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Books > Law > Other areas of law > Ecclesiastical (canon) law
This thesis presented to the University of Munich uses early
theological, legal and political writings by Hugo Grotius to
determine his political position and the argumentative strategies
he deployed in the Arminianic controversy and the political
conflicts at the beginning of the 17th century. Particular value is
attached to a reading of Grotiusa (TM) statements in the context of
contemporary politics. As a Christian humanist, he moderated the
various points at issue and appealed to the warring factions to
exercise tolerance and seek reconciliation.
This book explores the taxation and exemption of churches and other
religious institutions, both empirically and normatively. This
exploration reveals that churches and other religious institutions
are treated diversely by the federal and state tax systems.
Sectarian institutions pay more tax than many believe. In important
respects, the states differ among themselves in their respective
approaches to the taxation of sectarian entities. Either taxing or
exempting churches and other sectarian entities entangles church
and state. The taxes to which churches are more frequently subject
- federal Social Security and Medicare taxes, sales taxes, real
estate conveyance taxes - fall on the less entangling end of the
spectrum. The taxes from which religious institutions are exempt -
general income taxes, value-based property taxes, unemployment
taxes - are typically taxes with the greatest potential for
church-state enforcement entanglement. It is unpersuasive to
reflexively denounce the tax exemption of religious actors and
institutions as a subsidy. Tax exemption can implement the secular,
non-subsidizing goal of minimizing church-state enforcement
entanglement and thus be regarded as part of a normative tax base.
Taxing the church or exempting the church involves often difficult
trade-offs among competing and legitimate values. On balance, our
federal system of decentralized legislation reasonably make these
legal and tax policy trade-offs, though there is room for
improvement in particular settings such as the protection of
internal church communications and the expansion of the churches'
sales tax liabilities.
Gratian the Theologian shows how one of the best-known canonists of
the medieval period was also an accomplished theologian. Well into
the twelfth century, compilations of Church law often dealt with
theological issues. Gratian's Concordia discordantium canonum or
Decretum, which was originally compiled around 1140, was no
exception, and so Wei claims in this provocative book. The Decretum
is the fundamental canon law work of the twelfth century, which
served as both the standard textbook of canon law in the medieval
schools and an authoritative law book in ecclesiastical and secular
courts. Yet theology features prominently throughout the Decretum,
both for its own sake and for its connection to canon law and
canonistic jurisprudence. This book provides an introduction to and
reassessment of three aspects of Gratian's theology: his use of the
Bible and biblical exegesis; his penitential theology; and his
handling of the other sacraments and the liturgy. The manuscript
discoveries and methodological breakthroughs of the past few
decades have rendered older accounts of Gratian's theology
obsolete. This book reappraises Gratian's theological views and
doctrines in light of recent scholarly advances, particularly the
discovery of new theological sources that Gratian appears to have
known and used and the discovery of the first recension of the
Decretum, which differs in significant ways from the considerably
longer vulgate text that scholars have traditionally relied upon.
In the process, this book also uncovers new evidence concerning
Gratian's intellectual background and milieu and provides new
insights into the Decretum's composition, structure, and
development. Ultimately, this book does more than just enhance our
understanding of Gratian the theologian. It also contributes
significantly to our knowledge of Gratian the jurist and to the
world of theology and law in which he worked.
Ausgangspunkt dieses Buches ist die seit Jahrzehnten im
oeffentlichen Sachenrecht umstrittene Frage, ob eine Widmung
dingliche Rechtsfolgen ausloest. Trotz der gegenlaufigen
Entscheidung im Hamburger Stadtsiegelfall sind in der
Rechtsprechung im Falle widmungswidriger Nutzung einer
oeffentlichen Sache Stoerungsbeseitigungsanspruche fur den
oeffentlichen Sachherrn anerkannt worden, die gesetzlich nicht
geregelt sind. Hier setzt der Autor an. Er untersucht, ob und
welche Sicherungsmoeglichkeiten fur die diversen oeffentlichen
Sachen nach oeffentlichem (Sachen-)Recht bestehen. Das Strassen-
und Wasserrecht stellt gesetzliche Grundlagen fur
Sicherungsinstrumente bereit. Im UEbrigen hat eine Widmung keine
sachenrechtliche Wirkung. Insbesondere scheidet Gewohnheitsrecht
als Grundlage von Sicherungsinstrumenten aus.
Winner of two 1990 Christianity Today Awards: Readers' Choice (1st
place; theology doctrine) and Critics' Choice (1st place; theology
doctrine). A 1989 ECPA Gold Medallion Award winner How did the
books of the Bible come to be recognized as Holy Scripture? Who
decided what shape the canon should take? What criteria influenced
these decisions? After nearly nineteen centuries the canon of
Scripture remains an issue of debate. Protestants, Catholics, and
Orthodox all have slightly differing collections of documents in
their Bibles. Martin Luther, one of the early leaders of the
Protestant Reformation, questioned the inclusion of the book of
James in the canon. And many Christians today, while confessing the
authority of all of Scripture, tend to rely on only a few books and
particular themes while ignoring the rest. Scholars have raised
many other questions as well. Research into second-century Gnostic
texts have led some to argue that politics played a significant
role in the formation of the Christian canon. Assessing the
influence of ancient communities and a variety of disputes on the
final shaping of the canon call for ongoing study. In this
significant historical study, F. F. Bruce brings the wisdom of a
lifetime of reflection and biblical interpretation to bear on
questions and confusion surrounding the Christian canon of
Scripture. Adept in both Old and New Testament studies, he brings a
rare comprehensive perspective to the task. Though some issues have
shifted since the initial publication of this classic book, it
remains a significant landmark and touchstone for further studies.
In This Volume dedicated to medieval canon law expert Kenneth
Pennington, leading scholars from around the world discuss the
contribution of medieval church law to the origins of the western
legal tradition. The stellar cast assembled by editors Wolfgang P.
Muller and Mary E. Sommar includes younger scholars as well as
long-established specialists in the field. Muller's introduction
provides the first comprehensive survey of investigative trends in
the field in more than twenty years. Subdivided into four topical
categories, the essays cover the entire range of the history of
medieval canon law from the sixth to the sixteenth century. The
first section concentrates on the canonical tradition before the
advent of academic legal studies in the twelfth century. The second
addresses the formation of canonistic theory. The third and fourth
sections consider the intellectual exchanges between canon law and
other fields of study, as well as the practical application of
canons in day-to-day court proceedings. Though the twenty-seven
essays included in this volume are quite diverse, taken together
they provide an outstanding overview of the latest research and
cutting-edge scholarship on the topic. Kenneth Pennington is
Kelly-Quinn Professor of Ecclesiastical and Legal History at the
Catholic University of America. He is the author of numerous works
including Pope and Bishops: The Papal Monarchy in the Twelfth and
Thirteenth Centuries and The Prince and the Law, 1200-1600:
Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition, and is
coeditor of the CUA Press series, History of Medieval Canon Law.
The foundation for all scholarly study in biblical law is the shared assumption that the Covenant Code, as contained in Exodus 20:23-22:33 is the oldest code of laws in the Hebrew Bible, and that all other laws are later revisions of that code. In A Law Book for the Diaspora, John Van Seters strikes at that foundation. He argues that those laws in the Covenant Code that are similar to Deuteronomy and the Holiness Code are in fact later than both of these, dependent on them as sources, and therefore cannot be taken as the foundation of Hebrew Law. A persuasive presentation of a controversial thesis, A Law Book for the Diaspora will have a dramatic and far-reaching impact on the study of Hebrew Law. No student of the Hebrew Bible can afford to ignore it.
Enchantment and Creed in the Hymns of Ambrose of Milan offers the
first critical overview of the hymns of Ambrose of Milan in the
context of fourth-century doctrinal song and Ambrose's own
catechetical preaching. Brian P. Dunkle, SJ, argues that these
settings inform the interpretation of Ambrose's hymnodic project.
The hymns employ sophisticated poetic techniques to foster a
pro-Nicene sensitivity in the bishop's embattled congregation.
After a summary presentation of early Christian hymnody, with
special attention to Ambrose's Latin predecessors, Dunkle describes
the mystagogical function of fourth-century songs. He examines
Ambrose's sermons, especially his catechetical and mystagogical
works, for preached parallels to this hymnodic effort. Close
reading of Ambrose's hymnodic corpus constitutes the bulk of the
study. Dunkle corroborates his findings through a treatment of
early Ambrosian imitations, especially the poetry of Prudentius.
These early readers amplify the hymnodic features that Dunkle
identifies as "enchanting," that is, enlightening the "eyes of
faith."
The history of the vexed relationship between clergy and warfare is
traced through a careful examination of canon law. In the first
millennium the Christian Church forbade its clergy from bearing
arms. In the mid-eleventh century the ban was reiterated many times
at the highest levels: all participants in the battle of Hastings,
for example, who had drawn blood were required to do public
penance. Yet over the next two hundred years the canon law of the
Latin Church changed significantly: the pope and bishops came to
authorize and direct wars; military-religious orders, beginning
with the Templars, emerged to defend the faithful and the Faith;
and individual clerics were allowed to bear arms for defensive
purposes. This study examines how these changes developed, ranging
widely across Europe and taking the story right up to the present
day; it also considers the reasons why the original prohibition has
never been restored. LAWRENCE G. DUGGAN is Professor of History at
the University of Delaware and research fellow of the Alexander von
Humboldt Foundation.
Die Vorstellungen von den Osmanen schwanken in ihren Nachbarlandern
und uberhaupt im Abendland. Eingebettet in eine romanhafte
Rahmenhandlung werden Geschichte, Soziologie und Psychologie der
Osmanen des 18. Jahrhunderts vor ihrer zunehmenden Verwestlichung
im 19. Jahrhundert dargestellt und zeigen ein Selbstverstandnis,
das in abgewandelter Form vor allem auch heute noch nachschwingt.
Insgesamt vermitteln sie einen verstandnisvolleren Blick in die
Entwicklung des Islam.
This ambitious book presents the first sustained analysis of the
evolving representation of Cuthbert, the premier saint of northern
England. The study spans both major and neglected texts across
eight centuries, from his earliest depictions in anonymous and
Bedan vitae, through twelfth-century ecclesiastical histories and
miracle collections produced at Durham, to his late medieval
appearances in Latin meditations, legendaries, and vernacular
verse. Whitehead reveals the coherence of these texts as one
tradition, exploring the way that ideologies and literary
strategies persist across generations. An innovative addition to
the literature of insular spirituality and hagiography, The
Afterlife of St Cuthbert emphasises the related categories of place
and asceticism. It charts Cuthbert's conceptual alignment with a
range of institutional, masculine, northern, and national spaces,
and examines the distinctive characteristics and changing value of
his ascetic lifestyle and environment - frequently constituted as a
nature sanctuary - interrogating its relation to his other
jurisdictions.
Obwohl die Apostolische Paenitentiarie das alteste Dikasterium der
Roemischen Kurie ist, gehoert sie zugleich zu den unbekannteren
Dikasterien. Ihr Hauptcharakteristikum ist ihre exklusive und fast
ausschliessliche Zustandigkeit im Forum internum. Ihre Aufgaben
sind vielfaltig und umfassen den Strafnachlass von reservierten
Zensuren genauso wie die Gewahrung verschiedener Gnadenerweise und
von Ablassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt Kompetenzen, konkrete
Aufgaben, personelle Zusammensetzung und spezifische
Verfahrensweisen der Apostolischen Paenitentiarie anhand der
geltenden Rechtsgrundlagen dar. Dabei werden fortlaufend unter
vergleichendem Aspekt die AEnderungen, Erganzungen und
Modifikationen mit vorangegangenen Gesetzes- und Normenkomplexen
gepruft und ausgewertet.
This third volume of essays by Peter Linehan deals with matters of
perennial interest to all historians of medieval Church and State,
and in particular to students of the history of medieval Spain and
Portugal and of the papacy in the 12th and 13th centuries. Amongst
those discussed and explored are the question of feudalism in the
11th and 12th century, the rise and fall of a royal capital, the
city of LeA(3)n, the ritual of king-making, focusing on Castile and
Portugal, the interplay of royal influence and papal authority, and
the impact of the mendicant orders. A previously unpublished study
provides a cautionary tale of a particular bishop in politics. Four
essays are devoted to the investigation of individuals and issues
central to the history of late 13th-century papal Rome, while two
look at medieval and modern historiography.
Natural law has long been considered the traditional source of
Roman Catholic canon law. However, new scholarship is critical of
this approach as it portrays the Catholic Church as static,
ahistorical, and insensitive to cultural change. In its attempt to
stem the massive loss of effectiveness being experienced by canon
law, the church has to reconsider its theory of legal foundation,
especially its natural law theory. Church Law in Modernity analyses
the criticism levelled at the church and puts forward solutions for
reconciling church law with modernity by revealing the historical
and cultural authenticity of all law, and revising the processes of
law making. In a modern church, there is no way of thinking of the
law without the participation of the faithful in legislation.
Judith Hahn therefore proposes a reformed legislative process for
the church in the hope of reconciling the natural law origins of
church law with a new, modern theology.
Cy-pres doctrine, which allows the purpose of a failing or
impractical charitable gift to be changed, has been understood
since the eighteenth century as a medieval canon law principle,
derived from Roman law, to rescue souls by making good their last
charitable intentions. The Uses of the Dead offers an alternate
origin story for this judicial power, grounded in modern, secular
concerns. Posthumous gifts, which required no sacrifice during
life, were in fact broadly understood by canon lawyers and medieval
donors themselves to have at best a very limited relationship to
salvation. As a consequence, for much of the Middle Ages the
preferred method for resolving impossible or impractical gifts was
to try to reach a consensus among all of the interested parties to
the gift, including the donor's heirs and the recipients, with the
mediation of the local bishop. When cy-pres emerged in the
seventeenth century, it cut a charitable gift o from return to the
donor's estate in the event of failure. It also gave the interested
parties to the gift (heirs, beneficiaries, or trustees) little
authority over resolutions to problematic gifts, which were now
considered primarily in relationship to the donor's intent-even as
the intent was ultimately honored only in its breach. The Uses of
the Dead shows how cy-pres developed out of controversies over
church property, particularly monastic property, and whether it
might be legally turned over to fund education, poor relief, or
national defense. Renaissance humanists hoped to make better, more
prudent uses of property; the Reformation sought to correct
superstitious abuses of property and ultimately tended to prevent
donors' heirs from recovering secularized ecclesiastical gifts; and
the early modern state attempted to centralize poor relief and
charitable efforts under a more rational, centralized supervision.
These three factors combined to replace an older equitable ideal
with a new equitable rule-one whose use has rapidly expanded in the
modern era to allow assorted approximations and judicial
redistributions of property.
This is the first book to include full texts and photographs from
the Apostolic Penitentiary, ""A Sip from the 'Well of Grace'"",
which is groundbreaking in its analysis of one of the most
important papal offices of the Middle Ages. The Penitentiary alone
was responsible for granting absolutions, dispensations, licenses,
and special declarations in various matters such as marriage,
illegitimacy, murder and violence, confession, and clerical
ordination. With access to archival records long sealed by the
Vatican, Kirsi Salonen and Ludwig Schmugge offer historians many
new insights for interpreting an important structure of medieval
life.The book begins with an introduction to the functions of the
Apostolic Penitentiary and considers its role among the various
papal offices. Also examined are the various circumstances for
which Christians turned to its authority. Procedures for cases as
well as the canon law regulations behind the cases are discussed,
along with an overview of various documents that were produced
during the handling of a case in the Penitentiary.The second part
of the book introduces several case studies. Each case is
illustrated with the help of original documents preserved both in
the Vatican Secret Archives and in numerous local archives in
Germany, Italy, and Scandinavia. The original Latin documents are
fully edited and accompanied by English translation. Each document
is also available in the form of a digital photo, which allows
readers to learn concretely what the documents and writing looked
like and to exercise palaeographic skills.""A Sip from the 'Well of
Grace'"" will be an important addition to any collection on the
social and religious history of the later Middle Ages. It is the
seventh volume in the ongoing ""Studies in Medieval and Early
Modern Canon Law"" series.
Ce volume recueille des etudes d'oeuvres quebecoises et francaises
considerees dans leur relation au fait religieux. A partir des
ecrits des jesuites et des moniales en Nouvelle-France, en passant
par les modeles offerts par Moliere et Chateaubriand, on suit le
parcours, sinueux et parfois paradoxal, de l'autonomisation
progressive du champ litteraire. Les analyses portent sur les
strategies d'affirmation, de contournement, d'oubli ou de
detournement du religieux adoptees par des auteurs comme Rejean
Ducharme, Anne Hebert, Michel Tournier ou Nelly Arcan. Cette
perspective diachronique et transatlantique contribue a faire
emerger les points de contact entre les oeuvres, en creant un jeu
de miroirs et de reflets fecond, dans lequel la relation au
religieux s'impose comme un enjeu, parfois sous-jacent mais
pourtant central, de la litterature contemporaine.
Wie ist es moeglich, Burger Europas und gleichzeitig Muslim zu
sein? Die Autorin vergleicht aus differenzhermeneutischer
Perspektive die Antworten von drei zeitgenoessischen muslimischen
Denkern. Sie zeigen, dass Europa und Islam durchaus zusammen
gedacht werden koennen. Durch den Vergleich wird aber auch ein
innerislamisches Spannungsfeld deutlich. Dieses bildet nicht nur
die Vielfalt islamischer Wege ab, sondern stellt auch die
kategoriale Unterscheidung von "islamisch" und "nichtislamisch" in
Frage. Unter Betrachtung von Fragen der Partizipation, der
Religionsfreiheit und des Miteinanders in einer wertepluralen
Gesellschaft sind diese muslimischen Ansatze wertvolle Stimmen im
Diskurs, wenn es nicht mehr nur darum geht, ob der Islam in Europa
beheimatet werden kann - sondern "wie".
Shu'ayb al-'Arna'ut war ein zeitgenoessischer Hadith-Gelehrter, der
einen grossen Teil des Hadith-Kanons und daruber hinaus
klassifiziert hat. In diesem Band wird zum ersten Mal seine
Methodologie vorgestellt. Anhand einer komparativen Analyse wird
ein exemplarischer Korpus von Hadithen untersucht, um die
Charakteristika der Methodologie von al-'Arna'ut feststellen zu
koennen. Zudem werden seine Beurteilungen von Hadithen mit denen
von al-Tahanawi und al-'Albani verglichen. Die Autorin zeigt in
diesem Buch auf, wie zeitgenoessische Hadith-Gelehrte mit den
Erkenntnissen fruherer Gelehrter umgehen, welche Herausforderungen
und neuen Entwicklungen dabei entstanden sind.
Zunehmend wird Religion als ein stoerender Faktor fur das
gesellschaftliche Zusammenleben wahrgenommen. Dennoch enthalten
Religionen eigene Ressourcen, die Autonomie des Politischen zu
achten. Diese Ressourcen werden in dem Band prazise beschrieben.
Dabei spielt der Toleranzbegriff eine erhebliche Rolle. Toleranz
beschreibt nicht nur das Verhaltnis der Religionen zu
Andersdenkenden, sondern auch umgekehrt das Verhaltnis
nicht-religioeser Personen und Institutionen zu den Religionen.
Dabei enthalt der Toleranzbegriff mehrere ethische Paradoxien, die
eine theologische Interpretation erforderlich machen. Ohne eine
theologische Bestimmung bleibt Toleranz ein widerspruchliches
Konzept fur das friedliche Zusammenleben. Diese These wird auf
prinzipieller und praktischer Ebene begrundet.
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