High specific activity is an important requirement for the radiotracer for most applications in biology and medicine. Investigations were carried out to prepare high specific activity As-77, Tc-99m and Re-188 which have potential in radiotherapy.Many imaging and therapeutic applications are dependent on the use of concentrated solution of radionuclides. Concentrated solutions of radionuclide provide good labeling yield of molecules. In this regard the concentration techniques developed in this study for 99mTc, and 188Re will certainly increase the purity of radionuclide as well as ensure the optimum use of generator systems in their working life time. The Concentrated solution of these radionuclides were successfully employed for therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals

The Book is very innovative on Pinus Forest Mycoflora of Samahni Azad Kashmir (Pakistan). It demonstrates how fungal biodiversity is predominantly prevailing in Samahni Forest. It demonstrates useful and poisonous fungi of the area. moreover, it describes how different fungal species are devastating living plants, crops and fruit trees and their products. It cascades on pathogenic impacts of different fungi for fauna and anthropological parameters. Some remedial suggestions are formulated and recommended to eradicate or reduce its injurious effects on life of man directly or indirectly.The is very informative for mycologists, plant pathologist, industrialists, agriculturists, forest officials and pharmaceutist. The research students of M.Sc. M.Phil and Ph.D.may obtain a lot assistance from this book. contact on: [email protected] [email protected]

High specific activity is also required for isotopes meant to be used for labeling hormones and other biological substances for radioimmunoassays and other related assay procedures. Many imaging and therapeutic applications are dependent on the use of concentrated solution of radionuclides. Concentrated solutions of radionuclide provide good labeling yield of molecules. With the passage of time, the eluates obtained from radionuclide generator systems yield low concentration of radionuclides, hence concentration techniques will enhance the working life of radionuclide generators. In this regard the concentration technique developed in this study for Ga-68 will certainly increase the purity of radionuclide as well as ensure the optimum use of generator system in their working life time.

Technetium-99m is mostly eluted from 99Mo/99mTc generator system in all nuclear medicine departments where radiopharmaceuticals are prepared for gamma imaging purposes. The clinically useful lifetime of a fission based 99Mo/99mTc generator is 2 weeks. At the end of first working week, the radioactive concentration of the eluate is about a quarter of that at the beginning of the week that places limitations on the clinical procedures. These include 99mTc-sestamibi for myocardial perfusion studies and 99mTc-ECD forbrain imaging. Hence safe procedure is needed for the concentration of pertechnetate obtained from column chromatography generators. The concentrated solution of pertechnetate obtained by these methods were successfully employed for labeling of MIBI and ECD kits.

Antipyretic activity of ethanol extracts of Echinops echinatus, Alhagi maurorum, Fagonia cretica, Cymbopogon jwarancusa and Panicum turgidum form Cholistan desert, Pakistan was determined. Plant extracts were prepared by soaking air dried and milled plant material in ethanol for one week, followed by filtration and evaporation at 35oC. Treatment does with concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg of plant extracts were prepared. Fever was produced in rabbits, weighting 1000-1200 grams by injecting Escherichia coli suspension at a concentration of 0.01 ml/kg of body weight. The ethanol extracts of Fagonia cretica, at the dose of 500 mg/kg and Pancium turgidum, at the dose of 500 and 750 mg/kg showed significant antipyretic activity as compared to positive and negative control. The extracts of Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Alhagi maurorum and Echinops chinatus showed antipyretic activity but less than positive control. These results showed that ethanol extracts of Fagonia cretica and Panicum turgidum are more effective in lowering temperature as compared to Echinops echinatus, Alhagi maurorum and Cymbopogon jwarancusa.

The domestic water buffalo is a major source of milk, meat, draught, hide and employment to the small farmers in many Asian countries especially Pakistan. The phylogeny and genetic structure of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is still not explored well in Nili, Ravi, Nili-Ravi, Kundi and Azakheli buffalo breeds of Pakistan. The genetic characterization of these breeds were completed using mitochondrial D-loop region and FAO/ISAG recommended microsatellite markers through sequencing and genotyping respectively. A reasonable number of SNPs and Allele variations were identified. The phylogenetic relationships among these breeds as well as with other breeds of the world were constructed using certain Bioinformatics softwares. This revealed very interesting information about phylogeny, history of domestication and origin of water buffalo in Pakistan and added valuable to the AnGR of the region. The work provided the basic data which is very helpful for determining the genetic diversity of buffaloes, breed identification, forensic and paternity tests and designing effective breeding and conservational policies in future.