In recent decades, scientific insight into the chemistry of water has increased enormously, leading to the development of advanced wastewater and water purification technologies. However, the quality of freshwater resources has continually deteriorated worldwide, both in industrialized and developing countries. Although traditional wastewater technologies focus on the removal of suspended solids, nutrients and bacteria, hundreds of organic pollutants occur in wastewater and urban surface waters. These new pollutants are synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals that are not often monitored in the environment but have the potential to enter the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological and / or human health effects. Collectively referred to as the "emerging contaminants," they are mostly derived from domestic use and occur in trace concentrations ranging from pico to micrograms per liter. Environmental contaminants are resistant to conventional wastewater treatment processes and most of them remain unaffected, leading to the contamination of the receiving water. As such, there is a need for advanced wastewater treatment process that is capable of removing environmental contaminants to ensure safe fresh water supplies. This book explains the biological and chemical wastewater treatment technologies. The biological wastewater treatment processes presented include: (1) bioremediation of wastewater such as aerobic and anaerobic treatment; (2) phytoremediation of wastewater using engineered wetlands, rhizofiltration, rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phytoaccumulation, phytotransformation and hyperaccumulators; and (3) mycoremediation of wastewater. The chemical wastewater treatment processes discussed include chemical precipitation, ion exchange, neutralization, adsorption and disinfection. In addition, the book describes wastewater treatment plants in terms of plant size, layout and design as well as installation location. Also presenting the latest, innovative effluent water treatment processes, it is a valuable resource for biochemical and wastewater treatment engineers, environmental scientists and environmental microbiologists.

This book reviews principles, techniques and applications of metal, metal oxides, metal sulfides and metal-organic frameworks for removal and degradation of pollutants. Natural materials are often much more advanced than synthetic materials in terms of circularity and are functional, often biodegradable, recyclable and generate little waste. They are, therefore, a source of inspiration for new synthetic materials. In particular, recent research has focused on various types of functional materials such as organic, inorganic, nanostructured and composites for the remediation of environmental pollution.

Nanotechnology has been established in membrane technology for decades. In this book, comprehensive coverage is given to nanotechnology applications in synthetic membrane processes, which are used in different fields such as water treatment, separation of gases, the food industry, military use, drug delivery, air filtration, and green chemistry. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers are contributing to the development of more efficient and cost-effective water filtration processes. Gas separation and carbon capture can be significantly improved in flue gas applications. Nanoporous membrane systems engineered to mimic natural filtration systems are being actively developed for use in smart implantable drug delivery systems, bio artificial organs, and other novel nano-enabled medical devices. The microscopic structure of nanoporous ceramic membranes, mainly focusing on zeolite materials, as well as the energy-saving effect of membrane separation, contribute to various chemical synthesis processes. In the food industry, nanotechnology has the potential to create new tools for pathogen detection and packaging. For each application, nanotechnology is mostly used to make composite membranes, and the book provides a detailed look at the mechanisms by which the composite membrane works in each application area.

This book reviews the latest water quality protection and water resources development strategies in Algeria. It covers topics such as the assessment and prediction of water quality, salt-water intrusion, treatment of wastewater for reuse, and desalination as an alternative source of water. The methods presented in this book can also be applied in other regions with similar climate conditions. Together with the companion volume Water Resources in Algeria - Part I: Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Resources, this book provides researchers with essential reference material on tools and techniques for water quality assessment, treatment, reuse, desalination, protection, and development, and offers a valuable resource for engineers, graduate students and policymakers who are interested in sustainable water resources.

CONTENTS Chapter - 1. Introduction; Chapter - 2. Characteristics of Cotton Textile Processing Effluents; Sizing; Desizing; Scouring; Bleaching; Mercerizing; Dyeing; Printing; Finishing; Combined Effluent; Chapter - 3. Treatment of Cotton Textile Processing Effluents Chapter - 4. Charactristics and Treatment of Synthetic Textile Processing Effluents; Process and Characteristics of Effluents; Treatment; Chapter - 5. Knit Fabric Finishing; Chapter - 6. Characteristics and Treatment of Woollen Textile Processing Effluents; Chapter - 7. Recent Trends in Textile Waste Water Management; Chapter - 8. Reduction of Pollution Load; Waste segregation; Recovery & Reuse of Sizes and Other Chemicals; Substitution of Low-Pollution Load Chemicals; Judicious use of chemicals; Process changes; Economy in Water use; Chapter - 9. Recovery and Reuse of Sizes, Dyes and Other Chemicals; Recovery of PVA and other Sizing agents; Caustic soda Recovery; Recovery of Dyes; Reuse of Ozonated Dyebath; Recovery of Other Valuable materials; Recovery of Heat; Chapter - 10. Recycling and Reuse of Waste Water; Chapter - 11. Conservation and Reuse of Water; Part - II.TREATMENT METHODS; Chapter - 12 Treatment Methods - An Introduction; Chapter - 13. Preliminary and Primary Treatments; Screening; Equalization; Neutralization; Neutralization of Acidic Wastes; Neutralization of Alkaline Wastes; Coagulation; Coagulants; Auxiliary chemicals; Flocculation - Aids; Coagulation & Flocculation Equipments; Merits & Demerits of Coagulation; Sedimentation; Floatation (Dissolved Air Floatation); Chapter - 14. Secondary Biological Treatment; Activated Sludge Process; Trickling Filtration; Aerated Lagoons; Oxidation Ponds; Anaerobic Digestion; Sludge Disposal; Removal of Interfering Substances; Chapter - 15. Tertiary Treatment; Multimedia Filtration; Chemical Coagulation; Chemical Precipitation; Disinfection; Ozonation; Activated Carbon Adsorption; Membrane Technology; Dialysis / Electro Dialysis; Evaporation; Chapter - 16.Advanced Methods for the Treatment of Textile Processing Waste Water; Advanced Oxidation Processes; Ozone Treatment; Adsorption; Membrane Technology; Dialysis / Electrodialysis; Ion Exchange; Evaporation; Crystallization; Freezing; Some Patented Technics for Color Removal; Bio-mass based Technologies; Cutting-EdgeTreatment Methods; Chapter - 17. Advanced Oxidation Processes; Non-Photo chemical Methods; Ozonation; Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide Process; Fenton Method; Homogeneous Photochemical Oxidation Processes; Vacuum-UV Photo Oxidation; UV and Ozone; UV and Hydrogen Peroxide; UV, Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide; Photo Fenton Method; Heterogeneous Photochemical Oxidation Processes; Chapter - 18. Ozone Treatment; Reactions of Ozone in Waste Water Treatment; Oxidative Reactions and Color Removal; BOD Reduction; Sludge Reduction; Advancements in Ozone Treatment; Chapter - 19. Activated Carbon Adsorption; Chapter - 20. Membrane Technology; Micro Filtration; Ultra Filtration; Nano Filtration; Reverse Osmosis; Disc and Tube Module; Membrane Bio-Reactors; Part - III. ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE PROCESSING EFFLUENTS; Chapter - 21 Purpose of Examination; Chapter - 22.Collection of Waste Water samples; Chapter - 23. Recording of Results; Chapter - 24. Analytical Methods - Important Notes; Chapter - 25. Parameters to be determined on Textile Processing Effluents; Chapter - 26. General Physico-Chemical Measurements; Chapter - 27. Measurement of Organic Pollution; Chapter - 28. Inorganic Constituents - Non Metallics; Chapter - 29. Inorganic Constituents - Metals; Chapter - 30. Miscellaneous Determination; Appendix; Index

This book consists of select peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference on Sustainable Environmental Engineering and Science (SEES) 2019. The main focus of the book is to propose sustainable technologies to address the growing environmental challenges. The contents cover several topics of relevance such as air pollution, solid waste management, wastewater treatment, industrial pollution, and suggests eco-friendly and cost-effective techniques to tackle them. Given the range of topics covered, the book will be useful to researchers and professionals working in the multidisciplinary area of sustainability.

This book provides an up-to-date overview on the membrane technology for the drinking water treatment. The applications of PVDF-TiO2 nanowire hybrid ultrafiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane, forward osmosis membrane, etc. in water treatment are discussed in detail. With abundant practical examples, the book is an essential reference for scientists, students and engineers in municipal engineering, environmental engineering, chemical engineering, environmental chemistry and material science.

This book summarizes the author's research resulted in developing the satellite radiothermovision approach which allows retrieving dynamical and energy characteristics of atmospheric mesoscale and synoptic-scale processes based on a close scheme of satellite passive radiometry data processing. The book introduces new applications of the satellite passive microwave observations to detailed systematic study of tropical cyclones' evolution, climatology and characteristics of atmospheric river, parameters of global atmospheric circulation and their variations on climatically significant scales. The results presented in the book demonstrate a clear relation between the convergence/divergence of latent heat from the lower atmosphere to the center of tropical cyclone with variations of its intensity and provide a better insight into the tropical cyclone dynamical energy balance based on remote data.

In Iran, climate change combined with low adaptation capacity has an unparalleled impact on eco-systems as well as human livelihoods. The Roodasht region, in the lower part of the Zayandeh Rud basin in Central Iran, is severely affected by water scarcity, desertification and land degradation. This book describes the effects this has on the environment and society, analyzes the degree of vulnerability and suggests possible ways to improve land and water management. This book provides comprehensive and interdisciplinary insights into the environmental and social situation in the region, as well as possible solutions to deal with the current challenges. Written by German and Iranian scientists, NGO staff and government officials and bridging the gap between research and practical implementation, the book not only enhances our understanding of climate change and desertification, but also raises public awareness and promotes knowledge transfer between disciplines.

This book reviews the spaceborne and airborne remote sensing of clouds including cloud lidar and radar data analysis, snow and soil reflectance spectroscopy, and single light scattering by nonspherical scatterers. Providing deep insights into the latest technologies, it is a valuable resource for scientists and postgraduate students alike.

This book presents a comprehensive selection of applications employed in environmental remote sensing using optical and thermal infrared satellite-sensors aiming to map natural resources, crops, groundwater, surface water, aquatic ecosystem, land degradation, air quality, renewable energy, regional resources, and climate-related geophysical processes. The technologies presented in this book also include satellite images, space-borne radar sensors focusing on the most versatile one, data from synthetic aperture radar (SAR), scatterometers and radar altimeters in Egypt. This volume also presents a thorough explanation of the remote sensing role showing physical fundamentals of the climate change phenomenon including gas emissions, and the impact on resources concerning the sustainable development of Egypt. Besides, the book includes an analysis of oil pollution in both Mediterranean and Red Seas This book is intended for environmental policymakers working in Egypt as well as scientists working with remote sensing technologies in highly populated arid regions.

This book presents an unbiased, comprehensive examination of the state of knowledge for life cycle assessments (LCAs) of natural gas-fired electricity, covering a suite of environmental impact categories. An exploration of the life cycle environmental impacts of gas-fired electricity is used to introduce the field of LCA, advancements in methods and data, and the limitations thereof. Natural gas, particularly as a fuel for electricity generation, serves as a dichotomy within energy and environmental systems analysis. While the cleanest burning fossil fuel, it is not without impacts, making it an excellent case study for introducing life cycle assessment. This book introduces readers to the field of LCA using natural gas-fired electricity as a case study, as well as providing a comprehensive review of the state of the art in life cycle data, research, and scientific debate related to this product system. The author also elucidates data and methodological challenges inherent to the field of LCA, exemplified using published research. The text explores how to conduct LCA, describing the analysis from the perspective of a numerator and denominator. With each chapter, the complexity of undertaking a LCA of gas-fired power is unravelled beyond a simple fraction to the expansive network of infrastructure examined in this type of research. Students, instructors, LCA practitioners, and energy professionals will benefit from not only the introduction to data and methods, but also this useful summary of the state of the art in the field. Policymakers and the interested public can learn more about the implications of LCA results for decision-support and the commentary about the economics of natural gas and its role as a bridge fuel. This book provides not only a useful reference, but also a springboard for researchers and experts interested in specializing in LCA, natural gas, or both.

This book, the second volume in the series, continues to raise contextual issues and presents perspectives regarding multifaceted challenges in management and governance of water in India. This volume attempts to broad base and expand the dialogue started in the first volume and would touch upon issues that need immediate discussion but have been left unattended like politics and management of groundwater, efficient utilization of water in agriculture (irrigation) and improving water use efficiency and building resilience. As in the first volume, this book presents a set of suggestions and recommendations in each chapter that can help frame policy guidelines in the country.

This book collects and summarizes current scientific knowledge concerning coal-mined landscapes of the Appalachian region in eastern United States. Containing contributions from authors across disciplines, the book addresses topics relevant to the region's coal-mining history and its future; its human communities; and the soils, waters, plants, wildlife, and human-use potentials of Appalachia's coal-mined landscapes. The book provides a comprehensive overview of coal mining's legacy in Appalachia, USA. It book describes the resources of the Appalachian coalfield, its lands and waters, and its human communities - as they have been left in the aftermath of intensive mining, drawing upon peer-reviewed science and other regional data to provide clear and objective descriptions. By understanding the Appalachian experience, officials and planners in other resource extraction- affected world regions can gain knowledge and perspectives that will aid their own efforts to plan and manage for environmental quality and for human welfare. Appalachia's Coal-Mined Landscapes: Resources and Communities in a New Energy Era will be of use to natural resource managers and scientists within Appalachia and in other world regions experiencing widespread mining, researchers with interest in the region's disturbance legacy, and economic and community planners concerned with Appalachia's future.

This book provides an in-depth analysis of nine weapons and explosive remnants of war, their uses in armed conflict and their deadly impact on the environment. Besides three weapons of mass destruction (Biological, Chemical and Nuclear), it also covers controversial weapons like Depleted Uranium, White Phosphorus, Cluster Munitions, and Anti-personnel Landmines, their military applications, and the health and environmental hazard posed by them. The book offers an impartial analysis of legal regimes, and their efficacy in minimising the damage these weapons wreak on humans and the environment. It then examines the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, which could be used by the international community to ban these weapons. The book concludes by making a few recommendations addressed to international organisations, the States and military commanders with a view to reducing the damage caused by these weapons to the earth's pristine environment.