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Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation X:
Innate Immunity is the proceedings of the Xth International
Conference on Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune
Regulation: Innate Immunity, held February 6-8, 2004 in Newport
Beach, California. It is the tenth volume of its kind to appear in
the series Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Topics
include toll receptors, dendritic cells, NK cells, and complement
receptors.
During the past five years major progress has been made in
understanding the basic mechanisms of lymphocyte homeostasis and in
the developmental relationship between different memory T subsets
and their traffic patterns and functional significance. This volume
highlights the current concepts of lymphocyte development, factors
regulating lymphocyte trafficking and development, and specialized
characteristics and functional properties of naive and memory
subsets. This volume is divided into three sections. Section I
deals with factors that regulate the development and maturation of
T cells and B cells and lymphocyte traffic. The significance of
C-kit, Bcl-6, IL-7, and Vav in the development of T and B
lymphocytes is discussed. A role of lymphotoxins and VAP-I in
trafficking of leucocytes is reviewed. Finally, the trafficking and
homing characteristics of T cell and B cell subsets, and the
regulation of these processes during the immune response, is
presented. Section II discusses various aspects of naive and memory
T cell biology, including clonal expansion, reprogramming of genes
including those encoding cytokines and cytotoxic granules, changes
in the expression of cell surface proteins involved in cell-cell
adhesion, homing of naive and memory T cells, the role of MHC and
cytokines in the maintenance of naive and memory T cells, and the
characterization and differentiation of virus-specific memory T
cell heterogeneity in mice and humans. Novel methods of
visualization of immune cells and immune systems are reviewed in
Section III. This includes tracking of dendritic cells in vivo,
monitoring arterial smooth muscle-specific T cells in the inflamed
vasculature, imaging of molecular migrations in immune synapses,
and visualization of various immune cells in intact lymphoid
tissues by two photon confocal imaging. This volume should be of
interest to immunologists, molecular biologists, microbiologists,
pathologists, academic physicians, cell bio
Signaling through antigen receptor initiates a complex series of
events resulting in the activation of genes that regulate the
development, proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes.
During the past few years, rapid progress has been made in
understanding the molecular basis of signaling pathways mediated by
antigen and cytokine receptors. These pathways involve protein
tyrosine kinases which are coupled to downstream regulatory
molecules, including small guanine nucleotide binding proteins (e.
g. p21'OS), serine threonine kinases (e. g. , members of the ERK
family), and a large group of transcription factors. More recently,
there have been breakthroughs in elucidating the genetic defects
underlying three X-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases in
humans. This volume surveys aspects of these rapidly developing
areas of research. The book is divided into 5 different sections.
Section I deals with signaling pathways in B lymphocytes. It
includes a contemporary assessment of B cell antigen receptor
structures, and discussion of the role of Ig-a/lg-B polypeptides in
linking the antigen receptor to intracellular signal transduction
pathways. The role of accessory molecules in the regulation of
signaling by the B cell antigen receptor is also considered.
Section II adopts a similar approach to the analysis of the antigen
receptor on T lymphocytes. The importance of specialized signaling
motifs in the CD3 polypeptides, mechanisms whereby these motifs may
interact with the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinases, and
the downstream consequences of these interactions are reviewed. In
addition, the role of antigen-induced apoptosis in the generation
of immunological tolerance is discussed.
Signaling through antigen receptor initiates a complex series of
events resulting in the activation of genes that regulate the
development, proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes.
During the past few years, rapid progress has been made in
understanding the molecular basis of signaling pathways mediated by
antigen and cytokine receptors. These pathways involve protein
tyrosine kinases which are coupled to downstream regulatory
molecules, including small guanine nucleotide binding proteins (e.
g. p21'OS), serine threonine kinases (e. g. , members of the ERK
family), and a large group of transcription factors. More recently,
there have been breakthroughs in elucidating the genetic defects
underlying three X-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases in
humans. This volume surveys aspects of these rapidly developing
areas of research. The book is divided into 5 different sections.
Section I deals with signaling pathways in B lymphocytes. It
includes a contemporary assessment of B cell antigen receptor
structures, and discussion of the role of Ig-a/lg-B polypeptides in
linking the antigen receptor to intracellular signal transduction
pathways. The role of accessory molecules in the regulation of
signaling by the B cell antigen receptor is also considered.
Section II adopts a similar approach to the analysis of the antigen
receptor on T lymphocytes. The importance of specialized signaling
motifs in the CD3 polypeptides, mechanisms whereby these motifs may
interact with the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinases, and
the downstream consequences of these interactions are reviewed. In
addition, the role of antigen-induced apoptosis in the generation
of immunological tolerance is discussed.
This volume is divided into three sections. Section I deals with
factors that regulate the development and maturation of T cells and
B cells and lymphocyte traffic. The significance of C-kit, Bcl-6,
IL-7, and Vav in the development of T and B lymphocytes is
discussed. A role of lymphotoxins and VAP-I in trafficking of
leucocytes is reviewed. Finally, the trafficking and homing
characteristics of T cell and B cell subsets, and the regulation of
these processes during the immune response, is presented. Section
II discusses various aspects of naive and memory T cell biology,
including clonal expansion, reprogramming of genes including those
encoding cytokines and cytotoxic granules, changes in the
expression of cell surface proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion,
homing of naive and memory T cells, the role of MHC and cytokines
in the maintenance of naive and memory T cells, and the
characterization and differentiation of virus-specific memory T
cell heterogeneity in mice and humans. Novel methods of
visualization of immune cells and immune systems are reviewed in
Section III.
Recent advances in the understanding of the major events that shape
the immune recog nition system have been remarkable. The analysis
of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene organization and Ig repertoire
diversification in lower vertebrates has provided new insight into
this process in mammals. Similarly, the understanding of the early
development of lymphocytes and of the acquisition of immunological
tolerance has been aided by elegant studies in quail/chicken
chimeras, using the power of the distinctive markers of the
constitutive cells of these birds. Great strides have been made in
understanding the role played by major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) molecules in antigen presentation and in repertoire selec
tion within the thymus. The use of transgenic mice expressing
specific T-cell receptor (TCR) genes has elucidated the process of
both positive and negative selection. In parallel, there has been
considerable progress in our understanding of tolerance, based in
part on the use of markers for the V fJ genes of T-cell receptors
and in part on the analysis of the behavior of long term T-cell
lines. This has led to the realization that both clonal deletion
and clonal anergy may play critical roles in the maintenance of
unresponsiveness to self antigen. Molecular analysis of the
requirements for expression of membrane immunoglobulin molecules
has revealed the existence of a complex that appears to be of
critical importance in mediating signalling through Ig receptors.
In addition, major insights have been obtained into the regulation
of expression of genes of immunologic interest.
Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation X
Innate Immunity is the proceedings of the Xth International
Conference on Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune
Regulation: Innate Immunity, held February 6-8, 2004 in Newport
Beach, California. It is the tenth volume of its kind to appear in
the series Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Topics
include toll receptors, dendritic cells, NK cells, and complement
receptors.
This significant book conveys Dr William E Paul's enduring
enthusiasm for the field of immunology, the incredible
accomplishments of the past half-century, and the future's untapped
promises. The immune system has incredible power to protect us from
the ravages of infection by killing disease-causing microbes or
eliminating them from the body. Boosted by vaccines, it can protect
us individually and as a "herd" from diseases such as measles. As
Dr Paul explains, however, the power of the immune system is a
double-edged sword: an overactive immune system can wreak havoc,
destroying normal tissue and causing diseases such as type I
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The
consequences of an impaired immune system, on the other hand, are
all too evident in the clinical agonies of AIDS and other
immunodeficiency diseases. Packed with illustrations, stories from
Dr Paul's distinguished career, and compelling narratives of
scientific discovery, Immunity presents the three laws of the human
immune system-universality, tolerance, and appropriateness-and
explains how the system protects and harms us. From the tale of how
smallpox was overcome to the lessons of the Ebola epidemic to the
utility of vaccines and the hope that the immune system can be used
to treat or prevent cancer, Dr Paul argues that we must position
ourselves to take advantage of cutting-edge technologies and
promising new tools in immunological research, including big data
and the microbiome.
A leading figure in immunology takes readers inside the remarkably
powerful human immune system. Winner of the CHOICE Outstanding
Academic Title of the Choice ACRL The immune system has incredible
power to protect us from the ravages of infection. Boosted by
vaccines, it can protect us from diseases such as measles. However,
the power of the immune system is a double-edged sword: an
overactive immune system can wreak havoc, destroying normal tissue
and causing diseases such as type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis,
and multiple sclerosis. The consequences of an impaired immune
system, on the other hand, are all too evident in the agonies of
AIDS. Packed with illustrations, stories from Dr. William E. Paul's
distinguished career, and fascinating accounts of scientific
discovery, Immunity presents the three laws of the human immune
system-universality, tolerance, and appropriateness-and explains
how the system both protects and harms us. From the tale of how
smallpox was overcome and the lessons of the Ebola epidemic to the
hope that the immune system can be used to treat or prevent cancer,
Dr. Paul argues that we must take advantage of cutting-edge
technologies and promising new tools in immunological research.
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