While scholars have rightly focused on the importance of the landmark opinions of the United States Supreme Court and its Chief Justice, John Marshall, in the rise in influence of the Court in the Early Republic, the crucial role of the circuit courts in the development of a uniform system of federal law across the nation has largely been ignored. This book highlights the contribution of four Associate Justices (Washington, Livingston, Story and Thompson) as presiding judges of their respective circuit courts during the Marshall era, in order to establish that in those early years federal law grew from the 'inferior courts' upwards rather than down from the Supreme Court. It does so after a reading of over 1800 mainly circuit opinions and over 2000 original letters, which reveal the sources of law upon which the justices drew and their efforts through correspondence to achieve consistency across the circuits. The documents examined present insights into momentous social, political and economic issues facing the Union and demonstrate how these justices dealt with them on circuit. Particular attention is paid to the different ways in which each justice contributed to the shaping of United States law on circuit and on the Court and in the case of Justices Livingston and Thompson also during their time on the New York State Supreme Court.

From 1824 to 1843 Newman was an active clergyman of the Chruch of England; during these years he entered the pulpit about 1,270 times. Newman published 217 of the sermons which he wrote during these years; a further 246 sermons survive in manuscript in the Archives of the Birmingham Oratory, some only as fragments but the majority as full texts. Volume I was published in 1991; the series will consist of five volumes in all. This volume presents 58 previously unpublished sermons of John Henry Newman. Those preached in his early days as Vicar of St Mary's Oxford include a series of sermons devoted to Biblical history and contain some searching moral portraits of patriarchs and kings. Another series of sermons on the Epistle to the Romans with subsequent extensive revisions reveals the development of Newman's views on Justification and Faith leading up to the Lectures on Justification published in 1838. Of the sermons surviving from St Clement's, 1824-1826, when Newman held Evangelical views, the present volume contatins a number of practical sermons dealing with details of Christian living. These are followed by sermons devoted to Biblical theology in which Newman among other issues explores various aspects of the Jewish religion as presented in the Old Testament. As many of these sermons were revised and subsequently preached again, they are important for an undrestanding of the growth of Newman's spiritual theology.