Mitochondria are sometimes called the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, because mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis in the cell. ATP is the universal energy currency, it provides the power that runs all other life processes. Humans need oxygen to survive because of ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The sugars from our diet are converted to carbon dioxide in mitochondria in a process that requires oxygen. Just like a fire needs oxygen to burn, our mitochondria need oxygen to make ATP. From textbooks and popular literature one can easily get the impression that all mitochondria require oxygen. But that is not the case. There are many groups of organismsm known that make ATP in mitochondria without the help of oxygen. They have preserved biochemical relicts from the early evolution of eukaryotic cells, which took place during times in Earth history when there was hardly any oxygen avaiable, certainly not enough to breathe. How the anaerobic forms of mitochondria work, in which organisms they occur, and how the eukaryotic anaerobes that possess them fit into the larger picture of rising atmospheric oxygen during Earth history are the topic of this book.

The evolutionary origins of hydrogenosomes have been the subject of considerable debate. This volume closes the gap between the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of organelles and their incorporation into evolutionary theory. It reveals that identifying the genetic contribution to eukaryotes of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, and revealing the functions of its descendent organelles, are key to understanding eukaryotic biology and evolution.

The evolutionary origins of hydrogenosomes have been the subject of considerable debate. This volume closes the gap between the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of organelles and their incorporation into evolutionary theory. It reveals that identifying the genetic contribution to eukaryotes of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis, and revealing the functions of its descendent organelles, are key to understanding eukaryotic biology and evolution.

A very dangerous task lies ahead of Clint Mason. Since he's wanted for murder and he knows many are out to kill him, he returns to California in secret... where he can't help stealing two ripe shipments of gold. Luckily, a mysterious phantom rider soon comes along and Clint's forgotten. By all means, he continues using bravery and deadly force to achieve justice, and chancing death-defying risks for huge stakes at every turn. Will his next showdown be his last?

Other books in The Clint Mason Series: School Teacher and Gunman Stand Tough Destination Santa Fe Phantom Rider Ride West Clint Mason has never been this close to achieving his dream of building a peaceful community around a big, top-quality horse ranch on the Rio Pecos. Using his talents as a land surveyor, he outfoxes a crooked land baron to secure an idyllic estate, but soon finds himself at a poker table with at least three guns pointed his direction. One false move and all of Clint's plans will die with him. A powerful foe aims to make it look like a justified killing over card cheating, and that bold play might help balance Clint's odds for survival. Will it be just another ruthless murder, or will Clint win another day to further his quests for justice, peace and prosperity? The adventures continue on William F. Martin's "Tales of Mason" website: http: //williamfmartin.com.

Into New Mexico Territory rides a young, well-educated gambler and gunman. Santa Fe is Clint Mason's chosen destination, where he seeks to peacefully acquire land and start his dream horse ranch. Because of a wrongful murder charge stemming back to an event that occurred when he was 16, Clint is also a wanted man. His education has helped develop his uncanny skills in poker and reading people, and the huge winnings at poker tables have brought many challenges his way. By necessity, his natural skills with guns have developed to a high level of professionalism.Will Clint's past or his latest deadly confrontations keep him from obtaining a prized piece of land outside of Santa Fe on the Rio Pecos?

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone

San Francisco bustles with gold rush fever and excitement over the coming railroads. Into the middle of this roaring wild west arrives a young man with wits, poker skills and desires to get rich and build his own ranch and home. After nearly losing his life in a deadly fight over a card game, he's given a second chance by an elderly school teacher. As he follows his love for poker and his gun skills raise the stakes, can his determined mentor save him from falling to a faster gun?

In a bygone era, the cowboys of the Old West spent the best parts of their lives working to maintain cattle ranches, to breed and raise livestock and to drive cattle to market. The luckiest of those spent their time on the very ranch that their father, and perhaps their grandfather, had built-living out hard-earned legacies that gave them clear priorities and, if they were truly fortunate, more family to carry on when their time ended. Ride West continues William Martin's tale which is set within that era-but even then, there were men who had been cheated out of their rightful inheritances by others who were willing to use any means to get the land, money and power they desired. The survivors of our Old West weren't always the proud nor the righteous; often, those left standing were among history's most sinister characters. Having acknowledged the villains of this period, it should be noted that America's history also reveals a solid consistency in producing worthy opponents to them-each of whom has stood for our country's most revered values. Entering the world of Mr. Martin's first book Stand Tough, and its sequel Ride West, readers meet such a man. Despite overwhelming odds, Clint Mason reveals the power of one... and single-handedly sets out to defend what remains of his family and their land at all costs. Experiencing Clint's covert travails, we see how sharp wits and sure-handed action can begin to conquer the unknown and the unjust. Mr. Martin wishes to acknowledge the inspiration provided by his favorite uncle, the late Tom Weatherholt, who was a professional truck driver by trade. It was at the age of eight, while accompanying his Uncle Tom on a trip from Kentucky to New YorkCity, sleeping aboard that big rig and eating at truck stops, that the author was introduced to Zane Grey.