This book addresses the issue of improving the accuracy in exon prediction in DNA sequences using various adaptive techniques based on different performance measures that are crucial in disease diagnosis and therapy. First, the authors present an overview of genomics engineering, structure of DNA sequence and its building blocks, genetic information flow in a cell, gene prediction along with its significance, and various types of gene prediction methods, followed by a review of literature starting with the biological background of genomic sequence analysis. Next, they cover various theoretical considerations of adaptive filtering techniques used for DNA analysis, with an introduction to adaptive filtering, properties of adaptive algorithms, and the need for development of adaptive exon predictors (AEPs) and structure of AEP used for DNA analysis. Then, they extend the approach of least mean squares (LMS) algorithm and its sign-based realizations with normalization factor for DNA analysis. They also present the normalized logarithmic-based realizations of least mean logarithmic squares (LMLS) and least logarithmic absolute difference (LLAD) adaptive algorithms that include normalized LMLS (NLMLS) algorithm, normalized LLAD (NLLAD) algorithm, and their signed variants. This book ends with an overview of the goals achieved and highlights the primary achievements using all proposed techniques. This book is intended to provide rigorous use of adaptive signal processing algorithms for genetic engineering, biomedical engineering, and bioinformatics and is useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students. This will also serve as a practical guide for Ph.D. students and researchers and will provide a number of research directions for further work. Features Presents an overview of genomics engineering, structure of DNA sequence and its building blocks, genetic information flow in a cell, gene prediction along with its significance, and various types of gene prediction methods Covers various theoretical considerations of adaptive filtering techniques used for DNA analysis, introduction to adaptive filtering, properties of adaptive algorithms, need for development of adaptive exon predictors (AEPs), and structure of AEP used for DNA analysis Extends the approach of LMS algorithm and its sign-based realizations with normalization factor for DNA analysis Presents the normalized logarithmic-based realizations of LMLS and LLAD adaptive algorithms that include normalized LMLS (NLMLS) algorithm, normalized LLAD (NLLAD) algorithm, and their signed variants Provides an overview of the goals achieved and highlights the primary achievements using all proposed techniques Dr. Md. Zia Ur Rahman is a professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation (K. L. University), Guntur, India. His current research interests include adaptive signal processing, biomedical signal processing, genetic engineering, medical imaging, array signal processing, medical telemetry, and nanophotonics. Dr. Srinivasareddy Putluri is currently a Software Engineer at Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Hyderabad. He received his Ph.D. degree (Genomic Signal Processing using Adaptive Signal Processing algorithms) from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation (K. L. University), Guntur, India. His research interests include genomic signal processing and adaptive signal processing. He has published 15 research papers in various journals and proceedings. He is currently a reviewer of publishers like the IEEE Access and IGI.

This book addresses the issue of improving the accuracy in exon prediction in DNA sequences using various adaptive techniques based on different performance measures that are crucial in disease diagnosis and therapy. First, the authors present an overview of genomics engineering, structure of DNA sequence and its building blocks, genetic information flow in a cell, gene prediction along with its significance, and various types of gene prediction methods, followed by a review of literature starting with the biological background of genomic sequence analysis. Next, they cover various theoretical considerations of adaptive filtering techniques used for DNA analysis, with an introduction to adaptive filtering, properties of adaptive algorithms, and the need for development of adaptive exon predictors (AEPs) and structure of AEP used for DNA analysis. Then, they extend the approach of least mean squares (LMS) algorithm and its sign-based realizations with normalization factor for DNA analysis. They also present the normalized logarithmic-based realizations of least mean logarithmic squares (LMLS) and least logarithmic absolute difference (LLAD) adaptive algorithms that include normalized LMLS (NLMLS) algorithm, normalized LLAD (NLLAD) algorithm, and their signed variants. This book ends with an overview of the goals achieved and highlights the primary achievements using all proposed techniques. This book is intended to provide rigorous use of adaptive signal processing algorithms for genetic engineering, biomedical engineering, and bioinformatics and is useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students. This will also serve as a practical guide for Ph.D. students and researchers and will provide a number of research directions for further work. Features Presents an overview of genomics engineering, structure of DNA sequence and its building blocks, genetic information flow in a cell, gene prediction along with its significance, and various types of gene prediction methods Covers various theoretical considerations of adaptive filtering techniques used for DNA analysis, introduction to adaptive filtering, properties of adaptive algorithms, need for development of adaptive exon predictors (AEPs), and structure of AEP used for DNA analysis Extends the approach of LMS algorithm and its sign-based realizations with normalization factor for DNA analysis Presents the normalized logarithmic-based realizations of LMLS and LLAD adaptive algorithms that include normalized LMLS (NLMLS) algorithm, normalized LLAD (NLLAD) algorithm, and their signed variants Provides an overview of the goals achieved and highlights the primary achievements using all proposed techniques Dr. Md. Zia Ur Rahman is a professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation (K. L. University), Guntur, India. His current research interests include adaptive signal processing, biomedical signal processing, genetic engineering, medical imaging, array signal processing, medical telemetry, and nanophotonics. Dr. Srinivasareddy Putluri is currently a Software Engineer at Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Hyderabad. He received his Ph.D. degree (Genomic Signal Processing using Adaptive Signal Processing algorithms) from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation (K. L. University), Guntur, India. His research interests include genomic signal processing and adaptive signal processing. He has published 15 research papers in various journals and proceedings. He is currently a reviewer of publishers like the IEEE Access and IGI.

This book describes various types of image patterns for image retrieval. All these patterns are texture dependent. Few image patterns such as Improved directional local extrema patterns, Local Quantized Extrema Patterns, Local Color Oppugnant Quantized Extrema Patterns and Local Mesh quantized extrema patterns are presented. Inter-relationships among the pixels of an image are used for feature extraction. In contrast to the existing patterns these patterns focus on local neighborhood of pixels to creates the feature vector. Evaluation metrics such as precision and recall are calculated after testing with standard databases i.e., Corel-1k, Corel-5k and MIT VisTex database. This book serves as a practical guide for students and researchers. -The text introduces two models of Directional local extrema patterns viz., Integration of color and directional local extrema patterns Integration of Gabor features and directional local extrema patterns. -Provides a framework to extract the features using quantization method -Discusses the local quantized extrema collected from two oppugnant color planes -Illustrates the mesh structure with the pixels at alternate positions.

not a coincidence, but is the result of a carefully planned time of landing (sun elevation) and lander orientation (sun azimuth). * The picture was started 25 seconds after touchdown and took 15 seconds to acquire. The alternating bright and dark vertical striations at the left side of the image and the fine particles deposited on the footpad at the right side were caused by a turbulent cloud of dust raised by the lander's retrorockets. t *F. O. Huck and S. D. Wall, "Image quality prediction: An aid to the Viking Lander imaging investigation on Mars. " Appl. Opt. 15, 1748-1766 (1976). tT. A. Mutch, A. B. Binder, F. O. Huck, E. C. Levinthal, S. Liebes, Jr., E. C. Morris, W. R. Patterson, J. B. Pollack, C. Sagan and G. R. Taylor, "The Surface of Mars: The view from the Viking 1 Lander. " Science 193, 791-801 (1976). VISUAL COMMUNICATION An Information Theory Approach Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 OBJECTIVE l The fundamental problem of communication, as Shannon stated it, is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. In the classical model of communication (Fig. 1. 1), the infor mation source selects a desired message from a set of possible messages which the transmitter changes into the signal that is actually sent over the commu nication channel to the receiver. The receiver changes this signal back into a message, and hands this message to the destination."

Visual Communication: An Information Theory Approach presents an entirely new look at the assessment and optimization of visual communication channels, such as are employed for telephotography and television. The electro-optical design of image gathering and display devices, and the digital processing for image coding and restoration, have remained independent disciplines which follow distinctly separate traditions; yet the performance of visual communication channels cannot be optimized just by cascading image-gathering devices, image-coding processors, and image-restoration algorithms as the three obligatory, but independent, elements of a modern system. Instead, to produce the best possible picture at the lowest data rate', it is necessary to jointly optimize image gathering, coding, and restoration. Although the mathematical development in Visual Communication: An Information Theory Approach is firmly rooted in familiar concepts of communication theory, it leads to formulations that are significantly different from those that are found in the traditional literature on either rate distortion theory or digital image processing. For example, the Wiener filter, which is perhaps the most common image restoration algorithm in the traditional digital image processing literature, fails to fully account for the constraints of image gathering and display. As demonstrated in the book, digitally restored images improve in sharpness and clarity when these constraints are properly accounted for. Visual Communication: An Information Theory Approach is unique in its extension of modern communication theory to the end-to-end assessment of visual communication. from scene to observer. As such, itties together the traditional textbook literature on electro-optical design and digital image processing. This book serves as an invaluable reference for image processing and electro-optical system design professionals and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.

Adaptive Filtering Techniques for Remote Health Care Monitoring Systems aims to present a full picture of the state-of-the-art research and development of adaptive signal processing applications in various real-time applications. This book covers some important applications like MIMO, artifact removal, speech enhancement, beam forming, brain computer interface, genomic analysis, biomedical signal processing, healthcare technology, inter symbol interference cancellation, and others.It is certainly not the authors ambition to cover everything concerning adaptive filtering principles and applications. Rather, this edited book features the latest methodological, technical and practical progress on promoting the successful use of adaptive filtering principles and applications, which are more useful in the current day scenario. This book consists of ten chapters contributed by prominent researchers from throughout the world.The intended audience of this book will mainly consist of researchers, research students and practitioners in adaptive filtering and applications. This book is also of interest to researchers and industrial practitioners in areas such as algorithm developers, biomedical engineering, biomedical instrumentation, VLSI circuits design, and embedded systems. This edited book will present research outcomes on theoretical and technical issues related to real-time applications.The authors would like to convey their appreciation to all the contributors, including the accepted chapters authors, and many other participants who submitted their chapters that cannot be included in the book due to space limitation.

This book titled Adaptive Filtering: Principles, Concepts and Applications covers principles, concepts and applications of adaptive filtering. The development of adaptive filtering started in 1976 and widely developed over different application areas. It is certainly not our ambition to cover everything of adaptive filtering principles and applications. Rather, this edited book features the latest methodological, technical and practical progress on promoting the successful use of adaptive filtering principles and applications, which are more useful in the current day scenario. The book contains ten chapters contributed by the experts in the area of adaptive filtering throughout the world. The various applications addressed are MIMO receivers, adaptive exon prediction for DNA analysis, beam steering for smart antennas for mobile applications, telecardiology systems, physiological signal analysis, brain computer interface applications, speech signal conditioning, filtering thoracic electrical bio-impedance, and inter symbol interference cancellation in wireless communication systems. The intended audience of this book will mainly consist of researchers, research students and practitioners in adaptive filtering and applications. The book is also of interest to researchers and industrial practitioners in areas such as algorithm developers, biomedical engineering, biomedical instrumentation, VLSI circuits design, and embedded systems. This edited book will present research outcomes on theoretical and technical issues related to real time applications.

Five genotypes of rapeseed were tested to evaluate yield, yield components and oil quality and quantity.The genus Brassica has over 150 species and represented by six agriculturally important species.Protein percentage, Moisture percentage, Glucosinolate, Erucic acid percentage, Oleic acid percentage and linolenic acid percentage in dried seeds were determined at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Peshawar by NIR system 6500. The objectives of the book is to confirm: 1. The evaluation of Rapeseed genotypes for their yield and quality potential. 2. The environmental interactions with various Rapeseed in climatic condition of Pakhal plains. 3. The best genotypes for the commercial cultivation. Therefore the book is unique and special.

Milk from 24 Nili Ravi buffaloes were collected on fortnight basis from Tarir Dairy Farm, Dhanola on Sargodha Road, Faisalabad. Data obtained for each attribute was subjected to statistical analysis. Oxytocin administration to buffaloes milk resulted in increased pH, proteins, lactose and solid-not-fat and decreased in fat percent as compared to normal animals. Alkaline phosphotase, acid phosphotase, lactoperoxidase activity, and thiocyanate were high in oxytocin treated while lipase activity was low in buffaloes. Caprylic acid(C8), capric acid (C10), myristic acid (C14), palmitic (C16) were high while butyric acid (C4), caproic acid (C6), lauric acid (C12), steric acid (C18), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) were significantly low in oxytocin treated buffalo. Vitamins (A, D, E and C) were high in oxytocin treated buffaloes as compared to control. Milk sodium, phosphorus and copper were high while low in potassium, iron and zinc in experimental group. From this study it is concluded that regular use of oxytocin injections do alter the milk composition which could have a promising effect on the milk value added products to effect the human health.

Oroantral fistula can be found almost every book of the Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and otolaryngology, but this book presents every aspect of oroantral fistula in detail.It also includes the original research of the author.The author has referred to the latest research regarding this problem.The book is very simple to read and useful both for undergraduate, postgraduate dental and otolaryngology students

Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are a major tool used for climate change projections under different emission scenarios. However, for assessing the hydrological impacts of climate change at watershed scale, GCM outputs cannot be used directly owing to the mismatch in spatial resolution between the GCMs and hydrological models. Thus a downscaling scheme (either statistical or dynamical) is employed. For hydrologic impact assessment studies, statistical downscaling is usually preferred over dynamical downscaling and among the variables usually downscaled, precipitation downscaling is more challenging than downscaling of other climatological variables. Therefore, this book is specifically focusing on addressing some of the contemporary issues in statistically downscaling of precipitation at watershed scale. Studies presented in this book make use of two widely used downscaling methods i.e. multiple linear regression and stochastic weather generator. Also, a new downscaling methodology using Gene Expression Programming (GEP) has been proposed. The issues discussed and analyzed in this book will facilitate further research in the area of statistical downscaling for hydrologic studies.

Male (n=30) and female (n=30) rats were divided into as control (CC), horizontal restrained (HR) and head down suspended (HDS) group for winter (20 C to 23 C) and summer season (30 C to 33 C). During winter and summer seasons, male and female rats did show a (P

Milk is one of the essential product in human diet, rich in nutritive components. Goat milk is of great economic concern to producers, manufacturers and consumers. The quality of milk is closely related to its physiochemical and biological composition. Both groups were comprised of eight samples each. Milk samples were collected and filtered. Filtrate of all samples were stored at -4 C in small aliquots. Spectrophotometer was used to measure total oxidant and total antioxidant status, thiocyanate, lipase activity and lactoperoxidase activity. Kit method was used to measure thyroid level, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. Proximate analysis was done to compare the composition of goat milk during different stages of lactation. From present study it is concluded that parturition affect enzymatic activities and hormonal concentration in milk. It also affects oxidant and antioxidant level of milk on different stages. But there is no affect of parturition on nutritional value of milk. It remains unchanged after fifteen days and three months of parturition."

The present research was conducted to investigate the impacts of oxytocin injection on lactating buffaloes. One group of buffaloes was injected with 30 IU of oxytocin at each milking, while second group was kept as control without any treatment. A significant higher level (P 0.01) of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, total proteins and CRP was found in oxytocin injected lactating buffaloes. The serum total oxidant status and total antioxidant status were found to be significantly higher and lower respectively in the oxytocin injected lactating buffaloes. The overall mean serum PON1 and arylesterase concentration was significantly lower while malondialdehyde, total homocysteine and ceruloplasmin was increased significantly in the oxytocin injected lactating buffaloes. The liver enzymes like serum AST and ALT concentration did increase significantly in the oxytocin treated group. Serum T3, estradiol and progesterone was significantly (P 0.05) high in the oxytocin injected lactating buffaloes. Long use of oxytocin did effect the serum composition and animal health.

Heavy metal residual concentrations of cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, arsenic and mercury in the milk and meat (muscles and organs) have been determined in cattle and goat in two areas, each consisted of three sites, along the main sewerage drains of Faisalabad city. During present investigations the range of most heavy metal residues (mg/L) in milk of cattle and goat have been found higher than their corresponding reported values. Similar trends were observed in meat (muscles and organs) of cattle and goat. The most values of heavy metal residues have been found higher: in goat than in cattle, in Area 1 than in Area 2 and in summer than in winter. Drastic measures are suggested to detoxicate and treat both the industrial and domestic effluents which are intended to be used for agriculture purposes.

Diarrhea a leading cause of illness and death in children in developing countries may lead to the cause of dehydration resulting from loss of water and electrolytes and lack of absorption of nutrients due to inflammatory bowel. A total of forty (40) blood samples were collected from normal and diarrheal children from Allied and Civil Hospital, Faisalabad belong to middle socio-economic class. Blood samples were collected with and without anticoagulant from each individual for separation of serum which was presented at -2 C. Serum biochemicals, hormones and health markers were estimated in triplicate while using standard procedures of analysis. A significant high concentration of LDL, ALT, homocysteine, total oxidant status, K and Mg while serum triglyceride, total proteins, albumin, globulin, T3, T4, total antioxidant status, Na, Ca, Zn and Cu were significantly low in patients with diarrhea. Diarrhea patients have shown a significant increase in DNA damage. In addition, DNA damage has shown a positive correlation with glucose, LDL and with potassium while negative correlation was observed with total proteins, thyroxine, total antioxidant status, sodium and calcium

Serum globulin, total antioxidant status and selenium concentration decreased significantly while AST, T3, T4, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, K, Ca, Zn did increase during 1st trimester of pregnancy. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, T3, T4, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, Ca, Zn were significantly higher while serum total proteins, albumin, antioxidant status, Na, K and Se did decrease significantly during 2nd trimester. A significant high level of body temperature, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, AST, T3, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, Ca and zinc concentration while lower concentration of serum proteins, albumin, antioxidant status, Na, Fe and Se concentration was observed in women at the end of the pregnancy. Pearson correlation was determined to observe the relationship of homocysteine and DNA damage with the clinical biochemical profiles of pregnant women.

Forty (40) age matched individuals of male and female, young and old were selected as normal and obese on the basis of their body mass index (BMI). A significant increase in concentration of serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, albumin, ALT, AST, total oxidant status, MDA and Hcy and a significant decrease in concentration of HDL, total proteins, globulins and antioxidant status (AOS) were observed in obese as compared to normal individuals. Sodium, potassium, magnesium and manganese concentration were significantly high and calcium, CU, Zn and Fe concentration did decrease significantly in obese individuals. Serum globulin, total antioxidant status and iron concentration were negative while body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, albumin, ALT, total oxidants status, MDA, sodium and manganese did show a positive correlation with Hcy in obese individuals. DNA damage was positively correlated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, albumin, ALT, total oxidant status, MDA, sodium, potassium and magnesium while negative correlation was observed with globulin, AOS and iron contents

Normal and diabetic patients with different age and gender were selected from human population pertaining to rural background for investigation homocysteine (Hcy) and DNA damage as biomarkers. Normally with age, ESR, glycosylated haemoglobin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total proteins, albumin, globulins, creatinine, urea, ALT and AST did increase while PCV, Hb did decrease significantly. Health markers (SOD, GPx, Hcy, sialic acid and hexosamine) did increase significantly. Diabetic patients did show a significant increase in their ESR, glycosylated Hb, glycosylated proteins, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST, SOD, GPx, Hcy, K and Fe concentration, however, PCV, Hb, vitamin C, E, A, T3, T4, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn and Se did decrease significantly. DNA damage was negatively correlated with Hb, vitamin C, E, A, T3 and T4. Homocysteine was positively co-related with systolic blood pressure, ESR, glycosylated Hb and proteins, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST, superoxide dismutase, sialic acid, hexosamine, testosterone, sodium, potassium and magnesium

Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes were injected rbST (500 mg/16 day) to observe effect on milk production, composition, physiological profile, minerals of serum, milk and mammary health biomarkers. Respiration rate was significantly high after day 1 of first injection and low during days 24, 28 and 32 of second injection irrespective of their groups. Overall mean ESR, neutrophils percent decreased and lymphocytes percent increased significantly in bST treated as compared to control buffaloes. The overall increase in milk production was 9.31% from bST treated buffaloes. Overall mean milk lactose increased significantly and milk fat was 1.03% higher (P 0.05) in bST treated buffaloes. Milk calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride and phosphorus increased significantly. Serum calcium and sodium did increase (P 0.05) while magnesium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus did decrease (P 0.05) in bST injected buffaloes. A significant increase in milk plasminogen and a decrease in milk plasmin was observed in bST treated buffaloes. Serum ALT, paraoxonase, MDA were significantly high and alkaline phosphatase and the AOS decreased significantly in bST injected buffaloes.

Three hundred day old chicks were divided into three feeding methods i.e., continuous feeding (CF, 24 hours feeding), intermittent feeding (IF, 1 hour feed and 3 hours off) and feed withdrawal (FW, no feed from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm). Birds were fed a ration either without supplemented fat or with 3% supplemented fat. Temperature inside the experimental room ranges from 28.82-34.99 C, whereas, the relative humidity ranged from 62.32-82.54% during the experimental period. Birds kept under IF feeding system showed significantly lower weight gain, feed consumption, water consumption and better feed utilization than those of CF birds. Addition of fat in ration significantly reduced the body temperature, weight gain, feed intake and water consumption of the experimental birds than those fed ration without fat supplementation. Feeding systems significantly influenced the mineral retention in the plasma and meat of the birds. Birds kept under feed withdrawal system also showed slightly higher antibody titers than those of fed continuously. No mortality was observed in the birds kept under intermittent feeding system whereas 1.66% mortality was found in the birds.