and is one of the most common disorders of endocrine.
It is usually recognized as a result of the abnormal secretion of
insulin by pancreatic -cells, inability of the insulin to stimulate
the peripheral utilization (muscles and adipocytes) and increased
endogenous glucose production by liver. DM is classified as Type 1
and Type 2 diabetes. The cause of the Type 1 diabetes mellitus has
been attributed to lower insulin level in the body due to
autoimmune destruction of -cells. Alterations in male reproductive
system have been widely reported in diabetic human and also in
model animals with diabetes.This book focuses on the alloxan
induced diabetes on male reproductive hormones and testicular
histology in male rabbits. This book demonstrates the effects of
diabetes on animal reproductive system; and will add new research
and knowledge to the hazardous effects of diabetes that it
contributes to the male rabbits.
Prolactin (PRL) is the most versatile and diverse of all the
pituitary hormones in its physiological actions in hair growth,
sebaceous gland activity and mammary gland alterations in mammals,
spermatogenesis and its effects on accessory reproductive glands in
males. There are several factors which are involved in the
regulation of this hormone. The role of excitatory amino acid (EAA)
is very important in the regulation of all the hormones including
PRL. EAAs contribute for the regulatory processes through different
pathways . This book provides information regarding the
contribution of EAA using opioidergic and adrenergic pathways as
well as involvement of endogenous EAA to regulate the PRL during
different conditions like basal and stimulated. The work was done
on nonhuman primate Rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). The book will
provide a great help for those who wants to study the physiological
regulation of PRL in primates
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