This book presents state-of-the-art scientific evidence and technological innovations to restore lands on the Loess Plateau of China, known worldwide for its serious land degradation and desertification problems. Supported by a rapidly developing Chinese economy and the dissemination of effective technology, the Grain-for-Green Project and Western Development Action launched by the Chinese government have resulted in successful ecological restoration and protection over the past 30 years. These programs have contributed not only to conservation of soil and water, but also to economic development. At the same time, however, these developmental interventions have brought new challenges that have not yet been fully addressed. The book describes (1) case studies of success and failure in practice, including rare success stories of combating desertification; (2) technical issues such as erosion control and breeding of stress-tolerant plant species, and socioeconomic measures taken by the Chinese government and lending policies with support from the World Bank; and (3) comprehensive measures against desertification, such as water and wind erosion, salinization, and deforestation. This volume is recommended for researchers and students above the undergraduate level in diverse fields including soil science, rural engineering, social technology and civil engineering, biology, ecology, climatology, physical and human geography, and developmental economics, among others. It also serves as a valuable resource for engineers, government officials, and NPOs and NGOs involved in afforestation, ecological restoration, combating desertification, disaster prevention, and sustainable rural development.

Providing a comprehensive treatment of a full range of migrant destinies in East Asia by scholars from both Asia and North America, this volume captures the way migrants are changing the face of Asia, especially in cities, such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Hamamatsu, Osaka, Tokyo, and Singapore. It investigates how the crossing of geographical boundaries should also be recognized as a crossing of cultural and social categories that reveals the extraordinary variation in the migrants' origins and trajectories. These migrants span the spectrum: from Korean bar hostesses in Osaka to African entrepreneurs in Hong Kong, from Vietnamese women seeking husbands across the Chinese border to Pakistani Muslim men marrying women in Japan, from short-term business travelers in China to long-term tourists from Japan who ultimately decide to retire overseas. Illuminating the ways in which an Asian-based analysis of migration can yield new data on global migration patterns, the contributors provide important new theoretical insights for a broader understanding of global migration, and innovative methodological approaches to the spatial and temporal complexity of human migration.

In this thesis the author discusses the phenomenology of supersymmetric models by means of experimental data set analysis of the electric dipole moment. There is an evaluation of the elementary processes contributing to the electric dipole moments within R-parity-violating supersymmetry, which call for higher-order perturbative computations.

A new method based on linear programming is developed and for the first time the non-trivial parameter space of R-parity violation respecting the constraints from existing experimental data of the electric dipole moment is revealed. As well, the impressive efficiency of the new method in scanning the parameter space of the R-parity-violating sector is effectively demonstrated. This new method makes it possible to extract from the experimental data a more reliable constraint on the R-parity violation.

Bacteria change the surface of the Earth. All kinds of bacteria reside in the biosphere, and although sometimes they may cause damage, they also help in cleaning the surface of the Earth and in the circulation of various substances. Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria in particular have a unique and intimate relationship with inorganic substances and human beings. This book covers in detail advances in the biochemistry and physiology of several chemolithoautotrophic bacteria as well as their relationship to certain environments. Included are recent findings regarding the oxidation mechanisms of ammonia, nitrite, sulfur compounds, and ferrous iron by special bacteria. The characteristics of many cytochromes are described to further advance the understanding of bacterial oxidation systems of inorganic compounds. Applications of bacteria, such as in sewage treatment and in biohydometallurgy, among others, are detailed, and bacteria considered closest to the origins of life are discussed in the final chapter.

This graduate text gives an introductory overview of the fundamentals of quantum nonlinear optics. It deals with the organization of radiation field, interaction between electronic system and radiation field, statistics of light, mutual manipulation of light and matter, laser oscillation, dynamics of light, nonlinear optical response, nonlinear spectroscopy as well as ultrashort and ultrastrong laser pulse. In addition, latest results of the frontier of this science are presented. Problems and solutions help the reader to become familiar with the material given.

I. Prostatic Cancer Bone Metastasis: An International Perspective.- Clinical Dilemmas and Problems in Assessing Prostatic Metastasis to Bone: The Scientific Challenge.- Comparative Study of Prostatic Carcinoma Bone Metastasis among Japanese in Japan and Japanese Americans and Whites in Hawaii.- Prostate Cancer in the United States and Japan.- Analysis of Survival of Prostate Cancer Patients in Japan and the USA.- II. Biology.- The Cellular Basis for Prostate Cancer Metastasis.- Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Aspects of Human Prostate Cancer: Primary and Metastatic.- Hemodynamics of Prostate Bone Metastases.- Role of the Vertebral Venous System in Metastatic Spread of Cancer Cells to the Bone.- Clinical Significance of the Vertebral Vein in Prostate Cancer Metastasis.- Effects of Various Growth Factors on a Chondrocyte Differentiation Model.- Potential Role of HBGF (FGF) and TGF-Beta on Prostate Growth.- Hormone Refractory Prostatic Cancer: The Role of Radiolabelled Diphosphonates and Growth Factor Inhibitors.- III. Models.- Localization of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) in a Metastatic Cell Line (AT-3) Established from the Dunning Prostatic Carcinoma of Rat: Application of a Specific Monoclonal Antibody.- Use of a Reconstituted Basement Membrane to Study the Invasiveness of Tumor Cells.- Animal Prostate Carcinoma Models: Limited Potential for Vertebral Metastasis.- A Model for Studies on Human Prostatic Carcinoma.- IV. Pathology.- Studies on the Pathogenesis of Osteoblastic Metastases by Prostate Cancer.- Analysis of Bone Metastasis of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma in 137 Autopsy Cases.- Nucleolar Organizer Regions in Prostate Cancer.- Flow Cytometric Analysis of Prostatic Carcinoma with and without Bone Marrow Metastasis.- V. Evaluation.- Evaluation of the Response of Bone Metastases to Therapy.- Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Bone Metastases in Prostatic Cancer Patients.- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bone Metastases.- Bone Marrow MRI in Prostate Cancer.- Bone Mineral Density for Patients with Bone Metastasis of Prostate Cancer: A Preliminary Report.- Quantification of Changes in Bone Scans of Patients with Osseous Metastases of Prostatic Carcinoma.- The Usefulness of Serum Acid Phosphatase in Monitoring Patients with Advanced Prostate Carcinoma.- VI. Treatment.- Radiation Treatment of Prostate Bone Metastases and the Biological Considerations.- Clinical Course of Bone Metastasis from Prostatic Cancer Following Endocrine Therapy: Examination with Bone X-Ray.- Palliative Radiotherapy of Bone Metastasis.- Clinical Study of Bone-Related Relapse in Prostate Carcinoma.- Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Tumors of Long Bones and the Spine.- Hormone Therapy of Prostatic Bone Metastases.

Providing a comprehensive treatment of a full range of migrant destinies in East Asia by scholars from both Asia and North America, this volume captures the way migrants are changing the face of Asia, especially in cities, such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Hamamatsu, Osaka, Tokyo, and Singapore. It investigates how the crossing of geographical boundaries should also be recognized as a crossing of cultural and social categories that reveals the extraordinary variation in the migrants' origins and trajectories. These migrants span the spectrum: from Korean bar hostesses in Osaka to African entrepreneurs in Hong Kong, from Vietnamese women seeking husbands across the Chinese border to Pakistani Muslim men marrying women in Japan, from short-term business travelers in China to long-term tourists from Japan who ultimately decide to retire overseas. Illuminating the ways in which an Asian-based analysis of migration can yield new data on global migration patterns, the contributors provide important new theoretical insights for a broader understanding of global migration, and innovative methodological approaches to the spatial and temporal complexity of human migration.

David W. Haines is Professor of Anthropology at George Mason University. He is the author of Safe Haven? A History of Refugees in America (2010), has twice been a Fulbright scholar, and is a former president of the Society for Urban, National, and Transnational/Global Anthropology (SUNTA).

Keiko Yamanaka is a Lecturer in the Departments of Ethnic Studies and International and Area Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Her work appears in a range of books and journals, including Paci c Affairs; Ethnic and Racial Studies; Diaspora; Asian and Paci c Migration Journal; and Publications of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).

Shinji Yamashita is Professor of Cultural Anthropology at the University of Tokyo and former president of the Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology, the world's second largest national anthropology association. He is the author of Bali and Beyond: Explorations in the Anthropology of Tourism (2003).

Research into the field of stem cell biology has developed exponentially over recent years, and is beginning to offer significant promise for unravelling the molecular basis of a multitude of disease states. Importantly, in addition to offering the opportunity to delve deeply into the mechanisms that drive disease aetiology the research is realistically opening the doors for development of targeted and personalized therapeutic applications that many considered, until recently, to be nothing more that a far fetched dream. This volume provides a timely glimpse into the methods that have been developed to instigate, and the mechanisms that have been identified to drive, the process of nuclear reprogramming, chronicling how the field has developed over the last 50-60 years. Since the early 1950s a small number of notable experiments have provided significant impetus to the field, primarily the demonstration of reprogramming ability, first by the complex cytoplasmic milieu that constitutes the amphibian egg, then that of the mammalian egg, and finally that of the mammalian embryonic stem cell. Most recently, the demonstration that a limited pool of defined molecules is capable of reprogramming a multitude of cell types has provided massive impetus and facilitated transition towards realistic therapeutic application. We have therefore reproduced some of the key articles that elegantly document these dramatic stages of development of the field in an inclusive appendix to the book, for the benefit of readers keen to investigate the history of how the field of stem cell biology has evolved. Owing to the ever broadening nature of this field, and the incredible rate at which it is evolving, the main content of this volume focuses on areas that have shown significant movement in recent years, are most likely to translate into personalized therapeutic application, and thus provide greatest potential for significant impact on human health in the not too distant future. We recognize that research into many other disease states and cell types are all equally worthy of discussion. We would therefore like to acknowledge those researchers involved whose work we have not been able to include in this volume. Nuclear Reprogramming and Stem Cells will serve as a valuable resource for all researchers in the field of stem cell biology, including those just setting out on their career path as well as those already established in the field.

Because of severe domestic labor shortages, Japan has recently joined the increasing number of advanced industrialized nations that have begun importing large numbers of immigrant workers since the 1980s. Although the citizenship status of foreign workers is the most precarious in such recent countries of immigration, the national governments of these countries have become increasingly preoccupied with border enforcement, forcing local municipalities and organizations to offer basic rights and social services to the foreign residents who are settling in their local communities. This book analyzes the development of local citizenship in Japan by examining the role of local governments and NGOs as well as grass-roots political and judicial activism in the expansion of immigrant rights. In this manner, localities are emerging as important sites for the struggle for immigrant citizenship and social integration, enabling foreign workers to enjoy substantive rights even in the absence of national citizenship. The possibilities and limits of such local citizenship in Japan are then compared to three other recent countries of immigration (Italy, Spain, and South Korea).

This book gathers a selection of refereed papers presented at the 8th International Conference on Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research 2020 (KEER 2020), which was held in Tokyo, Japan, 7-9 September 2020. The contributions address the latest advances in and innovative applications of Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research and related topics. This book caters researchers and graduate students in the field of design, art, Kansei engineering, and other engineering fields, psychology, physiology, and education.

The proceedings gather a selection of refereed papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research 2018 (KEER 2018), which was held in Kuching, Malaysia from 19 to 22 March 2018. The contributions address the latest advances in and innovative applications of Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research. The subjects include: Kansei, Emotion and Games Kansei, Emotion and Computing Kansei, Emotion and Wellbeing / Quality of Life Kansei, Emotion and Design Kansei, Emotion and Health / Ergonomics Kansei, Emotion and Multidisciplinary Fields Kansei, Emotion and Culture Kansei, Emotion and Social computing Kansei, Emotion and Evaluation Kansei, Emotion and User Experience The book offers a valuable resource for all graduate students, experienced researchers and industrial practitioners interested in the fields of user experience/usability, engineering design, human factors, quality management, product development and design.

In this thesis the author discusses the phenomenology of supersymmetric models by means of experimental data set analysis of the electric dipole moment. There is an evaluation of the elementary processes contributing to the electric dipole moments within R-parity-violating supersymmetry, which call for higher-order perturbative computations. A new method based on linear programming is developed and for the first time the non-trivial parameter space of R-parity violation respecting the constraints from existing experimental data of the electric dipole moment is revealed. As well, the impressive efficiency of the new method in scanning the parameter space of the R-parity-violating sector is effectively demonstrated. This new method makes it possible to extract from the experimental data a more reliable constraint on the R-parity violation.

Treatment of glioma is currently one of the most challenging problems in oncology, as well as in neurosurgery. Despite major advances in our understanding of the pathomechanism, diagnosis by imaging and the availability of powerful therapeutic tools, the life expectancy of patients with glioblastoma has only been slightly prolonged and a cure remains elusive. None of the currently available surgical tools, including operative microscopes, lasers and image-guided surgery, can enable the detection and removal of all of the tumor tissue. In recent years, however, the landscape has been changing immeasurably, and molecular studies over the past two decades have identified a variety of genetic aberrations that are specifically associated with individual types of gliomas. In addition, certain molecular abnormalities have been linked to therapy responses, thereby establishing clinical biomarkers and molecular targets, and the use of novel agents is being investigated. These agents have been specifically engineered to exert specific cytotoxicity against gliomas, either on their own as single agents or in combination with other modalities. Moreover, there has been an enormous surge of interest in the area of immunology and immunotherapy, which has been facilitated by our understanding of the molecular basis of gliomas. Although several kinds of immunotherapeutic trials have been undertaken, we still await a great breakthrough in terms of clinical efficacy to prolong the survival time of glioma patients.

This book presents state-of-the-art scientific evidence and technological innovations to restore lands on the Loess Plateau of China, known worldwide for its serious land degradation and desertification problems. Supported by a rapidly developing Chinese economy and the dissemination of effective technology, the Grain-for-Green Project and Western Development Action launched by the Chinese government have resulted in successful ecological restoration and protection over the past 30 years. These programs have contributed not only to conservation of soil and water, but also to economic development. At the same time, however, these developmental interventions have brought new challenges that have not yet been fully addressed. The book describes (1) case studies of success and failure in practice, including rare success stories of combating desertification; (2) technical issues such as erosion control and breeding of stress-tolerant plant species, and socioeconomic measures taken by the Chinese government and lending policies with support from the World Bank; and (3) comprehensive measures against desertification, such as water and wind erosion, salinization, and deforestation. This volume is recommended for researchers and students above the undergraduate level in diverse fields including soil science, rural engineering, social technology and civil engineering, biology, ecology, climatology, physical and human geography, and developmental economics, among others. It also serves as a valuable resource for engineers, government officials, and NPOs and NGOs involved in afforestation, ecological restoration, combating desertification, disaster prevention, and sustainable rural development.

This volume contains essays by Keiichi Yamanaka on the history of penology in Japan and the current legal doctrines of Japanese criminal law. The themes of these essays also relate to Japan's modern penology, which Yamanaka has studied extensively. The 23 essays are based on lectures that Yamanaka held in Europe, many of which took place in Germany.

This is a textbook on stochastic quantization which was originally proposed by G. Parisi and Y. S. Wu in 1981 and then developed by many workers. I assume that the reader has finished a standard course in quantum field theory. The Parisi-Wu stochastic quantization method gives quantum mechanics as the thermal-equilibrium limit of a hypothetical stochastic process with respect to some fictitious time other than ordinary time. We can consider this to be a third method of quantization; remarkably different from the conventional theories, i. e, the canonical and path-integral ones. Over the past ten years, we have seen the technical merits of this method in quantizing gauge fields and in performing large numerical simulations, which have never been obtained by the other methods. I believe that the stochastic quantization method has the potential to extend the territory of quantum mechanics and of quantum field theory. However, I should remark that stochastic quantization is still under development through many mathematical improvements and physical applications, and also that the fictitious time of the theory is only a mathematical tool, for which we do not yet know its origin in the physical background. For these reasons, in this book, I attempt to describe its theoretical formulation in detail as well as practical achievements.

The biology of solid tumor metastasis has been the subject of significant scientific and clinical interest for years and while experimental evidence reveals that metastasis is not solely a random event, very little is known about the biology of metastasis originating from prostate cancer. This is in spite of the fact that the majority of prostate cancer patients die with metastatic lesions to the bone. Progress in understanding this most important aspect of prostate cancer has been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models and an inability to accurately quantify bone metastases and their responses to therapy. Over the past decade, scientists in Japan and the United States have steadily advanced our understanding of the cellular, molecular and immunologic biology of primary and disseminated prostate cancer. It is this body of new information, combined with advances in imaging techniques and prostate cancer tumor markers, that prompted the need for an in-depth assessment of bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Accordingly, on December 12, 1990, a group of basic and clinical investigators from Japan and the United States convened in Gotenba, Japan, to hold the first conference devoted solely to the basic biology and clinical aspects of bone metastases originating from prostate cancer. The cross-fertilization of ideas that was fostered through in-depth discussion of technological advances among various basic and clinical disciplines not only further advanced our understanding of prostate metastases to the bone, but suggested approaches for precise quantitative assessment of these lesions and their treatment.