This volume contains revised versions of most of the papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop 011 Data, Expert Knowledge and Decisions. The meeting took place at the UniversiUit del' Bundeswehr Hamburg in September 1989, with local organization by the Institut fiir Informatik. It was the second of its kind, following a workshop held at the Universitiit Karlsruhe in 1987. The workshop brought together researchers and practitioners illterested in current sophisticated data analysis techniques, recent research on computer-assisted decision sup- port, developments of knowledge-based systems, and--this was one of the main issues of the workshop-cross-disciplinary aspects of these fields. Participants in the workshop represented fifteen countries. The meeting was orgallized together with Edwin Diday, Le Chesnay, France, Phipps Arabie, Champaign, U.S.A., Alain Bultez, Bruxelles, Belgium, Franz-J. Radermacher, VIm, Germany. We all, gratefully, take the opportunity to acknowledge support by Aachener Riickversicherungs- NATO Scientific Affairs Division, gesellschaft , Gesellschaft del' Freunde und Forderer del' Universitiit del' Bundeswehr Hamburg, Hewlett Packard GmbH, Universitiit del' Bundeswehr Hamburg, Nixdorf Computer AG, Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, which made it possible to stage a meeting of this international character. The volume consists of the three parts - Symbolic Data, Concepts and Learning, - Data Analysis and Applications, - Computer-Assisted Decisioll Support: Integrating, Represelltillg and Processing Knowledge.

Cross-disciplinary research on how computer-assisted decision making can be supported by sophisticated data analysis techniques and recent developments in knowledge-based systems research are described in this volume, with emphasis on marketing applications. Aspects dealt with include market-share analysis (spreadsheet based), media planning, stochastic market modelling, marketing data analysis and new product introduction management (all knowledge-based, partly using PROLOG). These contributions emphasize links between decision support, expert knowledge research and marketing. Other application areas are debt and credit management and personnel disposition (KEE based), portfolio management (PROLOG based) and vehicle scheduling. Concrete interconnections between data analysis and marketing can be seen in the contributions on classification and unfolding of market data, market segmentation by forced classification, conjoint analysis applications, ideal point product mapping, MDS in telecommunications pricing and multi-mode marketing data evaluations.

This volume describes new methods with special emphasis on classification and cluster analysis. These methods are applied to problems in information retrieval, phylogeny, medical diagnosis, microarrays, and other active research areas.

The volume presents new developments in data analysis and classification and gives an overview of the state of the art in these scientific fields and relevant applications. Areas that receive considerable attention in the book are clustering, discrimination, data analysis, and statistics, as well as applications in economics, biology, and medicine. The reader will find material on recent technical and methodological developments and a large number of application papers demonstrating the usefulness of the newly developed techniques.

Given the huge amount of information in the internet and in practically every domain of knowledge that we are facing today, knowledge discovery calls for automation. The book deals with methods from classification and data analysis that respond effectively to this rapidly growing challenge. The interested reader will find new methodological insights as well as applications in economics, management science, finance, and marketing, and in pattern recognition, biology, health, and archaeology.

"Data Analysis" in the broadest sense is the general term for a field of activities of ever-increasing importance in a time called the information age. It covers new areas with such trendy labels as, e.g., data mining or web mining as well as traditional directions emphazising, e.g., classification or knowledge organization. Leading researchers in data analysis have contributed to this volume and delivered papers on aspects ranging from scientific modeling to practical application. They have devoted their latest contributions to a book edited to honor a colleague and friend, Hans-Hermann Bock, who has been active in this field for nearly thirty years.

This volume contains revised versions of selected papers presented dur ing the 23rd Annual Conference of the German Classification Society GfKl (Gesellschaft fiir Klassifikation). The conference took place at the Univer sity of Bielefeld (Germany) in March 1999 under the title "Classification and Information Processing at the Turn of the Millennium". Researchers and practitioners - interested in data analysis, classification, and information processing in the broad sense, including computer science, multimedia, WWW, knowledge discovery, and data mining as well as spe cial application areas such as (in alphabetical order) biology, finance, genome analysis, marketing, medicine, public health, and text analysis - had the op portunity to discuss recent developments and to establish cross-disciplinary cooperation in their fields of interest. Additionally, software and book pre sentations as well as several tutorial courses were organized. The scientific program of the conference included 18 plenary or semi plenary lectures and more than 100 presentations in special sections. The peer-reviewed papers are presented in 5 chapters as follows: * Data Analysis and Classification * Computer Science, Computational Statistics, and Data Mining * Management Science, Marketing, and Finance * Biology, Genome Analysis, and Medicine * Text Analysis and Information Retrieval As an unambiguous assignment of results to single chapters is sometimes difficult papers are grouped in a way that the editors found appropriate.

nd Selected papers presented at the 22 Annual Conference of the German Classification Society GfKI (Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation), held at the Uni- versity of Dresden in 1998, are contained in this volume of "Studies in Clas- sification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization" . One aim of GfKI was to provide a platform for a discussion of results con- cerning a challenge of growing importance that could be labeled as "Classi- fication in the Information Age" and to support interdisciplinary activities from research and applications that incorporate directions of this kind. As could be expected, the largest share of papers is closely related to classi- fication and-in the broadest sense-data analysis and statistics. Additionally, besides contributions dealing with questions arising from the usage of new media and the internet, applications in, e.g., (in alphabetical order) archeolo- gy, bioinformatics, economics, environment, and health have been reported. As always, an unambiguous assignment of results to single topics is some- times difficult, thus, from more than 130 presentations offered within the scientific program 65 papers are grouped into the following chapters and subchapters: * Plenary and Semi Plenary Presentations - Classification and Information - Finance and Risk * Classification and Related Aspects of Data Analysis and Learning - Classification, Data Analysis, and Statistics - Conceptual Analysis and Learning * Usage of New Media and the Internet - Information Systems, Multimedia, and WWW - Navigation and Classification on the Internet and Virtual Univ- sities * Applications in Economics

th Selected papers presented at the 18 Annual Conference of th~ German Classification Society GfKl (Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation) are contained in this volume of 'Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Or- ganization'. The conference took place at the University of Oldenburg in 1994 under the general subject "From Data to Knowledge" and provided an international forum for participants from theory and practice. The interdisciplinary character of GfKI - although aspects concerning clas- sification and related areas of data analysis are in the center of interest of the activities of the society - is one of the reasons that within a process entitled "From Data to Knowledge" emphasis was laid as well on theoret- ical contributions as on applications in various fields including information systems and knowledge organization. More than 330 participants could choose their individual program from more than 130 presentations included in the scientific program of the conference.

This volume contains selected papers presented at two joint German-Japanese symposia on data analysis and related elds. The articles substantially extend and further develop material presented at the two symposia organized on the basis of longstanding and close relationships which have been cultivated in the last couple of decades between the two classi cation societies: the German Class- cation Society (Gesellschaft fu ]r Klassi kation e. V.) and the Japanese Classi cation Society. These symposia have been very helpful in exchanging ideas, views, and knowledge between the two societies and have served as a spring board for more extensive and closer co-operation between the societies as well as among their individual members. The scienti c program of the rst Joint Japanese-German Symposium (Tokyo 2005)included23presentations;forthesecondJointGerman-JapaneseSymposium (Berlin 2006) 27 presentations were scheduled. This volume presents 21 peer refereed papers, which are grouped into three parts: 1. Part 1 Clustering and Visualization (eight papers) 2. Part 2 Methods in Fields (nine papers) 3. Part 3 Applications in Clustering and Visualization (four papers) The concept of having a joint symposium of the two classi cation societies came from the talks with Hans-Hermann and Wolfgang when Akinori attended the 28th Annual Conference of the German Classi cation Society held in Dortmund in March 2004."

This volume contains revised versions of selected papers presented during the 28th Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft fur ] Klassi?kation (GfKl), the German Classi?cation Society. The conference was held at the Universit] at Dortmund in Dortmund, Germany, in March 2004. Wolfgang Gaul chaired the program committee, Claus Weihs and Ernst-Erich Doberkat were the local organizers. Patrick Groenen, Iven van Mechelen, and their colleagues of the Vereniging voor Ordinatie en Classi?catie (VOC), the Dutch-Flemish Classi?cation Society, organized special VOC sessions. The programcommittee recruited17 notable and internationallyreno- ed invited speakers for plenary and semi-plenary talks on their current - search work regarding classi?cation and data analysis methods as well as - plications.Inaddition,172invitedandcontributedpapersbyauthorsfrom18 countrieswerepresentedatthe conferencein 52parallelsessionsrepresenting the whole ?eld addressed by the title of the conference "Classi?cation: The Ubiquitous Challenge." Among these 52 sessions the VOC organizedsessions on Mixture Modelling, Optimal Scaling, Multiway Methods, and Psychom- ricswith18papers.Overall, theconference, whichistraditionallydesignedas an interdisciplinary event, again provided an attractive forum for discussions and mutual exchange of knowledge. Besides the results obtained in the fundamental subjects Classi?cation and Data Analysis, the talks in the applied areas focused on various app- cation topics. Moreover, along with the conference a competition on "Social Milieus in Dortmund," co-organized by the city of Dortmund, took place. Hence the presentation of the papers in this volume is arranged in the f- lowing parts: I. (Semi-)Plenary Presentations II. Classi?cation and Data Analysis III. Applications, and IV. Contest: Social Milieus in Dortmund."

Otto Opitz feiert im Juni 1999 seinen sechzigsten Geburtstag. Aus diesem Anlass haben sich Schuler, ihm nahestehende Kollegen und Freunde ent- schlossen, die nachfolgende Festschrift zu erstellen. Dass sich dabei eine hohe Korrelation zwischen den wissenschaftlichen Interessensgebieten von Otto Opitz und den Themen der eingegangenen Beitrage gezeigt hat, ist nicht er- staunlich und hat die Strukturierung dieses Bandes erleichtert. Ein Auszug seiner wissenschaftlichen Tatigkeiten findet sich am Ende des Bandes. Eines der wichtigsten Betatigungsfelder von Otto Opitz kann mit Daten- analyse und Klassifikation umschrieben werden. Und so, wie sich diese For- schungsrichtung aus der Statistik entwickelt hat, ist in jungster Zeit eine Diskussion zu beobachten, die Data Mining als neues Forschungsgebiet zu etablieren sucht. Zu bevorzugten Anwendungsbereichen von Aktivitaten aus den zuvor genannten Gebieten haben fur Otto Opitz stets Marktforschung und Marketing gehoert, und nicht nur seine Beschaftigung mit Methoden der Bankmarktforschung belegt, dass auch die mit Kapital und Risiko umschreib- bare Forschungsrichtung sein Interesse gefunden hat. Schon in fruhen Arbei- ten von Otto Opitz finden sich spieltheoretische UEberlegungen, die Aus- gangspunkt fur Forschungsaktivitaten in den Gebieten Operations Research und Unternehmensplanung sowie Volkswirtschaftslehre waren. Naturlich ha- ben Entwicklungen in der Informatik seine wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten be- pe-gestutzter Software zur Datenana- einflusst, wobei die Bereitstellung von lyse den Methodeneinsatz in der Lehre unterstutzt hat.

Das vorliegende Buch ist aus Vorlesungen entstanden, die im Rahmen der Marketing-Ausbildung an der Universitat Karlsruhe gehalten wurden. Zusatz- lich zu dem in diesem Buch behandelten Stoff iiber Computergestiitztes Marketing umfaBt das Lehrprogramm fiir diesen Teilbereich des Marketing an der Universitat Karlsruhe z. B. Rechnerpraktika, in denen der Umgang mit auf unterschiedlichen Computern implementierten Entscheidungsunterstiit- zungswerkzeugen fiir das Marketing geiibt werden kann (hierzu entsteht momen- tan ein Buch mit Diskette, das eine Briickenfun: ktion zwischen den Einsatzmoglich- keiten von quantitativen Ansatzen und Modellen und ihrer Umsetzung auf dem Computer erfiillen solI), sowie Vorlesungen, Ubungen und Seminare, in denen an- dere Einzelbereiche des Marketing, wie z. B. Internationales Marketing oder Konsumentenverhalten oder Marketing-Planung oder Marktforschung vertieft werden konnen. Dabei wird immer auch Wert darauf gelegt, daB auch das fiir die Modellbildung und Methodenanwendung im Marketing benotigte Hin- tergrundwissen beherrscht wird. Angesichts der stoffiichen Fiille und VielGBPalt der heute moglichen Marketing- Ausbildung wendet sich das vorliegende Buch einerseits an Dozenten und Stu- denten, die sich im Rahmen des Lehrprogramms ihrer Hochschule mit Fra- gestellungen der computergestiitzten Entscheidungsunterstiitzung im Marketing beschaftigen wollen, sowie andererseits an den interessierten "Marketing-Ma- nager aus der Praxis", der sich einen aktuellen Uberblick iiber historische Entwicklungen, den augenblicklichen Stand und Zukunftsperspektiven des com- putergestiitzten Marketing verschaffen will. Die Gliederung des Buches ist so angelegt, daB sie einen raschen Einstieg in den dargebotenen Stoff auch bei unterschiedlichen Zielsetzungen von potentiellen Le- sem erleichtert.