I was introduced to Tiisi: and his Tadhkira some 19 years ago. That first meeting was neither happy nor auspicious. My graduate student notes from the time indicate a certain level of confusion and frustration; I seem to have had trouble with such words as tadwlr (epicycle), which was not to be found in my standard dictionary, and with the concept of solid-sphere astronomy, which, when found, was pooh-poohed in the standard sources. I had another, even more decisive reaction: boredom. Only the end of the term brought relief, and I was grateful to be on to other, more exciting aspects of the history of science. A few years later, I found myself, thanks to fellowships from Fulbright-Hays and the American Research Center in Egypt, happily immersed in the manu script collections of Damascus, Aleppo, and Cairo. Though I had intended to work on a topic in the history of mathematics, I was drawn, perhaps inevitably, to a certain type of astronomical writing falling under the rubric of hay' a. At first this fascination was based on sheer numbers; that so many medieval scientists could have written on such a subject must mean something, I told myself. (I was in a sociological mode at the time.

Ram accelerators are among the most advanced tools for generating fluid dynamcis data in supersonic reacting systems. They require the combined action of combustion, wave systems and turbulence and are still a serious challenge for physicists and engineers. This book will serve as an introductionary textbook on ram accelerators and gives a thorough overview on research activities, performance modeling and high-pressure detonation dynamics.

K. O. KIEPENHEUER ( Fraunhofer Institut, Freiburg i. Br., Germany) The present symposium, to my knowledge the largest ever held in the field of solar research (170 astronomers from 21 countries) was held in the building of the Hun garian Academy of Sciences in Budapest from September 4 to 8, 1967. It was the 35th symposium organized and sponsored by the International Astronomical Union. The majority of participants were financedfrom national sources. The Organizing Commit tee consisted of K. O. Kiepenheuer (Chairman), L. Davis, L. Dezso (Local Organizer), A.D. Fokker, R. Michard, A.B. Severny, H.J. Smith, Z. Svestka, and H. Tanaka. In order to ensure prompt publication, the manuscripts had to be supplied by the authors 1 month after the meeting. The discussions have been recorded on tape. Their reproduction in this book, however, is based almost completely on the contributors' writing down their comments and questions on the spot. Two special projects have been reported and discussed shortly during the sym posium: The world wide project 'Cooperative Study of Solar Active Regions' (CSSAR) organized by Dr. R. Michard, under the auspices of the IAU, which has put at the disposal of our solar community a precious observing material on Active Regions over a period of 6 months."

Over the past decade the study of the formation and properties of interstellar grains has assumed a growing importance, going much beyond what might have been guessed only a few years ago. It has come to be understood that grains playa role in processes other than the simple absorption and scattering of starlight, which was all that the astronomers of a generation aga considered to be their relevance. Grains indeed playa critical role in controlling the temperature, composition, and states of aggregation of the whole interstellar medium. Among the still mysterious problems is the origin of the vast clouds of obscuring material that is observed in radiogalaxies like NGC 5128 and M 82, which may weIl be associated with the explosions of very massive objects. It is safe to say that from this growing field of study much still remains to be dis covered. The topics discussed in this volume will make clear to the reader the range and versatility of the subjects. F. HOYLE FOREWORD by THE PRINCIPAL The Symposium on Solid State Astrophysics held in July 1974 brought to University College Cardiff a large and very distinguished gathering of astronomers. It was the first time that such a collection of scholars, absorbed with the problem of the systems of outer space, had collected together in Wales, and so provided a splendid spring board for the researches of the newly founded group of astronomers in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Astronomy at University College."

This collection of 7 lectures is intended to be a textbook for graduate students who want to learn about modern developments in astronomy and astrophysics. The first part surveys various aspects of the late stages of stellar evolution, including observation and theory. B.C. de Loore's long article on stellar structure is followed by reviews on supernovae, on circumstellar envelopes, and on the evolution of binaries. The second part deals with the important problem of modeling stellar evolution based on the computational hydrodynamics.

For this set of lectures we assumed that the reader has a reasonable back ground in physics and some knowledge of general relativity, the modern theory of gravity in macrophysics, and cosmology. Computer methods are present ed by leading experts in the three main domains: in numerics, in computer algebra, and in visualization. The idea was that each of these subdisciplines is introduced by an extended set of main lectures and that each is conceived as being of comparable 'importance. Therefpre we believe that the book represents a good introduction into scientific I computing for any student who wants to specialize in relativity, gravitation, and/or astrophysics. We took great care to select lecturers who teach in a comprehensible way and who are, at the same time, at the research front of their respective field. In numerics we had the privilege of having a lecturer from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA, Champaign, IL, USA) and some from other leading institutions of the world; visualization was taught by a visualization expert from Boeing; and in com puter algebra we took recourse to practitioners of different computer algebra systems as applied to classical general relativity up to quantum gravity and differential geometry.

Proceedings of the Midnight Sun Conference, held in Tromso, Norway, July 1-8, 1987

These proceedings are the result of a three-day meeting held in Oogliani (Italy), on October 2-4 2003, whose title was "VIrtual Astrophysical Jets 2003". Our goal in convening this meeting was to gather some of the scientists among the most active in the field of numerical simulations and modelling of astrophysi cal jets. For keeping the participants close to the "real world", we also invited a few observers to give up-to-date reviews outlining the state-of-the-art of jet observations. The principal aim of the meeting was thus to present and critically discuss the state-of-the-art numerical simulations, analytical models and laboratory ex periments for reproducing the main aspects of astrophysical jets and compar ing them with observations. The discussion has been focused on the following topics: * Observations and intepretions of jets from young stars and AGNs, comparisons of models with observations; * MHO accelerations of jets: steady self-similar models, MHO numerical simula tions of time-dependent accelerations mechanisms; * Jet stability and interaction with the ambient: formation of knots in YSO jets, jet survival to instabilities, deceleration of relativistic jets in FRI sources, simulations of jets-IGM interactions, jets propagation and galaxy formation; * Numerical codes and their validation: relativistic MHO codes, comparisons among different numerical schemes, jets in the laboratory and code validation. These topics have been discussed intensively during the meeting, and the out come of these discussions is presented in this volume. The contributions have been divided in five sections.

decision and investigative process of the scientist, they can also wri te the paragra}ils of scientific resul ts. Once a canputer research activity progresses from intuitive guesses to a systematic study, the canputer program can free the scientist to pursue new original ideas. '!his concept is illustrated in the ptper by Hut. Sussnan says "Knowledge" is knowing what not to canpute. His main message is that we must change from trying to maximize the efficiency of the canputer to maximizing the effectiveness of the scientist. The canputer is relatively cheap, it is the trained scientist who is most valuable. In the second keynote address, R. L. Duncombe (University of Texas) described the "Early Applications of Canputer Technology to Dynamical Astronany. " His talk traced the worldwide introduction of punched card equipnent and their applications through the use of the first electronic canputers. Sussman and Duncombe, therefore, provided a forecast and review of the use of computers in dynamical astronany. This proceedings is intended to provide a consolidated general view of the ptst, present, and future of the Applications of Canputer Technology to Dynamical Astronany. Of necessity this requires that the ptpers be rela ti vely short and provide references to the more canplete discussions. Thanks to the representa tion from so many different countries the proceedings give a picture of the activities worldwide. The Scientific Organizing Comnittee included K. B. IIlatnagar, V. A. Brtmberg, G. Contopoulos, A. Depri t , J. Henrard, J. Kovalevsky, Y.

In their approach to Earth dynamics the authors consider the fundamentals of "Jacobi Dynamics" (1987, Reidel) for two reasons. First, because satellite observations have proved that the Earth does not stay in hydrostatic equilibrium, which is the physical basis of today's treatment of geodynamics. And secondly, because satellite data have revealed a relationship between gravitational moments and the potential of the Earth's outer force field (potential energy), which is the basis of "Jacobi Dynamics." This has also enabled the authors to come back to the derivation of the classical virial theorem and, after introducing the volumetric forces and moments, to obtain a generalized virial theorem in the form of Jacobi's equation. Thus a physical explanation and rigorous solution was found for the famous Jacobi's equation, where the measure of the matter interaction is the energy.
The main dynamical effects which become understandable by that solution can be summarized as follows:
" "the kinetic energy of oscillation of the interacting particles which explains the physical meaning and nature of the gravitation forces;
" "separation of the shell's rotation of a self-gravitating body with respect to the mass density;
difference in angular velocities of the shell rotation;
" "continuity in changing the potential of the outer gravitational force field together withchanges in density distributionof the interacting masses (volumetric center of masses);
" "the nature of the precession of the Earth, the Moon and satellites; the nature of the rotating body's magnetic field and the generation of the planet's electromagnetic field.As a final result, the creation of the bodies in the Solar System having different orbits was discussed. This result is based on the discovery that all the averaged orbital velocities of the bodies in the Solar System and the Sun itself are equal to the first cosmic velocities of their proto-parents during the evolution of their redistributed mass density.
Audience
The work is a logical continuation of the book "Jacobi Dynamics" and is intended for researchers, teachers and students engaged in theoretical and experimental research in various branches of astronomy (astrophysics, celestial mechanics and stellar dynamics and radiophysics), geophysics (physics and dynamics of the Earth's body, atmosphere and oceans), planetology and cosmogony, and for students of celestial, statistical, quantum and relativistic mechanics and hydrodynamics.

Astronomers learn much of what they know about the mass, brightness, and size of stars by observing binary systems, in which two stars orbit each other, periodically cutting off the others light. This book provides astronomers with a guide to specifying an astrophysical model for a set of observations, selecting an algorithm to determine the parameters of the model, and estimating the errors of the parameters.

The second workshop on High Energy Astrophysics of the Ma..x-Planck-Society and the Academia Sinica was held at Ringberg Castle near Tegernsee during the week July 12-July 17, 1987. It is the purpose of these workshops to en courage the exchange of ideas between German and Chinese astrophysicists (scientists from other countries are also welcome, of course), and the pleas ant atmosphere and surroundings of Ringberg Castle certainly helped the development of relaxed and stimulating discussions. In addition, we seemed to have picked out the one week of perfect weather during a rainy summer. Thanks are due to Mr. Hormann and his staff for creating a perfect infra structure. The proceedings have required a considerable amount of editing, and I hope that all the papers are comprehensible. Thanks are due to Miss Petra Berkemeyer and Miss Hannelore Muller, who patiently retyped several manu scripts and helped with other editing jobs. I did not feel that a sharp refer eeing procedure should be done, although I do not agree with all the papers in this volume. The interested reader will find that this book gives a fair account of the present status of Chinese activities in the field of high energy astrophysics, i.e. in supernova physics, accretion onto compact objects, active galaxies, and cosmology."

On behalf of the IAU Commission 48 "High Energy Astrophysics" a special session on "CNO Isotopes in Astrophysics" was held at the General Assembly of IAU in Grenoble on August 30, 1976. This topic was chosen since it has recently included many exciting developments in various domains of physics and astrophysics such as for instance meteoritical studies, radioastronomy measurements of the interstellar gas, new determinations of nuclear reactions cross-sections and fractionation processes. The papers of this volume are the written versions of the talks which were presented during this session and cover the most recent observations and theoretical developments re garding this fast-growing field. Let me thank first Professor Martin Rees (Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge) the chairman of IAU Commission 48, who has sponsored this special session and made it possible. I am indebted to the authors of the papers for their contributions and all the work they have put in the excellent presentation of the material. lowe special thanks to Professor William A. Fowler (Kellogg Laboratory at Cal tech) who has superbly chaired this session and made it very exciting and lively, to Professor Beatrice M. Tinsley (Yale University) who accep ted the difficult task to conclude and sGmmarize on such a burning and moving topic, and to Dr James Lequeux for his invaluable help in the edition of several contributions. Finally, the edition of this book would not have been possible with out the skilled and generous aid of Miss Jeannette Caro."

Modern astronomical research faces a vast range of statistical issues which have spawned a revival in methodological activity among astronomers. The Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy II conference brought astronomers and statisticians together to discuss methodological issues of common interest. Time series analysis, image analysis, Bayesian methods, Poisson processes, nonlinear regression, maximum likelihood, multivariate classification, and wavelet and multiscale analyses were all important themes. Many problems were introduced at the conference in the context of large-scale astronomical projects including LIGO, AXAF, XTE, Hipparcos, and digitised sky surveys. As such, this volume will be of interest to researchers and advanced students in both fields - astronomers seeking exposure to recent developments in statistics, and statisticians interested in confronting new problems.

The launch in October 1990 of the joint ESA-NASA Ulysses mission marked the start of a new era in the study of the heliosphere. For the fIrst time, in-situ observations are being made covering the full range of heliographic latitudes. Following the successful gravity-assist manoeuvre at Jupiter in February 1992, Ulysses left the ecliptic plane in a southerly direction and headed back toward the Sun, passing over the southern solar pole in mid-1994. To mark these unique events, the 28th ESLAB Symposium, held in Friedrichs hafen, Germany, on 19-21 April 1994, was devoted to "The High Latitude Helio sphere." Following on from the highly successful 19th ESLAB Symposium "The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions" (Les Diablerets, 1985), the purpose of the meeting was to review out-of-ecliptic results from the Ulysses mission obtained to date, and to provide a focus for the fIrst polar pass. Relevant results from other space missions, as well as ground-based and theoretical studies, were also included. Attended by 130 scientists, the main themes of the Symposium were The Sun and Corona, Large-Scale Heliospheric Structure, Energetic Particles in the Heliosphere, Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere, and Interstellar Gas and Cosmic Dust. The scientifIc programme consisted of a number of Topical Review papers introducing various as pects of these themes, supplemented by a large number of contributed papers (72 in to tal) presented either orally or as posters. Undoubtedly, the excellent poster sessions formed one of the highlights of the meeting."

An almost complete collection of the papers given at the International Workshop on Imaging in High Energy Astronomy (Anacapri, Italy, 1994). These proceedings, which concentrate on imaging above 10 keV, represent the state of the art in the field, resulting from the success of many missions (I.C. Granat and CGRO) carrying detectors for high energy astronomy with imaging capabilities. The main topics of the book are Bragg concentrators, coded mask-modulation collimators, double Compton telescopes, the occultation method, tracking chambers, and new experimental techniques. The book also contains some papers dealing with image reconstruction and processing, with an emphasis on the above techniques.

Modern observations, including recent ones with the Hubble Space Telescope, have revealed that the Universe is replete with plasma outflows from all kinds of objects, ranging from stars in all their variety to galaxies. In this masterly survey of plasma astrophysics, written by leading practitioners, the first 15 articles in Part I deal with the use of the MHD approach in several key problems of solar plasma, such as magnetoconvection and magnetic field generation, sunspots and coronal loops, magnetic nonequilibrium and coronal heating, coronal mass ejections, the acceleration of the solar wind, and stellar winds across the Main Sequence. The following 16 articles of Part II deal with the use of the same MHD approach in several central and puzzling aspects of more distant astrophysical plasmas, such as the dynamics of the interstellar medium, collimated outflows from young stellar objects and accretion disks, molecular outflows and jets associated with enigmatic binaries and symbiotic stars, relativistic flows associated with superluminal microquasars in our own galaxy, astrophysical jets from nearby galaxies, or remote active galactic nuclei and quasars, probably fuelled by supermassive black holes. The emphasis throughout is on the striking underlying similarities in the physics of all these problems. Audience: Indispensable for solar physicists and astrophysics alike. An ideal textbook for graduate students in physics and astrophysics.

This book contains the lectures presented at the Advanced Study Institute, 'Earth's Particles and Fields, 1969', which was held at the University of California, Santa Barbara, during the period August 4 through 15, 1969. One hundred seventy persons from twelve different countries attended the Institute. The authors and the publisher have made a special effort for rapid publication of an up-to-date status of the particles and fields in the earth's magnetosphere, which is an ever changing research area. Special thanks are due to the lecturers for their diligent preparation and excellent presentations. The individual lectures and the published papers were deliberately limited; the author's cooperation in conforming to these specifications is greatly appreciated. The contents of the book are organized by subject area rather than in the order in which papers were presented during the Institute. Many thanks are due to Drs. Kinsey Anderson, Sam Bame, Leverett Davis, Gilbert Mead, Harry Elliot, Kenneth Behannon, Reimar Lust, A. W. Schardt, Carl-Gunne Eilthammar, and Martin Walt who served as session chairmen during the Institute and contributed greatly to its success by skillfully directing the discussion period in a stimulating manner after each lecture. Dr. Martin Walt and the Summary Panel worked hard to prepare an excellent summary of various aspects of particles and fields in the magnetosphere at the end of the Institute.

The per iod of an oscillator tells us much about its structure. J. J. Thomson's deduction that a particle with the e/rn of an electron was in the atom is perhaps the most stunning instance. For us, the deduction of the mean density of a star from its oscillation period is another important example. What then can we deduce about an oscillator that is not periodic? If there are several frequencies or if the behavior is chaotic, may we not hope to learn even more delicate vital statistics about its workings? The recent progress in the theory of dynamical systems, particularly in the elucidat ion of the nature of chaos, makes it seem reasonable to ask this now. This is an account of some of the happenings of a workshop at which this question was raised and discussed. ~iTe were inc0rested in seeing ways in which the present understanding of chaos might guide astrophysical modelling and the interpretation of observations. But we did not try to conceal that we were also interested in chaos itself, and that made for a pleasant rapport between the chaoticists and astrophysicists at the meeting. We have several introductory papers on chaos in these proceedings, particularly on the analysis of data from systems that may be suspected of chaotic behavior. The papers of Geisel, Grassberger and Guckenheimer introduce the ways of characterizing chaos and Perdang illustrates how some of these ideas may be put into practice in explicit cases.

The European Workshop on White Dwarfs was initiated by Prof. V. Weidemann, with the first meeting held in Kiel (FRG) in 1974. Since then a similar workshop has been held almost every two years: Frascati (1976), Tel Aviv (1978), Paris (1981), Kiel (1984), Frascati (1986) and Toulouse (1990). Two major IAU colloquia have also been devoted to the study of white dwarfs (No. 53, Rochester NY, 1979; No. 114, Hanover, NH, 1988). Our most recent meeting, the 8th Workshop, marks a number of important advances in both observational and theoretical studies of white dwarfs. This coincides with a significant expansion in the size of the community active in the field, as was clear from an increase in the number of participants between this workshop (77) and that in Toulouse (46), just two years ago. Key parts of any workshop are the discussion sessions following the pa pers. However, these are difficult to record and, very often, the 'live' flavour of the debates is lost. During this workshop we carried out an experiment, recording the discussion sessions on video tape and then transcribing these later for the proceedings. Although the recordings were made in non-studio conditions with regard to lighting and noise, only a very small part was unin telligible. All participants were given an opportunity to check their questions and answers for scientific accuracy and to correct any errors arising in the transcription process."

Interstellar dust, meteorites, interplanetary dust particles (IDP's), the zodiacal light, comets, comet dust. Where do they come from, what are they made of, how do they evolve, and finally, are there connections between them? These are the questions discussed in this volume by some of the world's outstanding experts in their respective fields. The techniques used for studying the `small' solid objects of space are thoroughly discussed. Some of the methods involve a synthetic approach using the laboratory to create analog environments and materials which are believed to resemble those in space. Others use direct laboratory methods with state-of-the-art analytical tools to study the material of the objects themselves - meteorites, IDP'S. And others apply the latest in astronomical facilities to provide quantitative data on the material properties of the solids which can only be deduced from remote observations, These are compared with the laboratory results. In one instance there was a possibility to study a solar system body in situ and that was the case of comet Halley and some of the results of these studies obtained from space `laboratories' launched to meet it are discussed here. Finally, there are theoretical papers which are aimed at bridging the results of observational and laboratory methods. This book is recommended to senior scientists as well as graduate students who wish to pursue research in interstellar and solar system astronomy and their connections.

In May 1998 a hundred renowned scientists from 20 different countries met at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie to communicate their latest results and ideas in astrophysical and space plasma, as a follow-up to previous similar meetings which were held in Varenna, Abastumai, Potsdam, Toki and Guaruja. The main papers emerging from this meeting are collected in this volume. They deal with fundamental plasma phenomena, particle and radiation processes in astrophysics and space physics as the origin of magnetic activity, the basic mechanisms of particle acceleration and plasma heating common to plasma in galaxies and at the sun as well as in planetary magnetospheres. New observational results from YOHKOH, SOHO and other missions are presented. Using these, the basic physical processes leading to coronal heating and solar/stellar wind acceleration are discussed. Other topics are the microphysics of shock waves and transport phenomena in collisionless plasmas and the physics of thin plasma boundaries. The volume also treats the ionic composition of plasma and dust in the Universe and their observability in the solar system. A CD-ROM is attached which adds a valuable multimedia component, illuminating results of observations, theory and simulations. Everyone interested in astrophysical plasmas, its radiation and charged particle aspects, and advanced or even beginning students will find references to nearly all modern aspects of plasma astrophysics and space physics as well as an overview of current research results.

This second volume of Reviews in Modern Astronomy continues the new series of publications of the Astronomische Gesellschaft (AG). In order to bring the scientific events of the meetings of the society to the attention of the worldwide astronomical community, it was decided to devote a new annual publication, Reviews in Modern Astronomy, exclusively to the invited reviews, the Karl Schwarzschild lectures, and the highlight contributions from leading scientists reporting on recent progress and scientific achievements at their institutes. Volume 2 comprises the contributions presented during the spring meet- ing of the AG at Friedrichshafen in April 1989, which was dedicated to the topic "Astrophysics with Modern Technology - Space-based and Ground-based Systems", as well as those delivered at the fall meeting at Graz, Austria in September 1989. The Karl Schwarzschild lectures constitute a special series by outstanding scientists honoured with the Karl Schwarzschild medal of the Astronomische Gesellschaft. Between 1959 and 1987 the following scientists presented Karl Schwarzschild lectures at meetings of the Astronomische Gesellschaft: Martin Schwarzschild (1959) George Field (1978) Charles Fehrenbach (1963) Ludwig Biermann (1980) Maarten Schmidt (1968) Bohdan Paczynski (1981) Bengt Stromgren (1969) Jean Delhaye (1982) Antony Hewish (1971) Donald Lynden-Bell (1983) Jan H. Oort (1972) Daniel M. Popper (1984) Corne lis de Jager (1974) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1986) Lyman Spitzer Jr.

TO SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER SCHOOL IN SPACE PHYSICS HELD IN ALPBACH, AUSTRIA, JULY 1S-AUGUST 10,1963 AND ORGANIZED BY THE EUROPEAN PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR SPACE RESEARCH (COPERS) Edited by J. ORTNER European Space Research Organisation. Paris and H. MAS ELAND Sterrewacht ' Sonnenborgh' * Utrecht D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND e-ISBN-13:978-94-010-3590-3 IS8N-13:978-94-0 10-3592-7 00110. 1007/978-94-010-3590-3 '96' Softoover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1965 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any fonn. by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without permission from the publisher FOREWORD The textbook presented in the following is composed of the proceedings of the Summer School in Space Physics held during the summer months of 1963. This Summer School was organized by the Preparatory Commission (COPERS) of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO). It was the first time that such a summer course was held in Europe on a subject of space physics. Thanks to an invitation from the Austrian Government these lectures were given in the College House of Alpbach, Tyrol. Eight outstanding European scientists each presented five two-hour lectures on topics covering the region between the Sun and the Earth. The courses contained the physics of the Sun, the Interplanetary Medium and Trapped Radiation, the Ionosphere and High Latitude Phenomena. Furthermore, a course on space instrumentation was given. Sixty students were selected to attend the courses.