Floating-point arithmetic is the most widely used way of implementing real-number arithmetic on modern computers. However, making such an arithmetic reliable and portable, yet fast, is a very difficult task. As a result, floating-point arithmetic is far from being exploited to its full potential. This handbook aims to provide a complete overview of modern floating-point arithmetic. So that the techniques presented can be put directly into practice in actual coding or design, they are illustrated, whenever possible, by a corresponding program. The handbook is designed for programmers of numerical applications, compiler designers, programmers of floating-point algorithms, designers of arithmetic operators, and more generally, students and researchers in numerical analysis who wish to better understand a tool used in their daily work and research.

The volume, devoted to variational analysis and its applications, collects selected and refereed contributions, which provide an outline of the field. The meeting of the title "Equilibrium Problems and Variational Models," which was held in Erice (Sicily) in the period June 23 - July 2 2000, was the occasion of the presentation of some of these papers; other results are a consequence of a fruitful and constructive atmosphere created during the meeting. New results, which enlarge the field of application of variational analysis, are presented in the book; they deal with the vectorial analysis, time dependent variational analysis, exact penalization, high order deriva tives, geometric aspects, distance functions and log-quadratic proximal methodology. The new theoretical results allow one to improve in a remarkable way the study of significant problems arising from the applied sciences, as continuum model of transportation, unilateral problems, multicriteria spatial price models, network equilibrium problems and many others. As noted in the previous book "Equilibrium Problems: Nonsmooth Optimization and Variational Inequality Models," edited by F. Giannessi, A. Maugeri and P.M. Pardalos, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vol. 58 (2001), the progress obtained by variational analysis has permitted to han dle problems whose equilibrium conditions are not obtained by the mini mization of a functional. These problems obey a more realistic equilibrium condition expressed by a generalized orthogonality (complementarity) con dition, which enriches our knowledge of the equilibrium behaviour. Also this volume presents important examples of this formulation."

This book provides a coherent methodology for Model-Driven Requirements Engineering which stresses the systematic treatment of requirements within the realm of modelling and model transformations. The underlying basic assumption is that detailed requirements models are used as first-class artefacts playing a direct role in constructing software. To this end, the book presents the Requirements Specification Language (RSL) that allows precision and formality, which eventually permits automation of the process of turning requirements into a working system by applying model transformations and code generation to RSL. The book is structured in eight chapters. The first two chapters present the main concepts and give an introduction to requirements modelling in RSL. The next two chapters concentrate on presenting RSL in a formal way, suitable for automated processing. Subsequently, chapters 5 and 6 concentrate on model transformations with the emphasis on those involving RSL and UML. Finally, chapters 7 and 8 provide a summary in the form of a systematic methodology with a comprehensive case study. Presenting technical details of requirements modelling and model transformations for requirements, this book is of interest to researchers, graduate students and advanced practitioners from industry. While researchers will benefit from the latest results and possible research directions in MDRE, students and practitioners can exploit the presented information and practical techniques in several areas, including requirements engineering, architectural design, software language construction and model transformation. Together with a tool suite available online, the book supplies the reader with what it promises: the means to get from requirements to code "in a snap".

Introduction or Why I wrote this book N the fallof 1997 a dedicated troff user e-rnalled me the macros he used to typeset his books. 1took one look inside his fileand thought, "I can do I this;It'sjustcode. " Asan experiment1spent aweekand wrote a Cprogram and troff macros which formatted and typeset a membership directory for a scholarly society with approximately 2,000 members. When 1 was done, I could enter two commands, and my program and troff would convert raw membershipdata into 200 pages ofPostScriptin 35 seconds. Previously, it had taken me several days to prepare camera-readycopy for the directory using a word processor. For completeness 1sat down and tried to write 1EXmacros for the typesetting. 1failed. Although ninety-five percent of my macros worked, I was unable to prepare the columns the project required. As my frustration grew, 1began this book-mentally, in myhead-as an answer to the question, "Why is 'lEX so hard to learn?" Why use Tgx? Lest you accuse me of the old horse and cart problem, 1should address the question, "Why use 1EX at all?" before 1explain why 'lEX is hard. Iuse 'lEXfor the followingreasons. Itisstable, fast, free, and it uses ASCII. Ofcourse, the most important reason is: 'lEX does a fantastic job. Bystable, I mean it is not likely to change in the next 10 years (much less the next one or two), and it is free of bugs. Both ofthese are important.

Multilevel decision theory arises to resolve the contradiction between increasing requirements towards the process of design, synthesis, control and management of complex systems and the limitation of the power of technical, control, computer and other executive devices, which have to perform actions and to satisfy requirements in real time. This theory rises suggestions how to replace the centralised management of the system by hierarchical co-ordination of sub-processes. All sub-processes have lower dimensions, which support easier management and decision making. But the sub-processes are interconnected and they influence each other. Multilevel systems theory supports two main methodological tools: decomposition and co-ordination. Both have been developed, and implemented in practical applications concerning design, control and management of complex systems. In general, it is always beneficial to find the best or optimal solution in processes of system design, control and management. The real tendency towards the best (optimal) decision requires to present all activities in the form of a definition and then the solution of an appropriate optimization problem. Every optimization process needs the mathematical definition and solution of a well stated optimization problem. These problems belong to two classes: static optimization and dynamic optimization. Static optimization problems are solved applying methods of mathematical programming: conditional and unconditional optimization. Dynamic optimization problems are solved by methods of variation calculus: Euler Lagrange method; maximum principle; dynamical programming."

There are many surprising connections between the theory of numbers, which is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, and computing and information theory. Number theory has important applications in computer organization and security, coding and cryptography, random number generation, hash functions, and graphics. Conversely, number theorists use computers in factoring large integers, determining primes, testing conjectures, and solving other problems. This book takes the reader from elementary number theory, via algorithmic number theory, to applied number theory in computer science. It introduces basic concepts, results, and methods, and discusses their applications in the design of hardware and software, cryptography, and security. It is aimed at undergraduates in computing and information technology, but will also be valuable to mathematics students interested in applications. In this 2nd edition full proofs of many theorems are added and some corrections are made.

Since the introduction of personal computers, software has emerged as a driving force in the global economy and a major industry in its own right. During this time, the U.S. government has reversed its prior policy against software patents and is now issuing thousands of such patents each year, provoking heated controversy among programmers, lawyers, scholars, and software companies. This book is the first to step outside of the highly-polarized debate and examine the current state of the law, its suitability to the realities of software development, and its implications for day-to-day software development.

Written by a former lawyer and working software developer, "Inventing Software" provides a comprehensive overview of software patents, from the lofty perspectives of legal history and computing theory to the technical details and issues of actual patents. People interested in the legal aspect of software patents will find detailed technical analysis of actual patented software, the legal strategies behind the wording of the patents, and an analysis of the ease or difficulty of detecting infringements. Software developers will find ways to integrate patent planning into their standard software engineering practices, and a practical guide for studying and appraising their competitors' patents and safeguarding the value of their own. Intended primarily for programmers and software industry executives and managers, "Inventing Software" will also be useful, illuminating reading for attorneys and software company investors.

It explores a variety of modern applications in soft computing, including bioinspired computing, reconfigurable computing, fuzzy logic, fusion-based learning, intelligent healthcare systems, bioinformatics, data mining, functional approximation, genetic and evolutionary algorithms, hybrid models, machine learning, meta heuristics, neuro fuzzy system, and optimization principles. The book acts as a reference book for AI developers, researchers, and academicians as it addresses the recent technological developments in the field of soft computing.

In this book, veteran game developers, academics, journalists, and others provide their processes and experiences with level design. Each provides a unique perspective representing multiple steps of the process for interacting with and creating game levels - experiencing levels, designing levels, constructing levels, and testing levels. These diverse perspectives offer readers a window into the thought processes that result in memorable open game worlds, chilling horror environments, computer-generated levels, evocative soundscapes, and many other types of gamespaces. This collection invites readers into the minds of professional designers as they work and provides evergreen topics on level design and game criticism to inspire both new and veteran designers. Key Features: Learn about the processes of experienced developers and level designers in their own words Discover best-practices for creating levels for persuasive play and designing collaboratively Offers analysis methods for better understanding game worlds and how they function in response to gameplay Find your own preferred method of level design by learning the processes of multiple industry veterans

HTML, JavaScript, and PHP are Web-based programming languages that can be used to solve computational problems in an online environment.

This easy-to-read, informative guide/reference will enable readers to quickly develop a working knowledge of HTML, JavaScript and PHP a valuable skill for any scientist or engineer. Updating and expanding upon the author s previous Springer titles, "An Introduction to HTML and JavaScript" and "An Introduction to PHP," the text emphasizes a hands-on approach to learning and makes extensive use of examples throughout the book. A detailed science, engineering, or mathematics background is not required to understand the material, making the book ideally suitable for self-study or an introductory course in programming.

Topics and features: describes the creation and use of HTML documents, including tables, forms, lists, frames, and cascading style sheets; presents fundamental concepts of client-side and server-side programming languages and their application to scientific and engineering calculations, using JavaScript and PHP; examines JavaScript and PHP implementation of arrays, built-in and user-defined methods and functions, math capabilities, and input processing with HTML forms; with PHP, extends programming fundamentals to include reading and writing server-based files, command-line interfaces, and an introduction to GD graphics; appendices include lists of ASCII and HTML special characters, and a brief introduction to using a pseudocode approach to organizing solutions to computing problems; includes a Glossary and an extensive set of programming exercises.

This highly useful guidebook supplies all the tools necessary to begin programming in HTML, JavaScript and PHP for scientific and engineering applications. Its clear writing style, with a focus on the importance of learning by example, will appeal to both professionals and undergraduate students in any technical field.

This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications ALGORITHMS FOR PARALLEL PROCESSING is based on the proceedings of a workshop that was an integral part of the 1996-97 IMA program on "MATHEMATICS IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING. " The workshop brought together algorithm developers from theory, combinatorics, and scientific computing. The topics ranged over models, linear algebra, sorting, randomization, and graph algorithms and their analysis. We thank Michael T. Heath of University of lllinois at Urbana (Com puter Science), Abhiram Ranade of the Indian Institute of Technology (Computer Science and Engineering), and Robert S. Schreiber of Hewlett Packard Laboratories for their excellent work in organizing the workshop and editing the proceedings. We also take this opportunity to thank the National Science Founda tion (NSF) and the Army Research Office (ARO), whose financial support made the workshop possible. A vner Friedman Robert Gulliver v PREFACE The Workshop on Algorithms for Parallel Processing was held at the IMA September 16 - 20, 1996; it was the first workshop of the IMA year dedicated to the mathematics of high performance computing. The work shop organizers were Abhiram Ranade of The Indian Institute of Tech nology, Bombay, Michael Heath of the University of Illinois, and Robert Schreiber of Hewlett Packard Laboratories. Our idea was to bring together researchers who do innovative, exciting, parallel algorithms research on a wide range of topics, and by sharing insights, problems, tools, and methods to learn something of value from one another."

The emergence of the system-on-chip (SoC) era is creating many new challenges at all stages of the design process. Engineers are reconsidering how designs are specified, partitioned and verified. With systems and software engineers programming in C/C++ and their hardware counterparts working in hardware description languages such as VHDL and Verilog, problems arise from the use of different design languages, incompatible tools and fragmented tool flows. Momentum is building behind the SystemC language and modeling platform as the best solution for representing functionality, communication, and software and hardware implementations at various levels of abstraction. The reason is clear: increasing design complexity demands very fast executable specifications to validate system concepts, and only C/C++ delivers adequate levels of abstraction, hardware-software integration, and performance. System design today also demands a single common language and modeling foundation in order to make interoperable system--level design tools, services and intellectual property a reality. SystemC is entirely based on C/C++ and the complete source code for the SystemC reference simulator can be freely downloaded from www.systemc.org and executed on both PCs and workstations. System Design and SystemC provides a comprehensive introduction to the powerful modeling capabilities of the SystemC language, and also provides a large and valuable set of system level modeling examples and techniques. Written by experts from Cadence Design Systems, Inc. and Synopsys, Inc. who were deeply involved in the definition and implementation of the SystemC language and reference simulator, this book will provide you with thekey concepts you need to be successful with SystemC. System Design with SystemC thoroughly covers the new system level modeling capabilities available in SystemC 2.0 as well as the hardware modeling capabilities available in earlier versions of SystemC. designed and implemented the SystemC language and reference simulator, this book will provide you with the key concepts you need to be successful with SystemC. System Design with SystemC will be of interest to designers in industry working on complex system designs, as well as students and researchers within academia. All of the examples and techniques described within this book can be used with freely available compilers and debuggers &endash; no commercial software is needed. Instructions for obtaining the free source code for the examples obtained within this book are included in the first chapter.

This edited volume comprises invited chapters that cover five areas of the current and the future development of intelligent systems and information sciences. Half of the chapters were presented as invited talks at the Workshop "Future Directions for Intelligent Systems and Information Sciences" held in Dunedin, New Zealand, 22-23 November 1999 after the International Conference on Neuro-Information Processing (lCONIPI ANZIISI ANNES '99) held in Perth, Australia. In order to make this volume useful for researchers and academics in the broad area of information sciences I invited prominent researchers to submit materials and present their view about future paradigms, future trends and directions. Part I contains chapters on adaptive, evolving, learning systems. These are systems that learn in a life-long, on-line mode and in a changing environment. The first chapter, written by the editor, presents briefly the paradigm of Evolving Connectionist Systems (ECOS) and some of their applications. The chapter by Sung-Bae Cho presents the paradigms of artificial life and evolutionary programming in the context of several applications (mobile robots, adaptive agents of the WWW). The following three chapters written by R.Duro, J.Santos and J.A.Becerra (chapter 3), GCoghill . (chapter 4), Y.Maeda (chapter 5) introduce new techniques for building adaptive, learning robots.

This innovative resource provides the most comprehensive coverage of software fault tolerance techniques to guide professionals through design, operation and performance. It features an in-depth discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of specific techniques, so practitioners can decide which ones are best suited for their work. The book examines key programming techniques such as assertions, checkpointing, and atomic actions, and provides design tips and models to assist in the development of critical software fault tolerance software systems that help ensure dependable performance. From software reliability, recovery and redundancy to design- and data-diverse software fault tolerance techniques, this practical reference provides detailed insight into techniques that will improve the overall quality of software.

This book presents a variant of UML that is especially suitable for agile development of high-quality software. It adjusts the language UML profile, called UML/P, for optimal assistance for the design, implementation, and agile evolution to facilitate its use especially in agile, yet model based development methods for data intensive or control driven systems. After a general introduction to UML and the choices made in the development of UML/P in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 includes a definition of the language elements of class diagrams and their forms of use as views and representations. Next, Chapter 3 introduces the design and semantic facets of the Object Constraint Language (OCL), which is conceptually improved and syntactically adjusted to Java for better comfort. Subsequently, Chapter 4 introduces object diagrams as an independent, exemplary notation in UML/P, and Chapter 5 offers a detailed introduction to UML/P Statecharts. Lastly, Chapter 6 presents a simplified form of sequence diagrams for exemplary descriptions of object interactions. For completeness, appendixes A-C describe the full syntax of UML/P, and appendix D explains a sample application from the E-commerce domain, which is used in all chapters. This book is ideal for introductory courses for students and practitioners alike.

Inductive Logic Programming is a research area situated in machine learning and logic programming, two subfields of artificial intelligence. The goal of inductive logic programming is to develop theories, techniques and tools for inducing hypotheses from observations using the representations from computational logic. Inductive Logic Programming has a high potential for applications in data mining, automated scientific discovery, knowledge discovery in databases, as well as automatic programming. This book provides a detailed state-of-the-art overview of Inductive Logic Programming as well as a collection of recent technical contributions to Inductive Logic Programming. The state-of-the-art overview is based on - among others - the succesful ESPRIT basic research project no. 6020 on Inductive Logic Programming, funded by the European Commission from 1992 till 1995. It highlights some of the most important recent results within Inductive Logic Programming and can be used as a thorough introduction to the field. This book is relevant to students, researchers and practitioners of artificial intelligence and computer science, especially those concerned with machine learning, data mining and computational logic.

This comprehensive guide walks readers through the entire process of getting and keeping a writing job in the games industry. It outlines exactly what a beginner needs to know about education requirements, finding opportunities, applying for roles, and acing studio interviews. Professional writers will learn how to navigate studio hierarchies, transfer roles and companies, work overseas, and keep developing their careers. Written by an experienced games writer with nearly two decades of industry knowledge, the book contains a wealth of interviews and perspectives with industry leaders, hiring managers, and developers from marginalized communities, all offering their tips and insights. Included are examples of materials such as job posts, writing samples, and portfolios, as well as chapter end challenges for readers to directly apply the skills they have learnt. This book will be of great interest to all beginner and aspiring games writers and narrative designers, as well as more experienced writers looking to hone their skills.

Multiprocessor Execution of Logic Programs addresses the problem of efficient implementation of logic programming languages, specifically Prolog, on multiprocessor architectures. The approaches and implementations developed attempt to take full advantage of sequential implementation technology developed for Prolog (such as the WAM) while exploiting all forms of control parallelism present in logic programs, namely, or-parallelism, independent and-parallelism and dependent and-parallelism. Coverage includes a thorough survey of parallel implementation techniques and parallel systems developed for Prolog. Multiprocessor Execution of Logic Programs is recommended for people implementing parallel logic programming systems, parallel symbolic systems, parallel AI systems, and parallel theorem proving systems. It will also be useful to people who wish to learn about the implementation of parallel logic programming systems.

This book describes how to apply ICONIX Process (a minimal, use case-driven modeling process) in an agile software project. It's full of practical advice for avoiding common agile pitfalls. Further, the book defines a core agile subset so those of you who want to get agile need not spend years learning to do it. Instead, you can simply read this book and apply the core subset of techniques.

The book follows a real-life .NET/C# project from inception and UML modeling, to working code through several iterations. You can then go on-line to compare the finished product with the initial set of use cases.

The book also introduces several extensions to the core ICONIX Process, including combining Test-Driven Development (TDD) with up-front design to maximize both approaches (with examples using Java and JUnit). And the book incorporates persona analysis to drive the projects goals and reduce requirements churn.

This new volume provides the information needed to understand the simplex method, the revised simplex method, dual simplex method, and more for solving linear programming problems. Following a logical order, the book first gives a mathematical model of the linear problem programming and describes the usual assumptions under which the problem is solved. It gives a brief description of classic algorithms for solving linear programming problems as well as some theoretical results. It goes on to explain the definitions and solutions of linear programming problems, outlining the simplest geometric methods and showing how they can be implemented. Practical examples are included along the way. The book concludes with a discussion of multi-criteria decision-making methods. Advances in Optimization and Linear Programming is a highly useful guide to linear programming for professors and students in optimization and linear programming.

Since the early seventies concepts of specification have become central in the whole area of computer science. Especially algebraic specification techniques for abstract data types and software systems have gained considerable importance in recent years. They have not only played a central role in the theory of data type specification, but meanwhile have had a remarkable influence on programming language design, system architectures, arid software tools and environments. The fundamentals of algebraic specification lay a basis for teaching, research, and development in all those fields of computer science where algebraic techniques are the subject or are used with advantage on a conceptual level. Such a basis, however, we do not regard to be a synopsis of all the different approaches and achievements but rather a consistently developed theory. Such a theory should mainly emphasize elaboration of basic concepts from one point of view and, in a rigorous way, reach the state of the art in the field. We understand fundamentals in this context as: 1. Fundamentals in the sense of a carefully motivated introduction to algebraic specification, which is understandable for computer scientists and mathematicians. 2. Fundamentals in the sense of mathematical theories which are the basis for precise definitions, constructions, results, and correctness proofs. 3. Fundamentals in the sense of concepts from computer science, which are introduced on a conceptual level and formalized in mathematical terms.

This thesis introduces a successfully designed and commissioned intelligent health monitoring system, specifically for use on any industrial robot, which is able to predict the onset of faults in the joints of the geared transmissions. However the developed embedded wireless condition monitoring system leads itself very well for applications on any power transmission equipment in which the loads and speeds are not constant, and access is restricted. As such this provides significant scope for future development. Three significant achievements are presented in this thesis. First, the development of a condition monitoring algorithm based on vibration analysis of an industrial robot for fault detection and diagnosis. The combined use of a statistical control chart with time-domain signal analysis for detecting a fault via an arm-mounted wireless processor system represents the first stage of fault detection. Second, the design and development of a sophisticated embedded microprocessor base station for online implementation of the intelligent condition monitoring algorithm, and third, the implementation of a discrete wavelet transform, using an artificial neural network, with statistical feature extraction for robot fault diagnosis in which the vibration signals are first decomposed into eight levels of wavelet coefficients.

For courses in Introductory C# Programming. Clear, friendly, and approachable, this Fourth Edition of Starting Out With Visual C# is an ideal beginning text for students with no programming experience. Detailed walk-throughs and a readable, comprehensible style make the text inviting to new programmers, while numerous practical example programs highlight the most important programming topics. Gaddis's detailed, step-by-step instructions teach a GUI-based approach that motivates students with familiar graphical elements. Topics are examined progressively in each chapter, with objects taught before classes. The Fourth Edition has been completely updated for Visual Studio 2015 and contains new sections on debugging, accessing controls on different forms, and auto-properties.

Object-Process Methodology (OPM) is a comprehensive novel approach to systems engineering. Integrating function, structure and behavior in a single, unifying model, OPM significantly extends the system modeling capabilities of current object-oriented methods. Founded on a precise generic ontology and combining graphics with natural language, OPM is applicable to virtually any domain of business, engineering and science. Relieved from technical issues, system architects can use OPM to engage in the creative design of complex systems.The book presents the theory and practice of OPM with examples from various industry segments and engineering disciplines, as well as daily life. It includes a CD-ROM demo version of the award-winning OPM-supporting Object-Process CASE Tool (OPCAT). Using the numerous examples and exercises (with answers) in the book, this software enables the reader to gain hands-on experience in developing complex systems.

Today's distributed systems are characterized by interactions-often complex-between many different hardware and software components cooperating and exchanging information. To simplify development of interactive systems and facilitate communication and documentation, experts of varying disciplines employ descriptions, or specifications, of a given system's behavior and/or structure. Specification and Development of Interactive Systems offers a unique approach to program and software development suitable for large distributed systems, with an emphasis on modular system development and systems engineering. The authors build a basic method, called FOCUS, that enables interactive systems to be described by characterizing their histories of message interaction. The method covers functional requirements, timing, structure, and implementation issues of systems. In addition, the book describes how to connect the models and techniques to tables and diagram-based methods popular in practical systems engineering. Topics and features: * Specification of interface behavior and modular top-down system development * Specification of time and the modeling of hardware/software systems * Interface refinement and the modeling of development steps leading from one level of abstraction to the next * State transition diagrams and tables and the usage of common description techniques, such as found in UML This book provides a mathematical and logical foundation for the specification and development of interactive systems based on a model that describes systems in terms of their input/output behavior. The reader gains a comprehensive understanding of all fundamental models, techniques, and methods for interactive system design. The book is an essential resource for all researchers and professionals in computer science, software systems engineering and computer engineering.