A definitive reference for resolving the dilemma of application testing and debugging--one of the biggest time commitments in a programmer's daily routine--this book rescues readers from substandard application testing practices. It commences with several chapters that provide an overview the debugger's basic features, then covers common debugging scenarios.

Bioinspired computation methods such as evolutionary algorithms and ant colony optimization are being applied successfully to complex engineering problems and to problems from combinatorial optimization, and with this comes the requirement to more fully understand the computational complexity of these search heuristics. This is the first textbook covering the most important results achieved in this area.

The authors study the computational complexity of bioinspired computation and show how runtime behavior can be analyzed in a rigorous way using some of the best-known combinatorial optimization problems -- minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, maximum matching, covering and scheduling problems. A feature of the book is the separate treatment of single- and multiobjective problems, the latter a domain where the development of the underlying theory seems to be lagging practical successes.

This book will be very valuable for teaching courses on bioinspired computation and combinatorial optimization. Researchers will also benefit as the presentation of the theory covers the most important developments in the field over the last 10 years. Finally, with a focus on well-studied combinatorial optimization problems rather than toy problems, the book will also be very valuable for practitioners in this field.

The software product line strategy has enabled many organizations to improve productivity, reduce time-to-market, and address both mass- and niche markets. A successful product line organization achieves strategic levels of architectural reuse.

The topics in this book cover research related to the most important practices in a product line organization. The contributions provide experience-based knowledge about the domain and application engineering, the modeling and management of variability, and the design and use of tools to support the management of product line related knowledge. Kakola and Duenas have grouped them into five parts corresponding to the main areas of software product line engineering: product line management, product line requirements engineering, product line architecture, product line testing, and specific product line engineering issues. They ensured maximum coherence and cross-referencing throughout the book, imposing a common terminology and carefully integrating all chapters. The result is a valuable and enduring resource for researchers in both industry and academia who will also find many pointers for future research and implementation strategies. In addition, systems and software professionals, and technology managers aspiring to fully leverage the product line strategy will also benefit from many pertinent development details.

"This volume is a valuable resource for researchers wishing to move the product line strategy forward and for those charged with translating state-of-the-art ideas into state-of-the-practice processes and activities."

From the Foreword by John D. McGregor, Clemson University, USA

The Art of Computer Programming is Knuth's multivolume analysis of algorithms. With the addition of this new volume, it continues to be the definitive description of classical computer science. Volume 4B, the sequel to Volume 4A, extends Knuth's exploration of combinatorial algorithms. These algorithms are of keen interest to software designers because ". . . a single good idea can save years or even centuries of computer time." The book begins with coverage of Backtrack Programming, together with a set of data structures whose links perform "delightful dances" and are ideally suited to this domain. New techniques for important applications such as optimum partitioning and layout are thereby developed. Knuth's writing is playful, and he includes dozens of puzzles to illustrate the algorithms and techniques, ranging from popular classics like edge-matching to more recent crazes like sudoku. Recreational mathematicians and computer scientists will not be disappointed! In the second half of the book, Knuth addresses Satisfiability, one of the most fundamental problems in all of computer science. Innovative techniques developed at the beginning of the twenty-first century have led to game-changing applications, for such things as optimum scheduling, circuit design, and hardware verification. Thanks to these tools, computers are able to solve practical problems involving millions of variables that only a few years ago were regarded as hopeless. The Mathematical Preliminaries Redux section of the book is a special treat, which presents basic techniques of probability theory that have become prominent since the original "preliminaries" were discussed in Volume 1. As in every volume of this remarkable series, the book includes hundreds of exercises that employ Knuth's ingenious rating system, making it easy for readers of varying degrees of mathematical training to find challenges suitable to them. Detailed answers are provided to facilitate self-study. "Professor Donald E. Knuth has always loved to solve problems. In Volume 4B he now promotes two brand new and practical general problem solvers, namely (0) the Dancing Links Backtracking and (1) the SAT Solver. To use them, a problem is defined declaratively (0) as a set of options, or (1) in Boolean formulae. Today's laptop computers, heavily armoured with very high speed processors and ultra large amounts of memory, are able to run either solver for problems having big input data. Each section of Volume 4B contains a multitudinous number of tough exercises which help make understanding surer. Happy reading!" --Eiiti Wada, an elder computer scientist, UTokyo "Donald Knuth may very well be a great master of the analysis of algorithms, but more than that, he is an incredible and tireless storyteller who always strikes the perfect balance between theory, practice, and fun. [Volume 4B, Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 2] dives deep into the fascinating exploration of search spaces (which is quite like looking for a needle in a haystack or, even harder, to prove the absence of a needle in a haystack), where actions performed while moving forward must be meticulously undone when backtracking. It introduces us to the beauty of dancing links for removing and restoring the cells of a matrix in a dance which is both simple to implement and very efficient." --Christine Solnon, Department of Computer Science, INSA Lyon Register your book for convenient access to downloads, updates, and/or corrections as they become available.

This book is concerned with topological and differential properties of multivalued mappings and marginal functions. Beside this applica- tions to the sensitivity analysis of optimization problems, in particular nonlinear programming problems with perturbations, are studied. The elaborated methods are primarily obtained by theories and concepts of two former Soviet Union researchers, Demyanov and Rubinov. Con- sequently, a significant part of the presented results have never been published in English before. Based on the use of directional derivatives as a key tool in studying nonsmooth functions and multifunctions, these results can be considered as a further development of quasidifferential calculus created by Demyanov and Rubinov. In contrast to other research in this field, especially the recent publica- tion by Bonnans and Shapiro, this book analyses properties of marginal functions associated with optimization problems under quite general con- straints defined by means of multivalued mappings. A unified approach to directional differentiability of functions and multifunctions forms the base of the volume.

Welcome to the 6th International Conference on Open Source Systems of the IFIP Working Group 2. 13. This year was the ?rst time this international conf- ence was held in North America. We had a large number of high-quality papers, highlyrelevantpanelsandworkshops, acontinuationofthepopulardoctoralc- sortium, and multiple distinguished invited speakers. The success of OSS 2010 was only possible because an Organizing Committee, a Program Committee, Workshop and Doctoral Committees, and authors of research manuscripts from over 25 countries contributed their time and interest to OSS 2010. In the spirit of the communities we study, you self-organized, volunteered, and contributed to this important research forum studying free, libre, open source software and systems. We thank you Despite our modest success, we have room to improve and grow our conf- ence and community. At OSS 2010 we saw little or no participation from large portions of the world, including Latin America, Africa, China, and India. But opportunitiestoexpandarepossible. InJapan, weseeahotspotofparticipation led by Tetsuo Noda and his colleagues, both with full-paper submissions and a workshopon"OpenSourcePolicyandPromotionofITIndustries inEastAsia. " The location of OSS 2011 in Salvador, Brazil, will hopefully result in signi?cant participation from researchers in Brazil - already a strong user of OSS - and otherSouthAmericancountries. UndertheleadershipofMeganSquire, Publicity Chair, we recruited RegionalPublicity Co-chairscovering Japan (Tetsuo Noda), Africa(SulaymanSowe), the MiddleEastandSouthAsia(FaheenAhmed), R- sia and Eastern Europe (Alexey Khoroshilov), Western Europe (Yeliz Eseryel), UK and Ireland (Andrea Capiluppi), and the Nordic countries (Bj] orn Lundell)."

This book explores coordination within and between teams in the context of large-scale agile software development, providing readers a deeper understanding of how coordinated action between teams is achieved in multiteam systems. An exploratory multiple case study with five multiteam systems and a total of 66 interviewees from development teams at SAP SE is presented and analyzed. In addition, the book explores stereotypes of coordination in large-scale agile settings and shares new perspectives on integrating conditions for coordination. No previous study has researched this topic with a similar data set, consisting of insights from professional software development teams. As such, the book will be of interest to all researchers and practitioners whose work involves software product development across several teams.

This book initiates a new digital multimedia standards series. The purpose of the series is to make information about digital multimedia standards readilyavailable. Both tutorial and advanced topics will be covered in the series, often in one book. Our hope is that users will find the series helpful in deciding what standards to support and use while implementors will d- cover a wealth of technical details that help them implement those standards correctly. In today's global economy standards are increasingly important. Yet until a standard is widely used, most of the benefits of standardization are not realized. We hope that standards committee chairpeople will organize and encourage a book in this series devoted to their new standard. This can be a forum to share and preserve some ofthe "why" and "how" that went into the development of the standard and, in the process, assist in the rapid adoption of the standard. Already in production for this series are books titled Digital Video: - troduction to MPEG-2 and Data Compression in Digital Systems.

Parsing technology traditionally consists of two branches, which correspond to the two main application areas of context-free grammars and their generalizations. Efficient deterministic parsing algorithms have been developed for parsing programming languages, and quite different algorithms are employed for analyzing natural language. The Functional Treatment of Parsing provides a functional framework within which the different traditional techniques are restated and unified. The resulting theory provides new recursive implementations of parsers for context-free grammars. The new implementations, called recursive ascent parsers, avoid explicit manipulation of parse stacks and parse matrices, and are in many ways superior to conventional implementations. They are applicable to grammars for programming languages as well as natural languages. The book has been written primarily for students and practitioners of parsing technology. With its emphasis on modern functional methods, however, the book will also be of benefit to scientists interested in functional programming. The Functional Treatment of Parsing is an excellent reference and can be used as a text for a course on the subject.

In a model-based development of software systems different views on a system are elaborated using appropriate modeling languages and techniques. Because of the unavoidable heterogeneity of the viewpoint models, a semantic integration is required, to establish the correspondences of the models and allow checking of their relative consistency.

The integration approach introduced in this book is based on a common semantic domain of abstract systems, their composition and development. Its applicability is shown through semantic interpretations and compositional comparisons of different specification approaches. These range from formal specification techniques like process calculi, Petri nets and rule-based formalisms to semiformal software modeling languages like those in the UML family.

SMIL 3.0: Multimedia for the Web, Mobile Devices and Daisy Talking Books is a revised introduction to - and resource guide for - the W3C SMIL language. It covers all aspects of the SMIL specification and covers all of SMIL's implem- tation profiles, from the desktop through the world of mobile SMIL devices. Based on the first version of the book, which covered SMIL 2.0, this edition has been updated with information from the past two releases of the SMIL l- guage. We have benefitted from comments and suggestions from many readers of the first edition, and have produced what we feel is the most comprehensive guide to SMIL available anywhere. Motivation for this Book While we were working on various phases of the SMIL recommendations, it became clear to us that the richness of the SMIL language could easily ov- whelm many Web authors and designers. In the 500+ pages that the SYMM working group needed to describe the 30+ SMIL elements and the 150+ SMIL attributes, there was not much room for background information or extensive examples. The focus of the specification was on implementation aspects of the SMIL language, not on the rationale or the potential uses of SMIL's declarative power.

The research and its outcomes presented in this collection focus on various aspects of high-performance computing (HPC) software and its development which is confronted with various challenges as today's supercomputer technology heads towards exascale computing. The individual chapters address one or more of the research directions (1) computational algorithms, (2) system software, (3) application software, (4) data management and exploration, (5) programming, and (6) software tools. The collection thereby highlights pioneering research findings as well as innovative concepts in exascale software development that have been conducted under the umbrella of the priority programme "Software for Exascale Computing" (SPPEXA) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and that have been presented at the SPPEXA Symposium, Jan 25-27 2016, in Munich. The book has an interdisciplinary appeal: scholars from computational sub-fields in computer science, mathematics, physics, or engineering will find it of particular interest.

A broad-ranging survey of our current understanding of visual languages and their theoretical foundations. Its main focus is the definition, specification, and structural analysis of visual languages by grammars, logic, and algebraic methods and the use of these techniques in visual language implementation. Researchers in formal language theory, HCI, artificial intelligence, and computational linguistics will all find this an invaluable guide to the current state of research in the field.

Business rules are everywhere. Every enterprise process, task, activity, or function is governed by rules. However, some of these rules are implicit and thus poorly enforced, others are written but not enforced, and still others are perhaps poorly written and obscurely enforced. The business rule approach looks for ways to elicit, communicate, and manage business rules in a way that all stakeholders can understand, and to enforce them within the IT infrastructure in a way that supports their traceability and facilitates their maintenance.

Boyer and Mili will help you to adopt the business rules approach effectively. While most business rule development methodologies put a heavy emphasis on up-front business modeling and analysis, agile business rule development (ABRD) as introduced in this book is incremental, iterative, and test-driven. Rather than spending weeks discovering and analyzing rules for a complete business function, ABRD puts the emphasis on producing executable, tested rule sets early in the project without jeopardizing the quality, longevity, and maintainability of the end result. The authors presentation covers all four aspects required for a successful application of the business rules approach: (1) foundations, to understand what business rules are (and are not) and what they can do for you; (2) methodology, to understand how to apply the business rules approach; (3) architecture, to understand how rule automation impacts your application; (4) implementation, to actually deliver the technical solution within the context of a particular business rule management system (BRMS). Throughout the book, the authors use an insurance case study that deals with claim processing.

Boyer and Mili cater to different audiences: Project managers will find a pragmatic, proven methodology for delivering and maintaining business rule applications. Business analysts and rule authors will benefit from guidelines and best practices for rule discovery and analysis. Application architects and software developers will appreciate an exploration of the design space for business rule applications, proven architectural and design patterns, and coding guidelines for using JRules.

Non-Functional Requirements in Software Engineering presents a systematic and pragmatic approach to `building quality into' software systems. Systems must exhibit software quality attributes, such as accuracy, performance, security and modifiability. However, such non-functional requirements (NFRs) are difficult to address in many projects, even though there are many techniques to meet functional requirements in order to provide desired functionality. This is particularly true since the NFRs for each system typically interact with each other, have a broad impact on the system and may be subjective. To enable developers to systematically deal with a system's diverse NFRs, this book presents the NFR Framework. Structured graphical facilities are offered for stating NFRs and managing them by refining and inter-relating NFRs, justifying decisions, and determining their impact. Since NFRs might not be absolutely achieved, they may simply be satisfied sufficiently (`satisficed'). To reflect this, NFRs are represented as `softgoals', whose interdependencies, such as tradeoffs and synergy, are captured in graphs. The impact of decisions is qualitatively propagated through the graph to determine how well a chosen target system satisfices its NFRs. Throughout development, developers direct the process, using their expertise while being aided by catalogues of knowledge about NFRs, development techniques and tradeoffs, which can all be explored, reused and customized. Non-Functional Requirements in Software Engineering demonstrates the applicability of the NFR Framework to a variety of NFRs, domains, system characteristics and application areas. This will help readers apply the Framework to NFRs and domains of particular interest to them. Detailed treatments of particular NFRs - accuracy, security and performance requirements - along with treatments of NFRs for information systems are presented as specializations of the NFR Framework. Case studies of NFRs for a variety of information systems include credit card and administrative systems. The use of the Framework for particular application areas is illustrated for software architecture as well as enterprise modelling. Feedback from domain experts in industry and government provides an initial evaluation of the Framework and some case studies. Drawing on research results from several theses and refereed papers, this book's presentation, terminology and graphical notation have been integrated and illustrated with many figures. Non-Functional Requirements in Software Engineering is an excellent resource for software engineering practitioners, researchers and students.

The emergence of Web 2.0 has triggered a trend towards global online social interactions and has brought sociology into the global interactive picture, creating educational issues relating to individual and social learning for the internalization and externalization of information and knowledge. ""Educational Social Software for Context-Aware Learning: Collaborative Methods and Human Interaction"" examines socio-cultural elements in educational computing focused on design and theory where learning and setting are intertwined. This advanced publication addresses real-life case studies where evaluations have been applied and validated in computational systems.

IFIP's Working Group 2.7(13.4)* has, since its establishment in 1974, con centrated on the software problems of user interfaces. From its original interest in operating systems interfaces the group has gradually shifted em phasis towards the development of interactive systems. The group has orga nized a number of international working conferences on interactive software technology, the proceedings of which have contributed to the accumulated knowledge in the field. The current title of the Working Group is 'User Interface Engineering', with the aim of investigating the nature, concepts, and construction of user interfaces for software systems. The scope of work involved is: - to increase understanding of the development of interactive systems; - to provide a framework for reasoning about interactive systems; - to provide engineering models for their development. This report addresses all three aspects of the scope, as further described below. In 1986 the working group published a report (Beech, 1986) with an object-oriented reference model for describing the components of operating systems interfaces. The modelwas implementation oriented and built on an object concept and the notion of interaction as consisting of commands and responses. Through working with that model the group addressed a number of issues, such as multi-media and multi-modal interfaces, customizable in terfaces, and history logging. However, a conclusion was reached that many software design considerations and principles are independent of implemen tation models, but do depend on the nature of the interaction process."

A collection of the most up-to-date research-oriented chapters on information systems development and database, this book provides an understanding of the capabilities and features of new ideas and concepts in information systems development, databases, and forthcoming technologies.

This book proposes a purely classical first-order logical approach to the theory of programming. The authors, leading members of the famous "Hungarian school," use this approach to give a unified and systematic presentation of the theory. This approach provides formal methods and tools for reasoning about computer programs and programming languages by allowing the syntactic and semantic characterization of programs, the description of program properties, and ways to check whether a given program satisfies certain properties. The basic methods are logical extension, inductive definition and their combination, all of which admit an appropriate first-order representation of data and time. The framework proposed by the authors allows the investigation and development of different programming theories and logics from a unified point of view. Dynamic and temporal logics, for example, are investigated and compared with respect to their expressive and proof-theoretic powers. The book should appeal to both theoretical researchers and students. For researchers in computer science the book provides a coherent presentation of a new approach which permits the solution of various problems in programming theory in a unified manner by the use of first-order logical tools. The book may serve as a basis for graduate courses in programming theory and logic as it covers all important questions arising between the theory of computation and formal descriptive languages and presents an appropriate derivation system.

In earlier forewords to the books in this series on Discrete Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS), we have dwelt on the pervasive nature of DEDS in our human-made world. From manufacturing plants to computer/communication networks, from traffic systems to command-and-control, modern civilization cannot function without the smooth operation of such systems. Yet mathemat ical tools for the analysis and synthesis of DEDS are nascent when compared to the well developed machinery of the continuous variable dynamic systems char acterized by differential equations. The performance evaluation tool of choice for DEDS is discrete event simulation both on account of its generality and its explicit incorporation of randomness. As it is well known to students of simulation, the heart of the random event simulation is the uniform random number generator. Not so well known to the practitioners are the philosophical and mathematical bases of generating "random" number sequence from deterministic algorithms. This editor can still recall his own painful introduction to the issues during the early 80's when he attempted to do the first perturbation analysis (PA) experiments on a per sonal computer which, unbeknownst to him, had a random number generator with a period of only 32,768 numbers. It is no exaggeration to say that the development of PA was derailed for some time due to this ignorance of the fundamentals of random number generation."

M. CARPENTIER Director General DG XIII, Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation of the Commission of the European Communities It is with great pleasure that I introduce and recommend this collection of guidelines produced by EWICS TC7. This Technical Committee has consistently attracted technical experts of high quality from all over Europe and the standard of the Committee's work has reflected this. The Committee has been sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities since 1978. During this period, there has been the opportunity to observe the enthusiasm and dedication in the activities of the group, the expertise and effort invested in its work, the discipline in meeting objectives and the quality of the resulting guidelines. It is no surprise that these guidelines have influenced the work of international standardisation bodies. Now the first six of EWICS TCTs guidelines are being made available as a book. I am convinced that all computer system developers who use them will greatly enhance their chances of achieving quality systems. v Acknowledgements In the preparation of this book, the editoLisgrateful to P. Bishop, G. Covington II, C. Goring, and W. Quirk for their help in editing the guidelines. In addition, he would like to thank S. Bologna, W. Ehrenberger, M. Ould, J. Rata, L. Sintonen and J. Zalewski for reviewing the chapters and providing additional material.

The art, craft, discipline, logic, practice, and science of developing large-scale software products needs a believable, professional base. The textbooks in this three-volume set combine informal, engineeringly sound practice with the rigour of formal, mathematics-based approaches.

Volume 3 is based on the maxim: "Before software can be designed its requirements must be well understood, and before the requirements can be expressed properly the domain of the application must be well understood." This book covers the process from the development of domain descriptions, via the derivation of requirements prescriptions from domain models, to the refinement of requirements into software designs, i.e., architectures and component design. Emphasis is placed on what goes into proper domain descriptions and requirements prescriptions, how one acquires and analyses the domain knowledge and requirements expectations, and how one validates and verifies domain and requirements models.

The reader can take an informal route through Vol. 3, and this would be suitable for undergraduate courses on software engineering. Advanced students, lecturers, and researchers may instead follow the formal route through Vol. 3, and in this case Vol. 1 is a prerequisite text. Lecturers will be supported with a comprehensive guide to designing modules based on the textbooks, with solutions to many of the exercises presented, and with a complete set of lecture slides.

Both object orientation and parallelism are modern programming paradigms which have gained much popularity in the last 10-15 years. Object orientation raises hopes for increased productivity of software generation and maintenance methods. Parallelism can serve to structure a problem but also promises faster program execution. The two areas of computing science in which these paradigms play the most prominent role are programming languages and databases. In programming languages, one can take an academic approach with a primary focus on the generality of the semantics of the language constructs which support the respective paradigm. In databases, one is willing to restrict the power of the constructs in the interest of increased efficiency. Inter- and intra-object parallelism have received an increasing amount of attention in the last few years by researchers in the area of object- oriented programming. At first glance, an object is very similar to a process which offers services to other processes and demands services from them. It has, however, transpired that object-oriented concepts cause problems when combined with parallelism. In programming languages, the introduction of parallelism and the synchronization constraints it brings with it can get in the way of code reusability. In databases, the combination of object orientation and parallelism requires, for example, a generalization of the transaction model, new approaches to the specification of information systems, an implementation model of object communication, and the design of an overall system architecture. There has been insufficient communication between researchers in programming languages and in databases on these issues. Object Orientation with Parallelism and Persistence grew out of a Dagstuhl Seminar of the same title in April 1995 whose goal it was to put the new research area object orientation with parallelism' on an interdisciplinary basis. Object Orientation with Parallelism and Persistence will be of interest to researchers and professionals working in software engineering, programming languages, and database systems.