This thesis presented to the University of Munich uses early theological, legal and political writings by Hugo Grotius to determine his political position and the argumentative strategies he deployed in the Arminianic controversy and the political conflicts at the beginning of the 17th century. Particular value is attached to a reading of Grotiusa (TM) statements in the context of contemporary politics. As a Christian humanist, he moderated the various points at issue and appealed to the warring factions to exercise tolerance and seek reconciliation.

This book explores the taxation and exemption of churches and other religious institutions, both empirically and normatively. This exploration reveals that churches and other religious institutions are treated diversely by the federal and state tax systems. Sectarian institutions pay more tax than many believe. In important respects, the states differ among themselves in their respective approaches to the taxation of sectarian entities. Either taxing or exempting churches and other sectarian entities entangles church and state. The taxes to which churches are more frequently subject - federal Social Security and Medicare taxes, sales taxes, real estate conveyance taxes - fall on the less entangling end of the spectrum. The taxes from which religious institutions are exempt - general income taxes, value-based property taxes, unemployment taxes - are typically taxes with the greatest potential for church-state enforcement entanglement. It is unpersuasive to reflexively denounce the tax exemption of religious actors and institutions as a subsidy. Tax exemption can implement the secular, non-subsidizing goal of minimizing church-state enforcement entanglement and thus be regarded as part of a normative tax base. Taxing the church or exempting the church involves often difficult trade-offs among competing and legitimate values. On balance, our federal system of decentralized legislation reasonably make these legal and tax policy trade-offs, though there is room for improvement in particular settings such as the protection of internal church communications and the expansion of the churches' sales tax liabilities.

Gratian the Theologian shows how one of the best-known canonists of the medieval period was also an accomplished theologian. Well into the twelfth century, compilations of Church law often dealt with theological issues. Gratian's Concordia discordantium canonum or Decretum, which was originally compiled around 1140, was no exception, and so Wei claims in this provocative book. The Decretum is the fundamental canon law work of the twelfth century, which served as both the standard textbook of canon law in the medieval schools and an authoritative law book in ecclesiastical and secular courts. Yet theology features prominently throughout the Decretum, both for its own sake and for its connection to canon law and canonistic jurisprudence. This book provides an introduction to and reassessment of three aspects of Gratian's theology: his use of the Bible and biblical exegesis; his penitential theology; and his handling of the other sacraments and the liturgy. The manuscript discoveries and methodological breakthroughs of the past few decades have rendered older accounts of Gratian's theology obsolete. This book reappraises Gratian's theological views and doctrines in light of recent scholarly advances, particularly the discovery of new theological sources that Gratian appears to have known and used and the discovery of the first recension of the Decretum, which differs in significant ways from the considerably longer vulgate text that scholars have traditionally relied upon. In the process, this book also uncovers new evidence concerning Gratian's intellectual background and milieu and provides new insights into the Decretum's composition, structure, and development. Ultimately, this book does more than just enhance our understanding of Gratian the theologian. It also contributes significantly to our knowledge of Gratian the jurist and to the world of theology and law in which he worked.

Ausgangspunkt dieses Buches ist die seit Jahrzehnten im oeffentlichen Sachenrecht umstrittene Frage, ob eine Widmung dingliche Rechtsfolgen ausloest. Trotz der gegenlaufigen Entscheidung im Hamburger Stadtsiegelfall sind in der Rechtsprechung im Falle widmungswidriger Nutzung einer oeffentlichen Sache Stoerungsbeseitigungsanspruche fur den oeffentlichen Sachherrn anerkannt worden, die gesetzlich nicht geregelt sind. Hier setzt der Autor an. Er untersucht, ob und welche Sicherungsmoeglichkeiten fur die diversen oeffentlichen Sachen nach oeffentlichem (Sachen-)Recht bestehen. Das Strassen- und Wasserrecht stellt gesetzliche Grundlagen fur Sicherungsinstrumente bereit. Im UEbrigen hat eine Widmung keine sachenrechtliche Wirkung. Insbesondere scheidet Gewohnheitsrecht als Grundlage von Sicherungsinstrumenten aus.

Winner of two 1990 Christianity Today Awards: Readers' Choice (1st place; theology doctrine) and Critics' Choice (1st place; theology doctrine). A 1989 ECPA Gold Medallion Award winner How did the books of the Bible come to be recognized as Holy Scripture? Who decided what shape the canon should take? What criteria influenced these decisions? After nearly nineteen centuries the canon of Scripture remains an issue of debate. Protestants, Catholics, and Orthodox all have slightly differing collections of documents in their Bibles. Martin Luther, one of the early leaders of the Protestant Reformation, questioned the inclusion of the book of James in the canon. And many Christians today, while confessing the authority of all of Scripture, tend to rely on only a few books and particular themes while ignoring the rest. Scholars have raised many other questions as well. Research into second-century Gnostic texts have led some to argue that politics played a significant role in the formation of the Christian canon. Assessing the influence of ancient communities and a variety of disputes on the final shaping of the canon call for ongoing study. In this significant historical study, F. F. Bruce brings the wisdom of a lifetime of reflection and biblical interpretation to bear on questions and confusion surrounding the Christian canon of Scripture. Adept in both Old and New Testament studies, he brings a rare comprehensive perspective to the task. Though some issues have shifted since the initial publication of this classic book, it remains a significant landmark and touchstone for further studies.

In This Volume dedicated to medieval canon law expert Kenneth Pennington, leading scholars from around the world discuss the contribution of medieval church law to the origins of the western legal tradition. The stellar cast assembled by editors Wolfgang P. Muller and Mary E. Sommar includes younger scholars as well as long-established specialists in the field. Muller's introduction provides the first comprehensive survey of investigative trends in the field in more than twenty years. Subdivided into four topical categories, the essays cover the entire range of the history of medieval canon law from the sixth to the sixteenth century. The first section concentrates on the canonical tradition before the advent of academic legal studies in the twelfth century. The second addresses the formation of canonistic theory. The third and fourth sections consider the intellectual exchanges between canon law and other fields of study, as well as the practical application of canons in day-to-day court proceedings. Though the twenty-seven essays included in this volume are quite diverse, taken together they provide an outstanding overview of the latest research and cutting-edge scholarship on the topic. Kenneth Pennington is Kelly-Quinn Professor of Ecclesiastical and Legal History at the Catholic University of America. He is the author of numerous works including Pope and Bishops: The Papal Monarchy in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries and The Prince and the Law, 1200-1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition, and is coeditor of the CUA Press series, History of Medieval Canon Law.

The foundation for all scholarly study in biblical law is the shared assumption that the Covenant Code, as contained in Exodus 20:23-22:33 is the oldest code of laws in the Hebrew Bible, and that all other laws are later revisions of that code. In A Law Book for the Diaspora, John Van Seters strikes at that foundation. He argues that those laws in the Covenant Code that are similar to Deuteronomy and the Holiness Code are in fact later than both of these, dependent on them as sources, and therefore cannot be taken as the foundation of Hebrew Law. A persuasive presentation of a controversial thesis, A Law Book for the Diaspora will have a dramatic and far-reaching impact on the study of Hebrew Law. No student of the Hebrew Bible can afford to ignore it.

Enchantment and Creed in the Hymns of Ambrose of Milan offers the first critical overview of the hymns of Ambrose of Milan in the context of fourth-century doctrinal song and Ambrose's own catechetical preaching. Brian P. Dunkle, SJ, argues that these settings inform the interpretation of Ambrose's hymnodic project. The hymns employ sophisticated poetic techniques to foster a pro-Nicene sensitivity in the bishop's embattled congregation. After a summary presentation of early Christian hymnody, with special attention to Ambrose's Latin predecessors, Dunkle describes the mystagogical function of fourth-century songs. He examines Ambrose's sermons, especially his catechetical and mystagogical works, for preached parallels to this hymnodic effort. Close reading of Ambrose's hymnodic corpus constitutes the bulk of the study. Dunkle corroborates his findings through a treatment of early Ambrosian imitations, especially the poetry of Prudentius. These early readers amplify the hymnodic features that Dunkle identifies as "enchanting," that is, enlightening the "eyes of faith."

The history of the vexed relationship between clergy and warfare is traced through a careful examination of canon law. In the first millennium the Christian Church forbade its clergy from bearing arms. In the mid-eleventh century the ban was reiterated many times at the highest levels: all participants in the battle of Hastings, for example, who had drawn blood were required to do public penance. Yet over the next two hundred years the canon law of the Latin Church changed significantly: the pope and bishops came to authorize and direct wars; military-religious orders, beginning with the Templars, emerged to defend the faithful and the Faith; and individual clerics were allowed to bear arms for defensive purposes. This study examines how these changes developed, ranging widely across Europe and taking the story right up to the present day; it also considers the reasons why the original prohibition has never been restored. LAWRENCE G. DUGGAN is Professor of History at the University of Delaware and research fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Die Vorstellungen von den Osmanen schwanken in ihren Nachbarlandern und uberhaupt im Abendland. Eingebettet in eine romanhafte Rahmenhandlung werden Geschichte, Soziologie und Psychologie der Osmanen des 18. Jahrhunderts vor ihrer zunehmenden Verwestlichung im 19. Jahrhundert dargestellt und zeigen ein Selbstverstandnis, das in abgewandelter Form vor allem auch heute noch nachschwingt. Insgesamt vermitteln sie einen verstandnisvolleren Blick in die Entwicklung des Islam.

This ambitious book presents the first sustained analysis of the evolving representation of Cuthbert, the premier saint of northern England. The study spans both major and neglected texts across eight centuries, from his earliest depictions in anonymous and Bedan vitae, through twelfth-century ecclesiastical histories and miracle collections produced at Durham, to his late medieval appearances in Latin meditations, legendaries, and vernacular verse. Whitehead reveals the coherence of these texts as one tradition, exploring the way that ideologies and literary strategies persist across generations. An innovative addition to the literature of insular spirituality and hagiography, The Afterlife of St Cuthbert emphasises the related categories of place and asceticism. It charts Cuthbert's conceptual alignment with a range of institutional, masculine, northern, and national spaces, and examines the distinctive characteristics and changing value of his ascetic lifestyle and environment - frequently constituted as a nature sanctuary - interrogating its relation to his other jurisdictions.

Obwohl die Apostolische Paenitentiarie das alteste Dikasterium der Roemischen Kurie ist, gehoert sie zugleich zu den unbekannteren Dikasterien. Ihr Hauptcharakteristikum ist ihre exklusive und fast ausschliessliche Zustandigkeit im Forum internum. Ihre Aufgaben sind vielfaltig und umfassen den Strafnachlass von reservierten Zensuren genauso wie die Gewahrung verschiedener Gnadenerweise und von Ablassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt Kompetenzen, konkrete Aufgaben, personelle Zusammensetzung und spezifische Verfahrensweisen der Apostolischen Paenitentiarie anhand der geltenden Rechtsgrundlagen dar. Dabei werden fortlaufend unter vergleichendem Aspekt die AEnderungen, Erganzungen und Modifikationen mit vorangegangenen Gesetzes- und Normenkomplexen gepruft und ausgewertet.

This third volume of essays by Peter Linehan deals with matters of perennial interest to all historians of medieval Church and State, and in particular to students of the history of medieval Spain and Portugal and of the papacy in the 12th and 13th centuries. Amongst those discussed and explored are the question of feudalism in the 11th and 12th century, the rise and fall of a royal capital, the city of LeA(3)n, the ritual of king-making, focusing on Castile and Portugal, the interplay of royal influence and papal authority, and the impact of the mendicant orders. A previously unpublished study provides a cautionary tale of a particular bishop in politics. Four essays are devoted to the investigation of individuals and issues central to the history of late 13th-century papal Rome, while two look at medieval and modern historiography.

Natural law has long been considered the traditional source of Roman Catholic canon law. However, new scholarship is critical of this approach as it portrays the Catholic Church as static, ahistorical, and insensitive to cultural change. In its attempt to stem the massive loss of effectiveness being experienced by canon law, the church has to reconsider its theory of legal foundation, especially its natural law theory. Church Law in Modernity analyses the criticism levelled at the church and puts forward solutions for reconciling church law with modernity by revealing the historical and cultural authenticity of all law, and revising the processes of law making. In a modern church, there is no way of thinking of the law without the participation of the faithful in legislation. Judith Hahn therefore proposes a reformed legislative process for the church in the hope of reconciling the natural law origins of church law with a new, modern theology.

Cy-pres doctrine, which allows the purpose of a failing or impractical charitable gift to be changed, has been understood since the eighteenth century as a medieval canon law principle, derived from Roman law, to rescue souls by making good their last charitable intentions. The Uses of the Dead offers an alternate origin story for this judicial power, grounded in modern, secular concerns. Posthumous gifts, which required no sacrifice during life, were in fact broadly understood by canon lawyers and medieval donors themselves to have at best a very limited relationship to salvation. As a consequence, for much of the Middle Ages the preferred method for resolving impossible or impractical gifts was to try to reach a consensus among all of the interested parties to the gift, including the donor's heirs and the recipients, with the mediation of the local bishop. When cy-pres emerged in the seventeenth century, it cut a charitable gift o from return to the donor's estate in the event of failure. It also gave the interested parties to the gift (heirs, beneficiaries, or trustees) little authority over resolutions to problematic gifts, which were now considered primarily in relationship to the donor's intent-even as the intent was ultimately honored only in its breach. The Uses of the Dead shows how cy-pres developed out of controversies over church property, particularly monastic property, and whether it might be legally turned over to fund education, poor relief, or national defense. Renaissance humanists hoped to make better, more prudent uses of property; the Reformation sought to correct superstitious abuses of property and ultimately tended to prevent donors' heirs from recovering secularized ecclesiastical gifts; and the early modern state attempted to centralize poor relief and charitable efforts under a more rational, centralized supervision. These three factors combined to replace an older equitable ideal with a new equitable rule-one whose use has rapidly expanded in the modern era to allow assorted approximations and judicial redistributions of property.

This is the first book to include full texts and photographs from the Apostolic Penitentiary, ""A Sip from the 'Well of Grace'"", which is groundbreaking in its analysis of one of the most important papal offices of the Middle Ages. The Penitentiary alone was responsible for granting absolutions, dispensations, licenses, and special declarations in various matters such as marriage, illegitimacy, murder and violence, confession, and clerical ordination. With access to archival records long sealed by the Vatican, Kirsi Salonen and Ludwig Schmugge offer historians many new insights for interpreting an important structure of medieval life.The book begins with an introduction to the functions of the Apostolic Penitentiary and considers its role among the various papal offices. Also examined are the various circumstances for which Christians turned to its authority. Procedures for cases as well as the canon law regulations behind the cases are discussed, along with an overview of various documents that were produced during the handling of a case in the Penitentiary.The second part of the book introduces several case studies. Each case is illustrated with the help of original documents preserved both in the Vatican Secret Archives and in numerous local archives in Germany, Italy, and Scandinavia. The original Latin documents are fully edited and accompanied by English translation. Each document is also available in the form of a digital photo, which allows readers to learn concretely what the documents and writing looked like and to exercise palaeographic skills.""A Sip from the 'Well of Grace'"" will be an important addition to any collection on the social and religious history of the later Middle Ages. It is the seventh volume in the ongoing ""Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Canon Law"" series.

Ce volume recueille des etudes d'oeuvres quebecoises et francaises considerees dans leur relation au fait religieux. A partir des ecrits des jesuites et des moniales en Nouvelle-France, en passant par les modeles offerts par Moliere et Chateaubriand, on suit le parcours, sinueux et parfois paradoxal, de l'autonomisation progressive du champ litteraire. Les analyses portent sur les strategies d'affirmation, de contournement, d'oubli ou de detournement du religieux adoptees par des auteurs comme Rejean Ducharme, Anne Hebert, Michel Tournier ou Nelly Arcan. Cette perspective diachronique et transatlantique contribue a faire emerger les points de contact entre les oeuvres, en creant un jeu de miroirs et de reflets fecond, dans lequel la relation au religieux s'impose comme un enjeu, parfois sous-jacent mais pourtant central, de la litterature contemporaine.

Wie ist es moeglich, Burger Europas und gleichzeitig Muslim zu sein? Die Autorin vergleicht aus differenzhermeneutischer Perspektive die Antworten von drei zeitgenoessischen muslimischen Denkern. Sie zeigen, dass Europa und Islam durchaus zusammen gedacht werden koennen. Durch den Vergleich wird aber auch ein innerislamisches Spannungsfeld deutlich. Dieses bildet nicht nur die Vielfalt islamischer Wege ab, sondern stellt auch die kategoriale Unterscheidung von "islamisch" und "nichtislamisch" in Frage. Unter Betrachtung von Fragen der Partizipation, der Religionsfreiheit und des Miteinanders in einer wertepluralen Gesellschaft sind diese muslimischen Ansatze wertvolle Stimmen im Diskurs, wenn es nicht mehr nur darum geht, ob der Islam in Europa beheimatet werden kann - sondern "wie".

Shu'ayb al-'Arna'ut war ein zeitgenoessischer Hadith-Gelehrter, der einen grossen Teil des Hadith-Kanons und daruber hinaus klassifiziert hat. In diesem Band wird zum ersten Mal seine Methodologie vorgestellt. Anhand einer komparativen Analyse wird ein exemplarischer Korpus von Hadithen untersucht, um die Charakteristika der Methodologie von al-'Arna'ut feststellen zu koennen. Zudem werden seine Beurteilungen von Hadithen mit denen von al-Tahanawi und al-'Albani verglichen. Die Autorin zeigt in diesem Buch auf, wie zeitgenoessische Hadith-Gelehrte mit den Erkenntnissen fruherer Gelehrter umgehen, welche Herausforderungen und neuen Entwicklungen dabei entstanden sind.

Zunehmend wird Religion als ein stoerender Faktor fur das gesellschaftliche Zusammenleben wahrgenommen. Dennoch enthalten Religionen eigene Ressourcen, die Autonomie des Politischen zu achten. Diese Ressourcen werden in dem Band prazise beschrieben. Dabei spielt der Toleranzbegriff eine erhebliche Rolle. Toleranz beschreibt nicht nur das Verhaltnis der Religionen zu Andersdenkenden, sondern auch umgekehrt das Verhaltnis nicht-religioeser Personen und Institutionen zu den Religionen. Dabei enthalt der Toleranzbegriff mehrere ethische Paradoxien, die eine theologische Interpretation erforderlich machen. Ohne eine theologische Bestimmung bleibt Toleranz ein widerspruchliches Konzept fur das friedliche Zusammenleben. Diese These wird auf prinzipieller und praktischer Ebene begrundet.