Cooperation, Comity, and Competition Policy, edited by Andrew T. Guzman, illustrates how domestic competition law policies intersect with the realities of international business. It offers a discussion of what might be done to improve the way in which cross-border business is handled by competition policy.
The first part of the book provides country reports written by local experts explaining the extraterritorial reach of national laws. Each country report summarizes existing domestic law and examines the conditions under which each country applies its substantive competition laws to conduct that takes place abroad. These chapters also address the question of comity, meaning the circumstances in which a country would decline to exercise jurisdiction on the grounds that another state is the more appropriate jurisdiction. Finally, the extent of cooperation between the local government and other states is examined. In conducting cross-border business activity, these reports provide the reader with a sense of the multiple jurisdictions that a business must consider within the scope of how laws from various states interact and overlap. The countries covered include: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the EC, Israel, Japan, Singapore and the United States.
The second part of the book offers several proposals for effectively managing these overlapping competition policy regimes. Written by top academics and practitioners, the proposals render some of the most important current thinking on the topic.
The country reports and the expert policy proposals together provide a unique perspective on international competition policy and the challenges of the international competition policy regime.

Competition law has traditionally been enforced in Europe via a public administrative authority, primarily the European Commission, but also increasingly by Member State National Competition Authorities. However, public enforcement does not compensate victims of competition law infringements. Private enforcement is central to US antitrust law enforcement, and the availability of class actions underscores the importance of consumer rights and redress. Over the last 20 years there has been considerable debate and developments in the EU to facilitate and encourage private enforcement, in particular in relation to consumer redress.

This accessible textbook provides an introductory guide to tort law, with a structured explanation of the key concepts and doctrines. Using a comparative approach, the discussion is illustrated with case law and provisions from three key jurisdictions: England, France and Germany. With liberal reference to other codes and cases from around the world, the book gives readers a contextual understanding and will appeal to classes with a global outlook. Key Features: Examples of different solutions show how tort law is implemented in a variety of jurisdictions Direct comparison of legal systems helps readers to match different kinds of property or damage in civil and common law systems Translated provisions from codes and statutes facilitate access to the systems of French and German law in particular Clarification of corresponding concepts and terminology, as well as guidelines and examples to help readers find their way in a legal environment that is not restricted to a single jurisdiction Introductory guidance to tort law systems outside Europe Providing readers with a working knowledge of major tort law systems as well as a greater understanding of the main concepts in tort law, this textbook will be an important resource for both undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Commentary on the Italian Code of Civil Procedure is a unique and comprehensive guide to understanding the structure and functioning of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure. The book provides a reliable translation to the provisions for the implementation of the 840 articles of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure. An indispensible resource for practitioners in the field, this book provides a description of civil procedure and the translated text of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, with an explanation of the legal terms, provisions for the implementation of the Code, and valuable commentary. The commentary and translations included in this book were prepared by Italian attorneys with extensive experience working with the Italian Code of Civil Procedure and American Civil Procedure.

This book addresses the theme of collective bargaining in different legal systems and explores legal framework of collective bargaining as well as the role of different bargaining models in domestic labour law systems in altogether twenty-one jurisdictions throughout the world. Recent development of collective bargaining regimes can be viewed as part of a larger development of labour law models that face increasing challenges caused by globalization and transition of work and workplaces. The book places particular emphasis on identifying and examining most important development trends affecting domestic labour law regimes and collective bargaining and regulatory responses thereto. The analysis offered extents to transnational dimension of collective bargaining. As the chapters analyse the influence of the legal frameworks of collective bargaining in different countries they provide unique comparative insight into the topic which is central to understanding the function of labour law.

Experience has shown that the complex issues raised by cross-border insolvencies cannot be adequately addressed by existing national bankruptcy law regimes. In order to deal effectively with such emerging factors as multi-jurisdictional intellectual property rights and contractual issues surrounding employment or immovable property - as well as such long-standing problem areas as choice of law and recognition of judgments - a system of international bankruptcy and insolvency law is needed. This monograph shows how such a system is ready to hand in Europe and potentially available at a global level. As an obvious step in this direction, Professor Torremans examines the EU Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings. He analyses all its provisions in detail, and sets out the solution it puts in place, partial and imperfect as it may be. He concludes that within the EU this Regulation promises to improve matters substantially, and that it bodes well to become a model for international co-operation in this area. To demonstrate the need for a coherent cross-border insolvency law regime, Professor Torremans first describes two very different national approaches, those of Belgium and the United Kingdom. He explores these two traditional approaches in detail, stressing their practical applications, and finds neither system can offer a satisfactory solution in a cross-border context. Finally, recognising that this problem does not stop at the EU's borders, Professor Torremans examines the UNCITRAL Model Law in detail to see whether it does indeed make a useful contribution.

The United Nations system's foundational principle of sovereign equality reflects persistent disagreement within its membership as to what constitutes a legitimate and just internal public order. While the boundaries of the system's pluralism have narrowed progressively in the course of the United Nations era, accommodation of diversity in modes of internal political organization remains a durable theme of the international order. This accommodation of diversity underlies the international system's commitment to preserve states' territorial integrity and political independence, often at the expense of other values. For those who impute to the international legal order an inherent purpose to establish a universal justice that transcends the boundaries of territorial communities, the legal prerogatives associated with state sovereignty appear as impediments to the global advance of legality. That view, however, neglects the danger of allowing powerful states to invoke universal principles to rationalize unilateral (and often self-serving) impositions upon weak states. Though frequently counterintuitive, limitations on cross-border exercises of power are supported by substantial moral and political considerations, and are properly overridden only in a limited range of cases. Sovereign Equality and Moral Disagreement accomplishes two tasks. One is to construct a unifying account of the manifestations of the principle of sovereign equality in international legal norms governing a range of subject areas, from foundational matters such as the recognition of states and governments to controversial questions such as legal authority for extraterritorial criminal prosecution and armed intervention. The other is to defend the principle as a morally sound response to persistent and profound disagreement within the international community as to the requirements of legitimate and just internal public order.

Comparative Law is experiencing something of a renaissance,as legal scholars and practitioners traditionally outside the discipline find it newly relevant in projects such as constitution and code drafting, the harmonization of laws, court decisions, or as a tool for understanding the globalization of legal institutions. On the other hand, comparativists within the discipline find themselves asking questions about the identity of comparative law, what it is that makes comparative law unique as a discipline, what is the way forward. This book, designed with courses in comparative law as well as scholarly projects in mind, brings a new generation of comparativists together to reflect on the character of their discipline. It aims to incite curiosity and debate about contemporary issues within comparative law by bringing the discipline into conversation with debates in anthropology, literary and cultural studies, and critical theory. The book addresses questions such as what is the disciplinary identity of comparative law; how should we understand its relationship to colonialism, modernism, the Cold War, and other wider events that have shaped its history; what is its relationship to other projects of comparison in the arts, social sciences and humanities; and how has comparative law contributed at different times and in different parts of the world to projects of legal reform. Each of the essays frames its intervention around a close reading of the life and work of one formative character in the history of the discipline. Taken as a whole, the book offers a fresh and sophisticated picture of the discipline and its future. Contents: Montesquieu: the specter of despotism and the origins of comparative law (Robert Launay); Max Weber and the uncertainties of categorical comparative law (Ahmed White); Rethinking Hermann Kantorowicz: Free law, American legal realism and the legacy of anti-formalism (Vivian Grosswald Curran); Encountering amateurism: John Henry Wigmore and the uses of American formalism (Annelise Riles); Nobushige Hozumi: A skillful transplanter of western legal thought into Japanese soil (Hitoshi Aoki); Sanhuri, comparative law and Islamic legal reform, or why cultural authenticity is impossible (Amr Shalakany); Sculpting the agenda of comparative law: Ernst Rabel and the facade of language (David J. Gerber); Rene David: At the head of the family (Jorge L. Esquirol); Postmodern-Structural Comparative Jurisprudence? The aggregate impact of R. B. Schlesinger and R. Sacco to the understanding of the legal order (Ugo Mattei).

There remains an urgent need for a deeper discussion of the theoretical, political, and federal dimensions of the European codification project. While much valuable work has already been undertaken, the essays in this collection take as their starting point the proposition that further reflection and critical thought will enhance the quality and efficacy of the on-going work of the various codification bodies. The book's papers are written by: prestigious scholars on the foundations of European private law; representatives of the Common Frame of Reference, the Study Group, and the Acquis Group; and those who have not been involved in particular projects, but who have previously commented more distantly on their work - for instance, those belonging to the Trento Group and the Social Justice Group. With these groups' contributions, The Foundations of European Private Law represents the most comprehensive attempt so far to survey the state of the codification project; its theoretical, political, and federal foundations; and the future prospects for enforcement and compliance.

The purpose of this book is to find a unified approach to the doctrine of mens rea in the sphere of international criminal law, based on an in-depth comparative analysis of different legal systems and the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals since Nuremberg. Part I examines the concept of mens rea in common and continental legal systems, as well as its counterpart in Islamic Shari'a law. Part II looks at the jurisprudence of the post-Second World War trials, the work of the International Law Commission and the concept of genocidal intent in light of the travaux preparatoires of the 1948 Genocide Convention. Further chapters are devoted to a discussion of the boundaries of mens rea in the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The final chapter examines the definition of the mental element as provided for in Article 30 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court in light of the recent decisions delivered by the International Criminal Court. The study also examines the general principles that underlie the various approaches to the mental elements of crimes as well as the subjective element required in perpetration and participation in crimes and the interrelation between mistake of law and mistake of fact with the subjective element. With a Foreword by Professor William Schabas and an Epilogue by Professor Roger Clark From the Foreword by William Schabas Mohamed Elewa Badar has taken this complex landscape of mens rea at the international level and prepared a thorough, well-structured monograph. This book is destined to become an indispensable tool for lawyers and judges at the international tribunals. From the Epilogue by Professor Roger Clark This is the most comprehensive effort I have encountered pulling together across legal systems the 'general part' themes, especially about the 'mental element', found in confusing array in the common law, the civil law and Islamic law. In this endeavour, Dr Badar's researches have much to offer us.

For all the attention paid to the Founder Fathers in contemporary American debates, it has almost been wholly forgotten how deeply they embraced an ambitious and intellectually profound valuation of foreign legal experience. Jedidiah Kroncke uses the Founders' serious engagement with, and often admiration for, Chinese law in the Revolutionary era to begin his history of how America lost this Founding commitment to legal cosmopolitanism and developed a contemporary legal culture both parochial in its resistance to engaging foreign legal experience and universalist in its messianic desire to export American law abroad. Kroncke reveals how the under-appreciated, but central role of Sino-American relations in this decline over two centuries, significantly reshaped in the early 20th century as American lawyer-missionaries helped inspire the first modern projects of American humanitarian internationalism through legal development. Often forgotten today after the rise of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, the Sino-American relationship in the early 20th century was a key crucible for articulating this vision as Americans first imagined waves of Americanization abroad in the wake of China's 1911 Republican revolution. Drawing in historical threads from religious, legal and foreign policy work, the book demonstrates how American comparative law ultimately became a marginalized practice in this process. The marginalization belies its central place in earlier eras of American political and legal reform. In doing so, the book reveals how the cosmopolitan dynamism so prevalent at the Founding is a lost virtue that today comprises a serious challenge to American legal culture and its capacity for legal innovation in the face of an increasingly competitive and multi-polar 21st century. Once again, America's relationship with China presents a critical opportunity to recapture this lost virtue and stimulate the searching cosmopolitanism that helped forge the original foundations of American democracy.

This book explores the allocation of risk and liability of dangerous goods between the seller and the buyer under CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) and FOB (Free on Board) contracts, providing an in-depth study of the issue of carriage of dangerous goods in the context of international trade law. In addition to offering specific solutions to issues arising in the context of the contract of sale, the book provides a non-contractual angle, putting forward suggestions under non-contractual mechanisms. Importantly, the book incorporates case law examples from the Commonwealth and the US. Dangerous goods that are carried by sea can cause potential risks of losses and damages to the vessel, other cargoes and lives on board. The allocation of liability arising out of the carriage of dangerous goods has recently attracted unwelcome attention because of mis-declared cargoes leading to fires on board ships. Thus the book fills a gap in the literature by addressing the issue in detail with examples from multiple jurisdictions, and proposing solutions. In particular, the book analyses whether and to what extent the law of international sale of goods can provide any assistance in the re-allocation of liability between the buyer and the seller. This book will be of great interest to all those involved in the research as well as legal practice of international trade law and the law of carriage of goods by sea.

This text contains chapters covering a variety of legal issues. The first section deals with contractual matters, including joint venture contracts, agreements relating to agency, distribution, licensing and franchising, time sharing and preliminary agreements regarding the buying and selling of property. The second section deals with the privatization of former state-owned companies and monopolies, such as media organizations. Under the heading of "Corporate Law", joint stock companies, sub-chapter S corporations, takeovers and new company legislation are discussed. The section on securities and investment deals, in particular, with the area of foreign investment, including tax incentives and the regulation of investments. There is also a section on taxation, which concentrates on offshore jurisdictions, and a section on general commercial issues. The topics covered in this final section vary to include technology transfer, evidential procedures, free trade areas, the regulation of resources, anti-trust matters, dispute resolution and new commercial legislation.

This study deals with the role of national parliaments in the perspective of European integration. It examines the relationship between national parliaments and the European Parliament. In order to find a solution to the problem of the democratic deficit in the EU, the author concludes that it is vital for European integration to create an efficient decision making process which is best served by centralization and majority voting. However, this runs counter to democratic legitimation, which is dependent on institutions at the national level.

This collection of essays describes and analyzes the legal regimes governing directors' liability for corporate fault and default across eleven important trading jurisdictions. It asks:
- Are the reform provisions, especially director duties of 'due diligence, ' sharply enough aimed to attain the goal of corporate accountability?
- Will it be easy or difficult for defendants to establish that due diligence was exercised?
- Is it possible that more reliance on self-policing may lead to less documenting and reporting of wrongs and dangers?
- What impact may schemes of greater self-monitoring have on State regulation?
- In what ways might corporations react to these demands that they become guardians of the public weal?
The authors -- each an authority in his or her respective jurisdiction -- recognize that the reforms are a reaction to the political problems created by the ill fit of the corporation with the economic and political value systems that we purport to hold dear. As they survey the ways that vibrant economies can frame laws to influence the conduct of directors and companies, they invite further exploration into the political, economic, practical, and evolutionary factors that may explain the convergence and divergence of both statute law and judicial doctrines and the desirability or inevitability of this deeply significant trend.

Fascism was one of the twentieth century's principal political forces, and one of the most violent and problematic. Brutal, repressive and in some cases totalitarian, the fascist and authoritarian regimes of the early twentieth century, in Europe and beyond, sought to create revolutionary new orders that crushed their opponents. A central component of such regimes' exertion of control was criminal law, a focal point and key instrument of State punitive and repressive power. This collection brings together a range of original essays by international experts in the field to explore questions of criminal law under Italian Fascism and other similar regimes, including Franco's Spain, Vargas's Brazil and interwar Romania and Japan. Addressing issues of substantive criminal law, criminology and ideology, the form and function of criminal justice institutions, and the role and perception of criminal law in processes of transition, the collection casts new light on fascism's criminal legal history and related questions of theoretical interpretation and historiography. At the heart of the collection is the problematic issue of continuity and similarity among fascist systems and preceding, contemporaneous and subsequent legal orders, an issue that goes to the heart of fascist regimes' historical identity and the complex relationship between them and the legal orders constructed in their aftermath. The collection thus makes an innovative contribution both to the comparative understanding of fascism, and to critical engagement with the foundations and modalities of criminal law across systems.

In 1992, the Section on Business Law of the International Bar Association established a Task Force on Economic Consequences of Litigation Worldwide to study and report on the different civil- and commercial-court systems throughout the world. The purpose of the Task Force was to evaluate the problems of civil litigation and propose solutions on a global scale, based on a comparative analysis of different jurisdictions, with a particular focus on commercial litigation and the economic consequences of litigation for worldwide business. The Task Force included representatives from the Asia Pacific region, Canada, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States. The project was divided into three stages: fundamentals of commercial litigation, problems and consequences, and solutions and proposals for change. Arising from six years of study and effort by the Task Force, this book includes chapters on the Asia Pacific region (Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore), Canada, Europe (Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland), the United Kingdom and the United States. The book provides a study of the various court systems throughout the world, and problems and consequences of commercial litigation, together with analysis of proposed solutions.

This first major reference comparing systems of juvenile justice in 19 nations around the world is representative of different principles and policies, customs, and governmental and legal institutions and practices in both industrialized and developing countries. An interdisciplinary team of scholars and legal experts offers a cross-sectional survey of regional, economic, political, and social factors. Some also describe the impact of different societies on the procedures used to handle and rehabilitate juvenile delinquents and define various influences that some countries have had on others. Each expert analyzes the history, formal and informal policies, current issues and problems, and trends and future prospects of juvenile justice in a similar manner, making this truly a comparative survey. Directories of key agencies and periodicals in the various countries and relevant bibliographical data further enrich this major reference. The book is designed for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, teachers, practitioners, and government officials concerned with criminal justice, corrections, and juvenile delinquency.

The 2004 volume of the "Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business" contains a wide variety of topics of interest to international commercial lawyers and their clients. Various areas of Company Law are discussed, including mergers and acquisitions, piercing the corporate veil and the financing of share acquisitions. The Yearbook also contains several chapters on investments and securities, including the need for corporate governance in this area, and the role of collective investment schemes in Bermuda. Some chapters deal with the introduction of new technology into the realm of commerce, particularly new legislation relating to e-commerce and the Competition Law issues encountered by the telecommunications industry. The introduction and effects of new legislation generally are also addressed, including the new Ukrainian Commercial Code and Brazilian Civil Code. In addition to discussions on intellectual property, arbitration and asset protection, the Yearbook contains a section on real property rights, including a very interesting comparison between the way in which China and Indonesia view property rights, and the treatment received by such rights in Western society. Various areas of law are also looked at from a European point of view, such as the increase in America-style asbestos litigation in Europe, the hiring out of workers within Europe and the effect of the European Convention on Human Rights upon business. With the ever-increasing introduction of new technology, the expansion of global communications, new attitudes towards business and commerce and increased awareness of personal and property rights, there is a constant need for the law to develop in order to adequately deal with these issues. The yearbook branches out into some of the innovative and topical areas of contemporary law, and should be of great interest to anyone involved in modern-day business.

Comparative Corporate Governance considers the impact of globalization on corporate governance issues and highlights how, despite the effect it has clearly had, predictions of legal convergence have not come true. By adopting a comparative legal approach, this book explores the tensions that exist between convergence attempts and the persistence of local models of governance in the US, Europe and Asia. Veronique Magnier assesses institutional, cultural and sociological factors as features of the disparities in governance. She does so by addressing the three main areas of tension in the legal aspects of corporate governance: theoretical pressure, which pits shareholder primacy against models advocating for greater participation of large corporations in general economic welfare; technical regulation, such as integrating corporate governance codes into national legal systems; and the need for context and reflection when transplanting governance approaches to different countries. Varying economic, societal and cultural environments make it vital to contextualize corporate governance in order to better understand how governance models operate in a globalized world. Lawyers, academics and advanced students of law looking to improve their understanding of corporate governance will find this a diverse and rewarding read.

The concept of 'employee' is arguably the most important one in labour law, defining, as it does, the scope of the discipline as a whole. This important new publication aims to develop a restatement of the concept of the employee in European labour law. The study identifies both problems and solutions that have emerged, clearly setting out comparisons between the different member states' approaches. The country reports explore both statutes and case law, tracking their contribution to legal doctrine. The objective of the restatement is to increase knowledge and gain a better understanding of one of the most crucial aspects of European labour law. Assistant Editors: - Marta Otto - Effrosyni Bakirtzi

The relationship between the national and international has been central in the debate on the impact of globalisation on national patterns of employment relations. While some industrial relations researchers in recent years have put forward evidence not of convergence, but rather of continuing national diversity in employment relations, others see a complex power-sharing interplay emerging for which Europe is the laboratory. This ground-breaking book asks: Do EU or European industrial relations exist? What characterises EU industrial relations and their development? What are the differences between EU industrial relations and national industrial relations?Twelve outstanding authorities from seven countries discuss the theme from a variety of perspectives. Originally presented at an international and interdisciplinary research workshop held at the Faculty of Law at Lund University in November 2007, the essays probe a range of highly topical and important legal and industrial relations issues and developments, including the implications of the epochal and much-debated Laval and Viking cases from the European Court of Justice. The focus is on the EU dimension of industrial relations, common to the Member States, and not on comparative European industrial relations. The authors raise and discuss such crucial issues as the following:A* the power relationship and interactions between the social partners within the framework of the social dialogue;A* growing problems of posting of workers, low wage competition, and 'social dumping';A* approaches to creating an EU legal framework for transnational collective agreements; A* the right to take industrial action in order to achieve collective agreements; A* the fundamental asymmetry between the scope of action of players in companies and territories affected by restructurings;A* information, consultation and worker participation;A* potential benefits of increased tripartite co-operation between the social partners and governments; A* compatibility of the Swedish or Nordic system with the four freedoms and its eligibility as a European model; andA* issues of private international law arising from collective actions with transnational implications.An appendix includes relevant EC legislation and the ECJ opinions in Laval and Viking.E U Industrial Relations vs National Industrial Relations explores an emerging and still inchoate realm of law that is heavily fraught with implications for the near future of social relations, not only in Europe but worldwide. Labour lawyers and policymakers will greatly appreciate its precise stocktaking, its insightful analysis, and its well-informed recommendations on how to proceed in the realm of practical law.