Point of care testing (POCT) is a new concept in laboratory medicine that is widely used at present. It is the new advent that helps ease medical care in the present day. The knowledge on the POCT medicine is very important and necessary for the general practitioner. In this specific book, the author summarizes, presents and discusses on the concept of POCT, its importance and examples of important POCT tools.

This book focuses on the "emerging food borne infections", a common health problem, in the aspects relating to medicine. This book covers specifically the clinical aspect, scientific laboratory aspect, public health aspect as well as the social science relating to these important tropical diseases. The common tropical diseases, including other disorders, which relate to the food-borne infectious diseases are summarised, presented and discussed. This book presents data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics. In addition, the diagnostic guideline and clinical practice guideline of the mentioned conditions are presented.

This book focuses on the "Bird Flu: the new emerging infectious disease", a new health problem, and the aspects relating to the use of tropical medicine. It specifically covers the clinical aspects, scientific laboratory, public health, as well as the social sciences relating to this new important infectious disease. Mainly, the book presents summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics. In addition, the diagnostic guideline and clinical practice guidelines of the mentioned conditions are detailed. There is still limited knowledge on this topic while the wider distribution of the disorder due to the globalisation can be expected.

Thrombohemostatic disorder is a common haematological problem. This book focuses on the "thrombohemostatic disorder" in several aspects including summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics.

Environmental change is the present focus of our world. Its effect is interesting and should be followed. Based on the success of the previous book "climate change and health", it seems that the topic is of interest to the general readers in both medical and environmental science. Examples and models of important diseases are given in the chapters of this book.

Traffic and industrial environmental problem is a big concern around the world. The present global situation faces traffic and industrial pollutions. Not only developed countries, but developing countries are also being attacked by traffic and industrial pollutions. The data from developing countries can be useful knowledge because it is the information from the early phase of the problem and management planning that can be tested and observed. In this book, scenarios from developing countries are discussed and presented.

Food contamination and carcinogenesis are of great public interest. The present situation concerning melamine contamination in China has become a wakeup call to nations around the world. It is time to be extremely concerned with food safety. The data on food contamination and carcinogenesis is useful and must be systematised collected. This data can be a reference in medical and biological science. In this book, important information concerning food contamination relating to carcinogenesis is presented and discussed.

Arthropod-borne disease is a common health problem all over the world. The term "arboviral diseases" means the arthropod-borne arboviral infections. The purpose of this book is to summarise and present the topics specifically relating to the mosquito-borne disease that is unique in the tropical countries. Due to the globalisation in the present day, the change in the epidemiology of diseases from one site to the others all around the world can be expected. The summative on the common arboviral diseases can be and should be performed. This book can make them at least realise and familial with the problems. The book covers specifically the clinical aspect, scientific laboratory aspect, public health aspect as well as the social sciences relating to important arboviral infectious diseases. The common arboviral diseases are summarised, presented and discussed. Mainly the book presents summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics. In addition, the diagnostic guideline and clinical practice guideline of the mentioned conditions will be presented. This work can be a useful reference material for the practitioners who are not familiar to the unique problems of the developing world and might face up with those problems due to the possible migration of diseases. The academic level of this book is aimed to be for the wide range from the medical student, resident, general practitioner, specialist in infectious and tropical medicine and the researchers in medical sciences. It can also be useful for the medical personnel in allied health sciences.

Laboratory Investigation is a big tool for biological and medical work around the world. The present concept of laboratory investigation is to provide the best analysis. This covers several facets and all phases of the laboratory cycle. In this book, concept and scenarios on excellent laboratory practice will be discussed and presented.

Milk is an important biological fluid and an important nutritional source for infants. Milk is required and useful for growth and development of infants. The interrelationship between milk and infants is confirmed in this book. The author details and discusses all important aspects of milk and infants.

Climate change and health is a hot issue and the global warming is widely discussed. The effects on health should be mentioned more than they are generally. In this book, the author discusses climate change and health covering the basic principals in geographical pathology. Examples and models on important diseases are given in the chapters of this book.

Treatment is the heart of medicine. For patients, the main aim of visiting a physician is to get the best therapy. Therapy has a long history. Advanced biotechnology helps improve medical treatment. Apart from the classical treatments, there are many new emerging means of medical treatment. In this book, the concept of new therapeutic channels, cell, gene and molecular concepts is developed. Interesting details on concepts for these modern therapies can be found in this book and this book.

This book focuses on "malaria", specifically covering the overview of malarial research in Southeast Asia, the area with a high prevalence of this disease. Clinical aspects, scientific laboratory aspects, public health aspects, as well as the social sciences relating to this important tropical disease observed and studied in Southeast Asia, are the focus of this important and timely book. In addition, the diagnostic guideline and clinical practice guidelines of the above-mentioned conditions are presented.

There are two dominant aspects which conclude the coagulation cascade: the importance of the tissue factor pathway in initiating clotting and the interaction between pathways. Two main pathways are recognised the extrinsic and the intrinsic. At the side of vascular injury endothelial cells are converted in a pro-thrombotic state or become detached to exposed circulating blood to thrombogenic constituents of the sub-endothelial matrix. Activation of platelets and formation of fibrin occur simultaneously and interdependently to effect haemostasis. The activated platelets express the receptor GPIb-IX-V complex that further strengthens the adhesion by linking to von Willebrand factor expressed on the sub-endothelial matrix. A platelet monolayer which covers the injured area recruits and aggregates activated platelets to form a platelet plug by linking to fibrinogen molecules. Activation of a series of inactive precursors leads to the formation of thrombin that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin. The sequence of reactions interacting between factor X represents the common pathway of coagulation. Factor X can be activated in turn by either the tissue factor pathway or the contact activation pathway of coagulation, which is initiated by the complex of tissue factor and factor VIIa. The latter involves a series of zymogen protease reactions that are initiated by contact activation of factor XII to XIIa. As the haemostatic process starts, a series of inhibitory mechanisms is activated involving antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, the tissue factor pathway inhibitors 1 and 2 and platelet inhibitors (prostaglandin I2, nitric oxide). Fibrinolytic mechanisms assure the clot's remodelling and elimination in the prospect of restoring the vessels patency. During the fibrinolytic process plasmin cleaves polymerised fibrin to fibrin degradation products. The liver plays a predominant role in the regulation of haemostasis. By producing most clotting factors (except tissue factor TF) and inhibitors (antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, C1 inhibitor), as well as a number of the proteins involved in fibrinolysis (plasminogen, a2-antiplasmin), and by clearing from the bloodstream activated enzymes involved in clotting or fibrinolysis, the liver protects against both bleeding and overwhelming activation of coagulation. There is a common bleeding profile emerging in the overwhelming majority of liver diseases. The severity of documented coagulation disorders varies analogically to the degree of the hepatocellular injury. The importance of the coagulopathy is underlined by the incorporation of the coagulation parameters into prognostic scores assessing fulminant hepatic failure and cirrhosis. The purpose of this book is to review the coagulation profile in acute liver failure, liver cirrhosis, autoimmune cholestatic, viral and various hepatic diseases. Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in coagulation defects in liver diseases are also reviewed.

The proposed book focuses on 'blood infections', a common group of haematology and infectious disorders in aspects relating to the tropical medicine. The book covers specifically the clinical aspects, scientific laboratory aspects, public health aspects, as well as the social sciences relating to these important diseases. The common blood infections, including other disorders, which relate to blood disorders are summarised, presented, and discussed. The book presents summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics.

At present, two important factors contributing to diseases are environmental and genetic factors. The gene is a well defined component distributing to many disorders. This is important genetic parameter. Focusing on environmental factor, nutrition is an important parameter. The interrelationship between gene and nutrition is well defined. The focus on gene and nutrition leads to new emerging sciences, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. In the book, the authors focus on research and report on these aspects. The subjects in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are presented and discussed.

Swine flu is a present emerging infectious disease. The purpose of this book is to summarise and present the topics specifically relating to a new problem in our world, swine flu, in the forms that are unique in the present day. Due to globalisation , changes in the epidemiology of diseases from one site to the others all around the world can be expected. Pandemics can be expected. This work can be a useful reference material for the practitioners who are not familiar to the unique problems of the developing world and might be forced to nevertheless deal with those problems due to the possible migration of diseases. Additional information on other pig borne diseases is also provided in this book.

The prospect of redistributing power from central government offices to local actors and organisations has repeatedly tantalised academics, politicians and policy makers promulgating decentralisation measures in hopes that such action would cure the social and economic ills faced by their policies. Education planners in Accra regarded decentralisation as an important strategy for raising the quality and status of Ghanian education. The Ministry of Education (MOE) was depending on the local content curriculum (LCC) to achieve many things. As MOE officials observed, however, the success or failure of the reform essentially depended on the actions of classroom teachers. Even if plans for the reform were carefully designed and communicated by experts in Accra, goals for the reform would not be met unless teachers implemented the reform as envisioned by its authors. When the Ghanian government enacted the LCC reform it was depending on classroom teachers to take a leading role in the process of educational decentralisation. The one goal that all members of the system appeared to have most thoroughly absorbed was the notion that as a result of the changes outlined in LCC policy documents, the curriculum in Ghanian schools should more closely mesh with local conditions. St. Aquinas junior high school, a private Catholic institution was the only school I visited where teachers were willing to question and modify policies created in Accra. Rather than obediently follow instructions from Accra, St. Aquinas employees reshaped MOE policies to meet their own educational philosophies and objectives. My research indicates that the MOE has not yet commenced to rebuild the culture of education to fit the new vision of teaching and learning it is promoting. Instead, it is attempting to append the LCC reform to an existing core, with only minor modifications.

The purpose of this book is to summarise and present the topics specifically relating to emerging and remerging infections in India, the well known subcontinent. Due to the globalisation in the present day, the change in the epidemiology of diseases from one site to the others all around the world can be expected. Indian story is the focus of interest in medicine. The summative on the common infectious problems in the tropical countries can be and should be performed. This work can be a useful reference material for the practitioners who are not familiar to the unique problems of the developing world and might face up with those problems due to the possible migration of diseases. This book can make them at least realise and familial with the problems.

Anaemia is the common health problem all over the world. The term "tropical anaemia" means the anaemic disorders, which are predominant in the tropical region of the world. The purpose of this book is to summarise and present the topics specifically relating to the anaemia in the forms that is unique in the tropical countries. Due to the globalisation in the present day, the change in the epidemiology of diseases from one site to the others all around the world can be expected. The summative on the common anaemic problems in the tropical countries can be and should be performed. This book can make them at least realise the problems. The details of this book focus on the anaemia in the aspects relating to the tropical medicine. The book covers specifically the clinical aspects, scientific laboratory aspects, public health aspects as well as the social sciences relating to anaemia in important tropical diseases. The common tropical diseases, including inherited disorders and infectious diseases, which relate to the anaemia are summarised, presented and discussed. Mainly the book presents summative data from the molecular to the population scales, as well as additional metanalysis for important topics. In addition, the diagnostic guideline and clinical practice guideline of the mentioned conditions are presented.

The objective of this book is to review specific haematologic disorders that commonly present in the new-born period. It summarises and presents the topics specifically relating to the haematological disorders in neonates.