This book introduces the fundamental concepts and practical simulation te- niques for modeling different aspects of operating systems to study their g- eral behavior and their performance. The approaches applied are obje- oriented modeling and process interaction approach to discrete-event simu- tion. The book depends on the basic modeling concepts and is more specialized than my previous book: Practical Process Simulation with Object-Oriented Techniques and C++, published by Artech House, Boston 1999. For a more detailed description see the Web location: http: //science.kennesaw.edu/ jgarrido/mybook, html. Most other books on performance modeling use only analytical approaches, and very few apply these concepts to the study of operating systems. Thus, the unique feature of the book is that it concentrates on design aspects of operating systems using practical simulation techniques. In addition, the book illustrates the dynamic behavior of different aspects of operating systems using the various simulation models, with a general hands-on approac

These are the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) held in Cetraro, Italy during 6-17 June 1983. The title of the ASI was Computer Arehiteetures for SpatiaZZy vistributed Vata, and it brouqht together some 60 participants from Europe and America. Presented ere are 21 of the lectures that were delivered. The articles cover a wide spectrum of topics related to computer architecture s specially oriented toward the fast processing of spatial data, and represent an excellent review of the state-of-the-art of this topic. For more than 20 years now researchers in pattern recognition, image processing, meteorology, remote sensing, and computer engineering have been looking toward new forms of computer architectures to speed the processing of data from two- and three-dimensional processes. The work can be said to have commenced with the landmark article by Steve Unger in 1958, and it received a strong forward push with the development of the ILIAC III and IV computers at the University of Illinois during the 1960's. One clear obstacle faced by the computer designers in those days was the limitation of the state-of-the-art of hardware, when the only switching devices available to them were discrete transistors. As aresult parallel processing was generally considered to be imprae tieal, and relatively little progress was made."

This book contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Maratea (Italy), May 5-9, 1986 on Pyramidal Systems for Image Processing and Computer Vision. We had 40 participants from 11 countries playing an active part in the workshop and all the leaders of groups that have produced a prototype pyramid machine or a design for such a machine were present. Within the wide field of parallel architectures for image processing a new area was recently born and is growing healthily: the area of pyramidally structured multiprocessing systems. Essentially, the processors are arranged in planes (from a base to an apex) each one of which is generally a reduced (usually by a power of two) version of the plane underneath: these processors are horizontally interconnected (within a plane) and vertically connected with "fathers" (on top planes) and "children" on the plane below. This arrangement has a number of interesting features, all of which were amply discussed in our Workshop including the cellular array and hypercube versions of pyramids. A number of projects (in different parts of the world) are reported as well as some interesting applications in computer vision, tactile systems and numerical calculations.

Scalable High Performance Computing for Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining brings together in one place important contributions and up-to-date research results in this fast moving area. Scalable High Performance Computing for Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining serves as an excellent reference, providing insight into some of the most challenging research issues in the field.

This state-of-the-art survey gives a systematic presentation of recent advances in the design and validation of computer architectures. The book covers a comprehensive range of architecture design and validation methods, from computer aided high-level design of VLSI circuits and systems to layout and testable design, including the modeling and synthesis of behavior and dataflow, cell-based logic optimization, machine assisted verification, and virtual machine design.

Artificial Intelligence is entering the mainstream of com- puter applications and as techniques are developed and integrated into a wide variety of areas they are beginning to tax the pro- cessing power of conventional architectures. To meet this demand, specialized architectures providing support for the unique features of symbolic processing languages are emerging. The goal of the research presented here is to show that an archi- tecture specialized for Prolog can achieve a ten-fold improve- ment in performance over conventional, general-purpose architec- tures. This book presents such an architecture for high perfor- mance execution of Prolog programs. The architecture is based on the abstract machine descrip- tion introduced by David H.D. Warren known as the Warren Abstract Machine (W AM). The execution model of the W AM is described and extended to provide a complete Instruction Set Architecture (lSA) for Prolog known as the PLM. This ISA is then realized in a microarchitecture and finally in a hardware design. The work described here represents one of the first efforts to implement the W AM model in hardware. The approach taken is that of direct implementation of the high level WAM instruction set in hardware resulting in a elSe style archi- tecture.

Supercomputing is an important science and technology that enables the scientist or the engineer to simulate numerically very complex physical phenomena related to large-scale scientific, industrial and military applications. It has made considerable progress since the first NATO Workshop on High-Speed Computation in 1983 (Vol. 7 of the same series). This book is a collection of papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Trondheim, Norway, in June 1989. It presents key research issues related to: - hardware systems, architecture and performance; - compilers and programming tools; - user environments and visualization; - algorithms and applications. Contributions include critical evaluations of the state-of-the-art and many original research results.

This book gives an introduction to the mathematical theory of cooperative behavior in active systems of various origins, both natural and artificial. It is based on a lecture course in synergetics which I held for almost ten years at the University of Moscow. The first volume deals mainly with the problems of pattern fonnation and the properties of self-organized regular patterns in distributed active systems. It also contains a discussion of distributed analog information processing which is based on the cooperative dynamics of active systems. The second volume is devoted to the stochastic aspects of self-organization and the properties of self-established chaos. I have tried to avoid delving into particular applications. The primary intention is to present general mathematical models that describe the principal kinds of coopera tive behavior in distributed active systems. Simple examples, ranging from chemical physics to economics, serve only as illustrations of the typical context in which a particular model can apply. The manner of exposition is more in the tradition of theoretical physics than of in mathematics: Elaborate fonnal proofs and rigorous estimates are often replaced the text by arguments based on an intuitive understanding of the relevant models. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of this book, its readers might well come from very diverse fields of endeavor. It was therefore desirable to minimize the re quired preliminary knowledge. Generally, a standard university course in differential calculus and linear algebra is sufficient."

There is nO' dDubt that the mioroprooessor (~p) revDlutiDn will cDntinue intO' the future and many will be required to' specify and integrate mi- crDprDceSSDrs intO' prDducts Dr systems in their Dwn disciplines. There- fDre, well-designed flexible interfaoes will be required to' ensure CDm- patibility with Dther equipments and to' extend design DptiDns. AlthDugh there are several bDDks Dn micrDcDmputers and micrDprDcessDrs, Dnly few Df thDse devDte but a small part Dn the impDrtant aspects Df interfaces. It was with this in mind that the present bDDk was written as a selfcDn- tained vDlume to' be part Df the mDre general series : Mioroprooessors- Based Systems Engineering. It fills an existing gap in technDIDgy, as in- terfaces are the last items to' be seriDusly cDnsidered in the race Df new technDIDgy, and it deals with the systematic study Df micrDprDcessDr interfaces and their applicatiDns in many diversified fields. This bDDk is aimed at engineers in industry and engineering stu- dents whO' need to' learn hDW to' interface micrDprDcessDrs, and hence mi- crDcDmputers and Dther related equipments, to' external digital Dr analDg devices. It is suitable fDr use as a textbDDk Dr fDr supplementary read- ing, either in an applied undergraduate CDurse in electrical engineering Dr in the last year Df three-year-curriculum technical cDlleges.

Synchronization is one of the important issues in digital system design. While other approaches have always been intriguing, up until now synchro nous operation using a common clock has been the dominant design philo sophy. However, we have reached the point, with advances in technology, where other options should be given serious consideration. This is because the clock periods are getting much smaller in relation to the interconnect propagation delays, even within a single chip and certainly at the board and backplane level. To a large extent, this problem can be overcome with care ful clock distribution in synchronous design, and tools for computer-aided design of clock distribution. However, this places global constraints on the design, making it necessary, for example, to redesign the clock distribution each time any part of the system is changed. In this book, some alternative approaches to synchronization in digital sys tem design are described and developed. We owe these techniques to a long history of effort in both digital system design and in digital communica tions, the latter field being relevant because large propagation delays have always been a dominant consideration in design. While synchronous design is discussed and contrasted to the other techniques in Chapter 6, the dom inant theme of this book is alternative approaches.

Computations with Markov Chains presents the edited and reviewed proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Numerical Solution of Markov Chains, held January 16--18, 1995, in Raleigh, North Carolina. New developments of particular interest include recent work on stability and conditioning, Krylov subspace-based methods for transient solutions, quadratic convergent procedures for matrix geometric problems, further analysis of the GTH algorithm, the arrival of stochastic automata networks at the forefront of modelling stratagems, and more. An authoritative overview of the field for applied probabilists, numerical analysts and systems modelers, including computer scientists and engineers.

It is almost six years since the inauguration of the TRON project, a con cept first proposed by Dr. K. Sakamura of the University of Tokyo, and it is almost 2 years since the foundation of the TRON Association on March 1988. The number of regular member companies registered in the TRON Association as of November 1988 is 145 which is a new re cord for the Association. Some of this year's major activities that I would particularly like to mention are: - Over 50 TRON project-related products have been or are about to be introduced to the marketplace, according to a preliminary report from the Future Study Committee of the TRON Association. In par ticular, I am happy to say that the ITRON subproject, which is ahead of the other subprojects, has progressed so far that several papers on ITRON applications will be presented at this conference, which means that the ITRON specifications are now ready for application to em bedded commercial and industrial products."

This volume contains refereed papers and extended abstracts of papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop entitled 'Numerical Integration: Recent Developments, Software and Applications', held at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, August 11-15, 1986. The Workshop was attended by thirty-six scientists from eleven NATO countries. Thirteen invited lectures and twenty-two contributed lectures were presented, of which twenty-five appear in full in this volume, together with extended abstracts of the remaining ten. It is more than ten years since the last workshop of this nature was held, in Los Alamos in 1975. Many developments have occurred in quadrature in the intervening years, and it seemed an opportune time to bring together again researchers in this area. The development of QUADPACK by Piessens, de Doncker, Uberhuber and Kahaner has changed the focus of research in the area of one dimensional quadrature from the construction of new rules to an emphasis on reliable robust software. There has been a dramatic growth in interest in the testing and evaluation of software, stimulated by the work of Lyness and Kaganove, Einarsson, and Piessens. The earlier research of Patterson into Kronrod extensions of Gauss rules, followed by the work of Monegato, and Piessens and Branders, has greatly increased interest in Gauss-based formulas for one-dimensional integration.

Performance Evaluation, Prediction and Visualization in Parallel Systems presents a comprehensive and systematic discussion of theoretics, methods, techniques and tools for performance evaluation, prediction and visualization of parallel systems. Chapter 1 gives a short overview of performance degradation of parallel systems, and presents a general discussion on the importance of performance evaluation, prediction and visualization of parallel systems. Chapter 2 analyzes and defines several kinds of serial and parallel runtime, points out some of the weaknesses of parallel speedup metrics, and discusses how to improve and generalize them. Chapter 3 describes formal definitions of scalability, addresses the basic metrics affecting the scalability of parallel systems, discusses scalability of parallel systems from three aspects: parallel architecture, parallel algorithm and parallel algorithm-architecture combinations, and analyzes the relations of scalability and speedup. Chapter 4 discusses the methodology of performance measurement, describes the benchmark- oriented performance test and analysis and how to measure speedup and scalability in practice. Chapter 5 analyzes the difficulties in performance prediction, discusses application-oriented and architecture-oriented performance prediction and how to predict speedup and scalability in practice. Chapter 6 discusses performance visualization techniques and tools for parallel systems from three stages: performance data collection, performance data filtering and performance data visualization, and classifies the existing performance visualization tools. Chapter 7 describes parallel compiling-based, search-based and knowledge-based performance debugging, which assists programmers to optimize the strategy or algorithm in their parallel programs, and presents visual programming-based performance debugging to help programmers identify the location and cause of the performance problem. It also provides concrete suggestions on how to modify their parallel program to improve the performance. Chapter 8 gives an overview of current interconnection networks for parallel systems, analyzes the scalability of interconnection networks, and discusses how to measure and improve network performances. Performance Evaluation, Prediction and Visualization in Parallel Systems serves as an excellent reference for researchers, and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the topic.

Dependable Network Computing provides insights into various problems facing millions of global users resulting from the 'internet revolution'. It covers real-time problems involving software, servers, and large-scale storage systems with adaptive fault-tolerant routing and dynamic reconfiguration techniques. Also included is material on routing protocols, QoS, and dead- and live-lock free related issues. All chapters are written by leading specialists in their respective fields. Dependable Network Computing provides useful information for scientists, researchers, and application developers building networks based on commercially off-the-shelf components.

The most important uses of computing in the future will be those related to the global 'digital convergence' where all computing becomes digital and internetworked. This convergence will be propelled by new and advanced applications in storage, searching, retrieval and exchanging of information in a myriad of forms. All of these will place heavy demands on large parallel and distributed computer systems because these systems have high intrinsic failure rates. The challenge to the computer scientist is to build a system that is inexpensive, accessible and dependable. The chapters in this book provide insight into many of these issues and others that will challenge researchers and applications developers. Included among these topics are: * Fault-tolerance in communication protocols for distributed systems including synchronous and asynchronous group communication. * Methods and approaches for achieving fault-tolerance in distributed systems such as those used in networks of workstations (NOW), dependable cluster systems, and scalable coherent interfaces (SCI)-based local area multiprocessors (LAMP).* General models and features of distributed safety-critical systems built from commercial off-the-shelf components as well as service dependability in telecomputing systems. * Dependable parallel systems for real-time processing of video signals. * Embedding in faulty multiprocessor systems, broadcasting, system-level testing techniques, on-line detection and recovery from intermittent and permanent faults, and more. Fault-Tolerant Parallel and Distributed Systems is a coherent and uniform collection of chapters with contributions by several of the leading experts working on fault-resilient applications. The numerous techniques and methods included will be of special interest to researchers, developers, and graduate students.

The advent of the world-wide web and web-based applications have dramatically changed the nature of computer applications. Computer system design, in the light of these changes, involves understanding these modem workloads, identifying bottlenecks during their execution, and appropriately tailoring microprocessors, memory systems, and the overall system to minimize bottlenecks. This book contains ten chapters dealing with several contemporary programming paradigms including Java, web server and database workloads. The first two chapters concentrate on Java. While Barisone et al.'s characterization in Chapter 1 deals with instruction set usage of Java applications, Kim et al.'s analysis in Chapter 2 focuses on memory referencing behavior of Java workloads. Several applications including the SPECjvm98 suite are studied using interpreter and Just-In-Time (TIT) compilers. Barisone et al.'s work includes an analytical model to compute the utilization of various functional units. Kim et al. present information on locality, live-range of objects, object lifetime distribution, etc. Studying database workloads has been a challenge to research groups, due to the difficulty in accessing standard benchmarks. Configuring hardware and software for database benchmarks such as those from the Transactions Processing Council (TPC) requires extensive effort. In Chapter 3, Keeton and Patterson present a simplified workload (microbenchmark) that approximates the characteristics of complex standardized benchmarks.

Over the last decade, the role of computational simulations in all aspects of aerospace design has steadily increased. However, despite the many advances, the time required for computations is far too long. This book examines new ideas and methodologies that may, in the next twenty years, revolutionize scientific computing. The book specifically looks at trends in algorithm research, human computer interface, network-based computing, surface modeling and grid generation and computer hardware and architecture. The book provides a good overview of the current state-of-the-art and provides guidelines for future research directions. The book is intended for computational scientists active in the field and program managers making strategic research decisions.

Parallel Language and Compiler Research in Japan offers the international community an opportunity to learn in-depth about key Japanese research efforts in the particular software domains of parallel programming and parallelizing compilers. These are important topics that strongly bear on the effectiveness and affordability of high performance computing systems. The chapters of this book convey a comprehensive and current depiction of leading edge research efforts in Japan that focus on parallel software design, development, and optimization that could be obtained only through direct and personal interaction with the researchers themselves.

It has been almost 5 years since the inauguration of the TRON project, a concept first proposed by Dr. K. Sakamura of the University of Tokyo. The TRON Association, which was founded as an independent organization in March 1988, has been taking over the activities of the earlier TRON Association, which was a division of Japan Electronic Industry Development Association (JEIDA). It has been expanding various operations to globalize the organizations activities. The number of member companies already exceeds 100, with increasing participation from overseas companies. It is truly an awaring historical event that so many members with the same qualifications and aims engaged in the research and development of the computer environment could be gathered together. The TRON concept aims at the creation of a new and complete environment beneficial to both computer and mankind. It has a very wide scope and great diversity. As it includes the open architecture concept and as the TRON machine should be able to work with various foreign languages, the TRON is targetted to be used internationally. In order for us to create a complete TRON world, at though there are several TRON products already on the market, continuous and aggressive participation from as members together with concentration as further development are indispensable. We, the TRON promoters, are much encouraged by such a driving force.

Computer Systems and Software Engineering is a compilation of sixteen state-of-the-art lectures and keynote speeches given at the COMPEURO '92 conference. The contributions are from leading researchers, each of whom gives a new insight into subjects ranging from hardware design through parallelism to computer applications. The pragmatic flavour of the contributions makes the book a valuable asset for both researchers and designers alike. The book covers the following subjects: Hardware Design: memory technology, logic design, algorithms and architecture; Parallel Processing: programming, cellular neural networks and load balancing; Software Engineering: machine learning, logic programming and program correctness; Visualization: the graphical computer interface.

Although asynchronous circuits date back to the early 1950s most of the digital circuits in use today are synchronous because, traditionally, asynchronous circuits have been viewed as difficult to understand and design. In recent years, however, there has been a great surge of interest in asynchronous circuits, largely through the development of new asynchronous design methodologies.
This book provides a comprehensive theory of asynchronous circuits, including modelling, analysis, simulation, specification, verification, and an introduction to their design. It is based on courses given to graduate students and will be suitable for computer scientists and engineers involved in the research and development of asynchronous designs.

Covers details on wireless communication problems, conducive for data-driven solutions Provides a comprehensive account of programming languages, tools, techniques, and good practices Provides an introduction to data-driven techniques applied to wireless communication systems Examines data-driven techniques, performance, and design issues in wireless networks Includes several case studies that examine data-driven solution for QoS in heterogeneous wireless networks

One suspects that the people who use computers for their livelihood are growing more "sophisticated" as the field of computer science evolves. This view might be defended by the expanding use of languages such as C and Lisp in contrast to the languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. This hypothesis is false however - computer languages are not like natural languages where successive generations stick with the language of their ancestors. Computer programmers do not grow more sophisticated - programmers simply take the time to muddle through the increasingly complex language semantics in an attempt to write useful programs. Of course, these programmers are "sophisticated" in the same sense as are hackers of MockLisp, PostScript, and Tex - highly specialized and tedious languages. It is quite frustrating how this myth of sophistication is propagated by some industries, universities, and government agencies. When I was an undergraduate at MIT, I distinctly remember the convoluted questions on exams concerning dynamic scoping in Lisp - the emphasis was placed solely on a "hacker's" view of computation, i. e. , the control and manipulation of storage cells. No consideration was given to the logical structure of programs. Within the past five years, Ada and Common Lisp have become programming language standards, despite their complexity (note that dynamic scoping was dropped even from Common Lisp). Of course, most industries' selection of programming languages are primarily driven by the requirement for compatibility (with previous software) and performance.