In this set of essays,public lawyers, property lawyers and legal philosophers examine the public dimensions of private property. At a time when governments across the globe are privatising formerly public property, the public forum is being replaced by the privately owned shopping mall, and an increasing range of interests are being described as 'property', an examination of the powers which attach to ownership becomes all the more pressing. The contributors consider whether property is a human right, its role in making responsible citizens, its relationship to freedom of speech and other values, the proper scope of constitutional protections of private property, impediments to the redistribution of property, and attempts to redress historical wrongs by property settlements to indigenous people. Taking a richly comparative perspective, examples have been drawn from jurisdictions as diverse as the United Kingdom, South Africa, Germany, the United States, and New Zealand. Contributors: Janet McLean (ed), Kevin Gray, Susan Francis Gray, Geoffrey Samuel, J W Harris, Gregory Alexander, Andre van der Walt, Tom Allen, Jeremy Waldron, Maurice Goldsmith, Alex Frame, John Dawson, Michael Robertson.

Prized by practitioners since the first edition appeared in 1998, "Dispute Resolution in Asia" provides a much wider spectrum of Asian laws and approaches to dispute resolution than is traditional in comparative studies. It examines arbitration, litigation, and mediation in thirteen countries, with detailed practical essays each written by a senior lawyer with vast knowledge and experience of dispute resolution in his or her own country. Contributions vary in style and content and thus reflect the diversity of legal systems and cultures in Asia. The third edition of this popular book has been expanded by the inclusion of a chapter on Korea and a discussion of investment treaty arbitrations. All chapters have been revised and updated to incorporate recent developments, such as the enactment of relevant new legislation in Malaysia. Statistics on arbitration centres in Asia are also included. As a comprehensive practical guide to the practice and procedure of dispute resolution in the important trading countries of Asia, this book will be of great value to corporate counsel and international lawyers and business people, as well as to students of dispute resolution.

The current volume of the Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business addresses a variety of issues relating to the regulation of business entities and investment, as well as a range of general issues In the fields of business entities and investment, practitioners from Panama, Brazil, Chile, Russia, Gibraltar, Canada, Singapore, Romania, Indonesia, and Hong Kong examine protection of minority shareholders, antitrust and competition law, securities regulation, corporate taxation, fund administration and management, joint ventures, protection of foreign investment, regulation of mutual funds, and corporate governance. Commentators from Nigeria, the United States, Japan, Spain, and The Netherlands also review issues relating to copyright and trade mark protection, court jurisdiction, insolvency, and telecommunications.

This volume presents national reports describing the legal instruments that are available to prevent the payment of bribes for acquiring contracts. Anti-corruption is one of the preeminent issues in the modern global commercial order and is tackled with the help of criminal law and contract law in different ways in different countries. The reports included in this volume, from very diverse parts of the world, represent a unique and rich compilation of court decisions, doctrinal discussions and a pool of suggested solutions. The central theme is the enforceability of three problematic types of contracts: the bribe agreement, whereby a bribe payer promises the agent of his business partner a personal benefit in exchange for favourable contract terms; the agreement between a bribe payer and an intermediary (a "bribe merchant"), where the latter offers his expertise to help funnel bribes to agents of the business partner; and finally, the contract between the bribe payer and his business partner which was obtained by means of bribery. The analysis is tailored toward commercial contracts, which can also include contracts with state-owned enterprises. The examination and comparison of international and national initiatives included in this volume advance the discussion on the most appropriate remedies in corruption cases, and show how to get past the boundaries of criminal, private and contract law.

Taxes are sometimes so fundamental to domestic systems that they are almost impossible to change, as when the tax system is part of a nation's majority religion or is linked to another value deeply rooted in local communities, such as housing or farming. There is a danger in the WTO, a Geneva-based entity, making decisions for people living in distant locations with regard to tax issues related to their local needs and wants. The Saudi Arabian tax system exemplifies the tension between religion, tax and trade, because tax has a role in the country's religion and is an essential part of its laws.

Therefore, there is a need for maintaining a delicate balance between local needs and international commitments with respect to taxation. This book aims to show directions in which legal order can be preserved as much as possible from within each country, and yet not imposed upon them, and which will help build a peaceful bridge between local and international factors that are important to shaping the global order.

The International Society of Family Law is an independent, international, and non-political scholarly association dedicated to the study, research and discussion of family law and related disciplines. The Society's membership currently includes professors, lecturers, scholars, teachers, and researchers from more than 50 different countries, offering a unique opportunity for networking within a truly international family law community. The International Survey of Family Law is the annual review of the International Society of Family Law. It brings together reliable and clearly structured insights into the latest and most notable developments in family law from all around the globe. Chapters are prepared by an international team of selected experts in the field, usually covering 20 or more jurisdictions in each edition.

This book presents a unique and extensive comparative study of commercial contract interpretation across 14 selected jurisdictions, namely Croatia, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, South Africa, Spain and Sweden. Using a dynamic comparative case method, the focus is centered on the discussion of key legal problems, further examined in a detailed and comprehensive comparative analysis. In this way, the book makes important advancements in the general understanding of contract interpretation in European private law in three respects. First, it enriches the conventional conceptual framework for the methods of contract interpretation by distinguishing between interpretation aims and means. Second, it challenges the presumptive division of common law and civil law jurisdictions, for example, the assumption that civil systems follow a subjective approach and common law systems an objective approach to interpretation of contract. Third, the book provides a more subtle analysis of the role of standards of 'good faith' in contract interpretation. A common core of contract interpretation in European private law that is inferred from the national reports is that every legal system strives to reach a compromise between staying true to the intentions of the parties, assessing what a reasonable person would understand from the contract drafting, and preventing outcomes that are unfair or unjust. Each court draws on the material available to it in order to reach this compromise. Conversely, the differences between the jurisdictions pertain to what constitutes a common intention between the contracting parties and reasonableness, and what the appropriate methods are by which these could best be ascertained. Here, the jurisdictions reveal a variety of conceptual, doctrinal and pragmatic similarities and distinctions. Contributions written from law and economics, and European private law perspectives place the key legal issues into context and make Interpretation of Commercial Contracts in European Private Law a coherent and valuable resource for academics and practitioners with a European or international focus.

Enforcing Consumer and Capital Markets Law: The Diesel Emissions Scandal is an international and intradisciplinary work. On the example of one topical and global collective damage event with far reaching consequences for both consumers and investors, this work critically analyses the various approaches of public and private law enforcement and their effectiveness across several jurisdictions, namely those of Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, England and Wales, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Portugal, Australia, Brazil, China and the United States of America. Based on decided and pending cases, the book demonstrates to what extent public authorities, but also private claimants, can take effective steps against the violation of their rights in their respective jurisdictions. The following is examined: law enforcement by public institutions, law enforcement by private parties and overlaps as well as hybrids and connections between both areas. A particular focus is given to collective redress, that is representative actions and model case proceedings. Comments from renowned practitioners sharing their experiences are included throughout the book. Separate concluding comparative chapters have two different aims: A comparative analysis of the legal solutions with a supranational European Union level focus provides invaluable insights into best practices and effectiveness. In addition, an intradisciplinary comparison assesses and evaluates the effectiveness of consumer law vs capital markets law mechanisms. Furthermore mechanisms of competition law and company law are taken into account. With contributions by Willem H. van Boom (University of Leiden), Peter Cashman (3 Wentworth Chambers; University of New South Wales), Tanja Domej (University of Zurich), Marcello Gaboardi (Bocconi University Milan), Beate Gsell (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munich; Munich Higher Regional Court), Jutta Gurkmann (Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband e.V.), Patrick Honegger-Muntener (University of Zurich), Emmanuel Jeuland (University Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne), Remigijus Jokubauskas (Court of Appeal of Lithuania), Georg E. Kodek (Vienna University of Economics and Business), Lene Kohl (Osborne Clarke, Berlin), Petra Leupold (VKI-Academy), Claudia Lima Marques (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), Caroline Meller-Hannich (Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg), Thomas M.J. Moellers (University of Augsburg), Charlotte M.D.S. Pavillon (University of Groningen), Anders Schafer (Kammeradvokaten/Poul Schmidt, Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen), Amy J. Schmitz (University of Missouri), John Sorabji (Nine St John Street Chambers; University College London), Henrique Sousa Antunes (Catholic University of Portugal), Egidija Tamosiuniene (Court of Appeal of Lithuania; University of Vilnius), Rudiger Veil (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munich), Maximilian Weiss (TILP Litigation, Kirchentellinsfurt), Tong Zhang (China University of Political Science and Law).

This textbook deals with the foundations and key issues of corporate insolvency law and approaches the topic from a comparative perspective, i.e. it does not concentrate on one insolvency law in particular but rather introduces the relevant rules from various jurisdictions, primarily England (and Wales), France, Germany, and those of the USA. It is case focused and designed for learning and teaching corporate insolvency law.

Prescription is a major legal defence that bars civil actions on the claim after the expiry of a certain period of time. Despite its far-reaching practical effects on litigation and on society at large, and the fact that it is the subject matter of pervasive legal reforms in many countries, the law of prescription (limitation of actions) is rarely discussed, analysed and compared. To meet this challenge, this book canvases in-depth the law of 15 selected jurisdictions (covering Europe, South Africa and the US jurisdictions) and extensively analyses in comparative perspective the elements of prescription (accrual of the cause of action, prescription periods, rules of suspension, renewal, extension, etc), their interrelations, and the policy considerations (including economic analysis). Topics also covered include the notions of 'action', 'claim', and 'cause of action', subjective and objective prescription, statute interpretation and judicial discretion. The book concludes with how the present law can be improved and where suitable harmonised. While its main focus is the prescription of tort claims, the analysis, comparison and conclusions are highly relevant to most civil actions. Prescription in Tort Law is the result of a three-year research project lead by the European Group on Tort Law (EGTL) that brings together leading academics of the field. It is an invaluable resource for private lawyers. With contributions by Bjarte Askeland (Bergen Appeal Court Judge, Norway), Ewa Baginska (University of Gdansk, Poland), Jean-Sebastien Borghetti (University Paris II Pantheon-Assas, France), Giovanni Comande (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Italy), Eugenia Dacoronia (University of Athens, Greece), Isabelle Durant (Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium), Israel Gilead (Hebrew University, Israel), Michael D Green (Wake Forest University, United States), Ernst Karner (University of Vienna, Austria), Anne LM Keirse (Utrecht University, The Netherlands), Bernhard A Koch (University of Innsbruck, Austria), Frederic Krauskopf (University of Bern, Switzerland), Ulrich Magnus (University of Hamburg, Germany), Miquel Martin-Casals (University of Girona, Spain), Johann Neethling (University of the Free State, South Africa), Elena Occhipinti (University of Pisa, Italy), Ken Oliphant (University of Bristol, United Kingdom), Albert Ruda-Gonzalez (University of Girona, Spain), Stefan Rutten (University of Antwerp), Lubos Tichy (Charles University, Czech Republic) and Benedict Winiger (University of Geneva, Switzerland).

Preface International conferences are not organized overnight-especially not when high ranking personalities from politics, business and academia should be offered an adequate platform for addressing and discussing highly relevant contemporary issues. The conference on "The Role of Law and Ethics in the Globalized Economy," which took place on May 22 and 23, 2008 in the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich, was no exception. When the first preparations started at the end of 2006, neither the subprime crises nor the general crises of the global financial system, whose shock waves have rocked the financial businesses in subsequent months, were known; nor were they predictable or even imaginable. Based on our monitoring of the globalization process and its apparent impact-not only on the economic and technological environment, but also on the social en- ronment-it was appropriate for the conference to begin by serving as a platform for analysing the status quo of the process of globalization, as relevant to politics, business and academia, and for exploring how the interest groups in those domains cope with the challenges of globalization. In the end, however, the purpose of the conference was to produce proposals for conditions for "upwards" global compe- tion, meaning that minimum conditions should be worked out to enable people to live and labour humanely. Such conditions would be those which should help avoid otherwise inevitable frictions in society, both nationally and internationally.

Die Arbeit zeigt mit den Mitteln der Rechtsvergleichung Wege zum besseren Verständnis des Phänomens Rechtsmissbrauch, indem sie theoretisch und praxisorientiert die allgemeinen Schranken solchen missbilligten Verhaltens der Prozessparteien im deutschen und französischen Zivilprozess untersucht. Nach einer Funktionsbestimmung der gesuchten allgemeinen Rechtsmissbrauchsschranke werden die in Betracht kommenden nationalen Rechtsinstitute zunächst innerhalb ihrer jeweiligen Dogmatik rechtsvergleichend analysiert und an den Kategorien der Zweckmäßigkeit und Effektivität gemessen. Das so gewonnene Zwischenergebnis wird sodann einer kritischen Gegenprüfung in einer Reihe von Beispielsfällen der Praxis unterzogen. Auf diese Weise eröffnet sich im Ergebnis ein Blick hinter das systemverhaftete herkömmliche Verständnis von einer Konkordanz der Rechtsmissbrauchsschranken in den beiden Rechtsordnungen, der de lege ferenda im europäischen Kontext systembildend wirken könnte.

In the global era, controversies abound over temporary labour migration; however, it has not previously been subjected to a sustained socio-legal analysis on a comparative basis, critiquing the underpinning concepts conventionally accepted as fundamental in this area. This collection of essays aims to fill that void. Complex regulatory challenges arise from temporary labour migration. This collection examines these challenges and the extent to which temporary labour migration programmes can be ethical, equitable and efficacious and so deliver decent work for workers. Whilst the tendency for migration law to divide labour law's worker-protective mission has been observed before, the authors of the chapters comprising this collection seek not only to interrogate why and how this is so, but to go further in examining the implications and effects of a wide range of regulatory mechanisms on temporary labour migration.

The legal profession has undergone significant changes in the past few years. These have affected working structures and context within the profession, in turn affecting the wellbeing of individual practitioners. This book is the first to consider how these operate in practice and how they impact on the wellbeing of lawyers. This is significant because legal systems cannot operate without properly functioning lawyers. Changes considered include rapidly evolving technologies such as the internet, artificial intelligence and increasing digitisation, and innovations in legal practice. Such innovations include changes in the structures of law firms, changing requirements about whether lawyers must practice separately from other professions and changing employment practices in law firms.The Impact of Technology and Innovation on the Well-Being of the Legal Profession considers the impact of all of these developments on the legal profession. It begins with students and how their responses to questions about their attitudes to learning may provide clues as to why they and the professionals they become might be more vulnerable to depression and anxiety than the wider population. The analysis then extends to how both satisfaction and stress levels can be simultaneously high and the implications of this, considering the experiences of lawyers in private and public practice, as well as academics, and their responses to the interactions between all of these changes. Leading researchers assess the situation in Australia and the United Kingdom in these various domains, using empirical research as the foundation of the arguments put forth.Anyone who is interested in the future of the legal profession and the challenges currently faced as a consequence of the massive structural and environmental changes experienced should read this book.

The classic distinction in international relations between mutual assistance in criminal matters and mutual administrative assistance has become diffuse. A blurring of transnational policy issues in the struggle against fraud continues to hamper efficient cooperation between states, despite the increasing interaction of national enforcement agencies supported by automated systems and a growing number of supranational institutions with enforcement powers. Particularly among the member states of the European Union, the disparate law of international cooperation needs to be examined and clarified, in terms both of instruments and of legal guarantees. This book offers an English translation, updated to mid-2001, of a Dutch study which appeared earlier that year. The study was originally commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Justice, which recognized that the way to clear standards of cooperation lay through in-depth comparative research into the relevant law, practice, and recent experience of several major national jurisdictions. A five-member research group worked with the help of the Willem Pompe Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, the Foundation for the Promotion of Criminal Law Research, and the Utrecht Faculty of Law's Centre for Enforcement of European Law. In order to focus meaningfully on the theme of combating fraud in its most significant current manifestations, the researchers restricted their study to customs law, fiscal law, and agricultural law in four EC countries. Among the core legal matters investigated are the following: exchange of enforcement data; performance of acts of investigation; the "moment" in each legal system at which it is necessary to switch from administrative assistance to assistance in criminal matters; and the manner in which national systems of evidence deal with evidence from abroad. Based on a close study of legislation and case law in each of the four countries-in addition to numerous personal interviews-the analysis clearly identifies the legal problems, and makes recommendations as to how transnational administrative law and cooperation in criminal matters may be most effectively arranged.

Die Verletzung vorvertraglicher Aufklärungspflichten beim Franchising steht im Mittelpunkt gerichtlicher Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Franchise-Geber und Franchise-Nehmer. Gleichzeitig stellt sich bei internationalen Franchise-Systemen die Frage nach dem anwendbaren Recht, da die internationalprivatrechtliche Anknüpfung von Ansprüchen aus culpa in contrahendo immer noch umstritten ist. Mit dieser Arbeit werden die spezifischen Aufklärungspflichten des Franchise-Gebers beschrieben und mit dem Franchise-Recht des US-Bundesstaates Kalifornien verglichen. Den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet jedoch die Frage der Qualifikation und des Statuts von Ansprüchen aus culpa in contrahendo bei der Verletzung vorvertraglicher Aufklärungspflichten. Durch eine eingehende Analyse des deutschen internationalen Deliktsrechts nach der IPR-Reform von 1999 zeigt der Verfasser auf, dass sich der Gesetzgeber für die deliktische Anknüpfung der culpa in contrahendo entschieden hat. Die vertragsakzessorische Anknüpfung bietet dabei das notwendige Korrelat, um das Spannungsfeld zwischen Delikts- und Vertragsstatut unter Berücksichtigung materiellrechtlicher Gerechtigkeit aufzulösen.

This book is a comparative study of the tax systems of Germany and Japan. It is a considerably expanded version of Iizuka's previous monograph, Veritable Bookkeeping Records, which was important enough a contribution to comparative tax studies that it was serialized and published in twenty-six parts over three years ('79-'82) in the Japan Society of Accounting's journal, "Accounting."

The present volume includes a good deal of new, revised and updated material not included in the first monograph. Here Iizuka boldly puts forward counterarguments to the opinions of several hundred Japanese, European and North American scholars. One of his chief messages is that Japan needs to look to Germany, to the United States and to other EC nations for guidance in developing fairer accounting principles.

Compensation funds are used in vastly different ways across jurisdictions and legal traditions. They are an alternative to traditional tort, insurance and social security structures, and change or eliminate ordinary liability rules for certain classes of victims. Compensation funds have been established to solve liability problems in the domains of traffic accidents, financial deposits, crime victim redress, industrial and environmental damage, natural disasters and healthcare damage. They are popular with lawmakers, but their undefined nature (and sometimes incoherent status) raises important legal questions that have not yet been fully answered.The way that compensation funds have developed in different jurisdictions has not always been consistent with the rest of the legal system within that jurisdiction. The contributions in this book consider the way in which these funds have been used in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain and the United Kingdom. Focusing on their functions, purpose, funding and quantum of compensation, new conclusions are drawn on the objectives of compensation funds and how they differ from insurance and social security.Compensation Funds in Comparative Perspective is useful for all comparative law, liability law and insurance law scholars and practitioners seeking to understand contemporary issues in the operation of compensation funds and introduces novel ideas for future development.

This volume analyses the legal grounds, premises and extent of pecuniary compensation for violations of human rights in national legal systems. The scope of comparison includes liability regimes in general and in detail, the correlation between pecuniary remedies available under international law and under domestic law, and special (alternative) compensation systems. All sources of human rights violations are embraced, including historical injustices and systematical and gross violations. The book is a collection of nineteen contributions written by public international law, international human rights and private law experts, covering fifteen European jurisdictions (including Central and Eastern Europe), the United States, Israel and EU law. The contributions, initially prepared for the 19th International Congress of Comparative law in Vienna (2014), present the latest developments in legislation, scholarship and case-law concerning domestic causes of action in cases of human rights abuses. The book concludes with a comparative report which assesses the developments in tort law and public liability law, the role of the constitutionalisation of the right to damages as well as the court practice related to the process of enforcement of human rights through monetary remedies. This country-by-country comparison allows to consider whether the value of protection of human rights as expressed in international treaties, ius cogens and in national constitutional laws justifies the conclusion that the interests at stake should enjoy protection under the existing civil liability rules, or that a new cause of action, or even a whole new set of rules, should be created in national systems.

In Deutschland und Frankreich herrscht breiter Konsens, wirtschaftlich motivierte Spenden von Körpersubstanzen zu verhindern. Das Buch stellt die Unterschiede in der gesetzlichen Umsetzung dieses gemeinsamen Bestrebens rechtsvergleichend dar und stellt einen Kriterienkatalog auf, mit dessen Hilfe die Rechtsnatur von und die Rechte an Körpersubstanzen bestimmt werden können. Darauf basierend stellt der Autor die Legitimität eines allgemeinen Kommerzialisierungsverbotes in Frage und fordert zu einer Differenzierung nach Körpersubstanz, Art ihrer Gewinnung und konkreten Weiterverwendung auf. L'Allemagne et la France visent à protéger le corps humain et ses substances corporelles détachées des pratiques mercantiles. La présente étude consiste en une analyse comparative des différences dans la transposition légale de cet objectif commun. En outre, elle élabore des critères permettant d'établir le statut et le régime juridique des substances corporelles. Sur la base de ces constatations, l'auteur remet en question la légitimité du principe général de l'extra-commercialité des substances corporelles. Diese Arbeit enthält eine ausführliche Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache.

Constitutional litigation in general attracts two distinct types of conflict: disputes of a highly politicized or culturally controversial nature and requests from citizens claiming a violation of a fundamental constitutional right. The side-by-side comparison between the U.S. Supreme Court and the German Federal Constitutional Court provides a novel socio-legal approach in studying constitutional litigation, focusing on conditions of mobilisation, decision-making and implementation. This updated and revised second edition includes a number of new contributions on the political status of the courts in their democratic political cultures.

Whereas many modern works on comparative law focus on various aspects of legal doctrine the aim of this book is of a more theoretical kind - to reflect on comparative law as a scholarly discipline, in particular at its epistemology and methodology. Thus, among its contents the reader will find: a lively discussion of the kind of 'knowledge' that is, or could be, derived from comparative law; an analysis of 'legal families' which asks whether we need to distinguish different 'legal families' according to areas of law; essays which ask what is the appropriate level for research to be conducted - the technical 'surface level', a 'deep level' of ideology and legal practice, or an 'intermediate level' of other elements of legal culture, such as the socio-economic and historical background of law. One part of the book is devoted to questioning the identification and demarcation of a 'legal system' (and the clash between 'legal monism' and 'legal pluralism') and the definition of the European legal orders, sub-State legal orders, and what is left of traditional sovereign State legal systems; while a final part explores the desirability and possibility of developing a basic common legal language, with common legal principles and legal concepts and/or a legal meta-language, which would be developed and used within emerging European legal doctrine. All the papers in this collection share the common goal of seeking answers to fundamental, scientific problems of comparative research that are too often neglected in comparative scholarship.

Etwa seit Ende der sechziger Jahre wird auf internationaler Ebene eine lebhafte Diskussion über eine Krise des strafrechtlichen Sanktionensystems geführt. Einhergehend mit dem bereits in den späten siebziger Jahren erkennbaren Bemühen um eine stärkere Opferorientierung im Strafrecht hat die Thematik des Täter-Opfer-Ausgleichs und der Schadenswiedergutmachung gerade in den letzten Jahren neue Aktualität gewonnen. Der Gesetzgeber hat dem 1994 durch den neu eingefügten § 46 a StGB Rechnung getragen. Nach einem Überblick über die Entstehungsgeschichte der Norm untersucht die Abhandlung die mit der Auslegung und Anwendung des § 46 a StGB verbundenen Probleme und die Rezeption der Vorschrift in der Rechtsprechung. Der Verfasser gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, daß die derzeitige Gesetzesfassung, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Anwendungsrelevanz der Norm, der Modifizierung bedarf. Er stellt einen eigenen Reformvorschlag für § 46 a StGB de lege ferenda zur Diskussion.

This index of the "Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business" is organized for ease of use according to well-recognized subject categories. It lists all articles published from the inception of the Yearbook and provides information about the authors, the main topic headings that appear within each article, and the volume and page number where the articles can be found. The "Cumulative Index" also contains a table of contents and an authors' index. It facilitates research on all subject matter covered in this series. This is the second Cumulative Index. It covers all published articles from its inception in 1977 (then known as the Comparative Law Yearbook) to 1996. A new edition will be published in approximately three years.