This book introduces readers to industrially important enzymes and discusses in detail their structures and functions, as well as their manifold applications. Due to their selective biocatalytic capabilities, enzymes are used in a broad range of industries and processes. The book highlights selected enzymes and their applications in agriculture, food processing and discoloration, as well as their role in biomedicine. In turn, it discusses biochemical engineering strategies such as enzyme immobilization, metabolic engineering, and cross-linkage of enzyme aggregates, and critically weighs their pros and cons. Offering a wealth of information, and stimulating further research by presenting new concepts on enzymatic catalytic functions in basic and applied contexts, the book represents a valuable asset for researchers from academia and industry who are engaged in biochemical engineering, microbiology and biotechnology.

Alexander Todd, the 1957 Nobel laureate in chemistry is credited with the statement: "where there is life, there is phosphorus". Phosphorus chemical biology underlies most of life's reactions and processes, from the covalent bonds that hold RNA and DNA together, to the making and spending 75 kg of ATP every day, required to run almost all metabolic and mechanical events in cells. Authored by a renowned biochemist, The Chemical Biology of Phosphorus provides an in-depth, unifying chemical approach to the logic and reactivity of inorganic phosphate and its three major derivatives (anhydrides, mono- and diesters) throughout biology to examine why life depends on phosphorus. Covering the breadth of phosphorus chemistry in biology, this book is ideal for biochemistry students, postgraduates and researchers interested in the chemical logic of phosphate metabolites, energy generation, biopolymer accumulation and phosphoproteomics.

This book covers important advances in enzymology, explaining the behavior of enzymes and how they can be utilized to develop novel drugs, synthesize known and novel compounds, and understand evolutionary processes.

This book describes the complex processes involved in styrene degradation by microbes, including highly adaptive microorganisms, the various enzymes involved in styrene biodegradation, new styrene-catabolic routes, novel regulatory mechanisms, and the genes coding for styrene metabolizing enzymes. Numerous biotechnological applications are discussed, such as the development of sustainable eco-friendly technologies as well as the use of styrene degrading microorganisms and their enzymes as a rich resource for biotechnology.

In this brief, the authors explore and review the current knowledge regarding the role of molybdenum in the evolution of biological systems and their interaction with biogeochemical cycles. Special emphasis is placed on biological nitrogen fixation and the nitrogen element cycle. The origin and evolution of molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic pathways as well as the evolutionary significance of molybdenum containing enzymes appearance is analyzed. Original data regarding nitrogen fixation pathways and related enzymes molecular evolution processes is presented. The trace element molybdenum is essential for nearly all organisms and forms the catalytic center of a large variety of enzymes such as nitrogenase, nitrate reductases, sulphite oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductases.

David Ezra Green (1910-83) was an American biochemist who made important contributions to the field of enzymology. In this book, which was originally published in 1940, Green provides a detailed account of the 'mechanisms of cellular oxidation'. Notes and illustrative figures are incorporated throughout. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in biochemistry, the study of enzymes and the history of science.

This textbook is designed for students of biology, molecular biology, ecology,medicine, agriculture, forestry and other professions where the knowledge of organic chemistry plays an important role. The work may also be of interest to non-professionals, as well as to teachers in high schools. The book consists of 13 chapters that cover the essentials of organic chemistry, including - basic principles of structure and constitution of organic compounds, - the elements of the nomenclature, - the concepts of the nature of chemical bond, - introductions in NMR and IR spectroscopy, - the concepts and main classes of the organic reaction mechanisms, - reactions and properties of common classes or organic compounds, - and the introduction to the chemistry of the natural organic products followed by basic principles of the reactions in living cells. This second edition includes revisions and suggestions made by the readers of the first edition and the author's colleagues. In addition, it includes substantial changes compared to the first edition. The chapter on Cycloaddition has been completed by including the other pericyclic reactions (sigmatropic rearrangements, electrocyclic reactions). The chapter on Organic Natural Products has been extended to include new section covering the principles of organic synthesis. New chapter "Organic Supramolecular and Supermolecular Structures" is added. This chapter covers the basic knowledge about the molecular recognition, supramolecular structures, and the mechanisms of the enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Cutting edge reviews by leading researchers illuminate key aspects of DNA repair in mammalian systems and its relationship to human genetic disease and cancer. Major topics include UV and X-Ray repair, repair of chemical damage, recombinational repair, mismatch repair, transcription-repair coupling, and the role of DNA repair in disease prevention. Extensive up-to-date references and rigorous peer-review of each chapter make this volume definitive and bring it to the active frontiers of research.

This 1994 book provides a fascinating account of the fast-moving field of lipase research. The contributions, written by active research workers, summarise developments in the field and give access to recent literature. It covers both the lipases proper (triglyceride lipases and the phospholipases. It gives a comprehensive picture of the state of knowledge of these enzymes, with a strong bias towards the fields that are attracting the greatest attention: their detailed molecular structure, their mechanism of action, their position in the evolution of enzymes, and their application both in the laboratory and industry. The book will continue to be of interest to those working in universities, in research institutes and in companies specialising in biotechnology. The book will also be a useful reference book for postgraduate students entering this field of research.

Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms takes the reader through the experimental techniques and the logic by which the mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be elucidated by the results of steady-state kinetics and related experiments. It is meant to make these investigations both satisfying and effective. In distinction to other available descriptions, the descriptions in enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms are limited to more commonly utilized and useful models and techniques. The logic relating the chemical models to the mathematical models and the logic of relating the mathematical models to data is presented in rather concise text, figures and equations. The development of mathematical models from chemical models is done by a unique algorithm that is both simple and quick, and the same concept are utilized to develop models for the effects of a variety of reaction conditions on the initial velocity. In addition, the various relationships of data, mathematical models and the chemical models is illustrated with examples from the scientific literature.

Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms is intended for research workers, graduate students, post doctoral associates, and faculty in biochemistry and molecular biology who are interested in the techniques and logic by which mechanisms of enzymes-catalyzed reactions can be elucidated by investigation of steady-state kinetic experiments.

The invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1994 and remains one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century. More than 50,000 researchers in the United States use PCR replication technology, and yet a book has not been published on the subject in more than ten years. In this book, Dr. Stephen A. Bustin, a world-renowned PCR expert, examines in detail the latest innovations and the overall impact of PCR on many areas of molecular research. The book contains personal reflections, opinions, and comments by leading authorities on the many applications of the PCR and how this technology has revolutionized their respective areas of interest. This book conveys the ways in which PCR has overcome many obstacles in life science and clinical research and also charts the PCR s development from time-consuming, low throughput, non-quantitative procedure to today s rapid, high throughput, quantitative super method.

Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism is a comprehensive textbook on steady-state enzyme kinetics. Organized according to the experimental process, the text covers kinetic mechanism, relative rates of steps along the reaction pathway, and chemical mechanism including acid-base chemistry and transition state structure.

Practical examples taken from the literature demonstrate theory throughout. The book also features numerous general experimental protocols and how-to explanations for interpreting kinetic data.

Written in clear, accessible language, the book will enable graduate students well-versed in biochemistry to understand and describe data at the fundamental level. Enzymologists and molecular biologists will find the text a useful reference.

Enzyme Regulation in Metabolic Pathways shows the reader how to understand the roles of enzymes and their kinetic constants in intermediary metabolism. It provides a means of correlating data obtained in experimental studies to multiple possible mechanisms through which some enzyme may catalyze the conversion of a substrate to a product. Although not the most appropriate means of determining some potential kinetic mechanism, quasi-equilibrium assumptions are used throughout the book, keeping the rate equation derivations simple. Actual metabolic pathways with known (presumed) positive and negative regulation events are linked to these potential kinetic mechanisms using both rate equation derivations and data plots illustrating how the rate equation derivations can be used to explain the data plots. This book will be a valuable reference for students in biological sciences and biochemistry majors required to take a core course in enzymology.

The extracellular matrix is a network of fibres that hold cells together. It is broken down during normal physiological and disease processes such as bone remodelling, embryogenesis, cancer, and arthritis. This book is an up-to-date and comprehensive collection of data about the matrix metalloproteinases - enzymes which breakdown the extracellular matrix, and their specific inhibitors.

This is an introductory text intended to give the newcomer to this area a comprehensive insight into the science of biotransformations. The book traces the history of biotransformations, clearly spells out the pros and cons of conducting enzyme-mediated versus whole-cell bioconversions, and gives a variety of examples wherein the bio-reaction is a key element in a reaction sequence leading from cheap starting materials to valuable end-products (such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, fragrances and flavors). The authors cover biotransformations involving the hydrolysis of esters, amides and nitriles, the synthesis of esters and amides, reduction and oxidation reactions and carbon-carbon bond-forming systems. The book finishes with a discussion of some industrially important large-scale bioconversions. The text will be suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals in the areas of biochemistry, organic chemistry, biotechnology, microbiology, and industrial chemistry.

This is an introductory text intended to give the newcomer to this area a comprehensive insight into the science of biotransformations. The book traces the history of biotransformations, clearly spells out the pros and cons of conducting enzyme-mediated versus whole-cell bioconversions, and gives a variety of examples wherein the bio-reaction is a key element in a reaction sequence leading from cheap starting materials to valuable end-products (such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, fragrances and flavors). The authors cover biotransformations involving the hydrolysis of esters, amides and nitriles, the synthesis of esters and amides, reduction and oxidation reactions and carbon-carbon bond-forming systems. The book finishes with a discussion of some industrially important large-scale bioconversions. The text will be suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals in the areas of biochemistry, organic chemistry, biotechnology, microbiology, and industrial chemistry.

This textbook for advanced courses in enzyme chemistry and enzyme kinetics covers the field of steady-state enzyme kinetics from the basic principles inherent in the Henri equation to the expressions that describe the control of multi-enzyme pathways. Steady-state kinetic equations are derived with the use of the connection matrix method, and an algorithm is developed that can be implemented easily for computer-based derivation of the equations. Throughout the book emphasis is placed on a proper interpretation of the kinetic behavior of multi-reactant enzymic reactions and on the interpretation of control coefficients in terms of metabolic control. Problems are included at the end of each chapter and their solutions are found at the end of the book.

Sets the stage for advances in drug discovery using the latest enzyme technology

Reviewing new and emerging applications of enzyme technology in drug discovery, this book highlights some of the most promising areas of pharmaceutical and biotechnology research. It covers enzyme assay technology, utilization of enzymology for prodrug design, and the application of enzymes as therapeutic agents. Expert reviews highlight how our latest understanding of enzymology is used to develop new practical applications in drug discovery and design.

Filled with case studies, "Enzyme Technologies: Pluripotent Players in Discovering Therapeutic Agents" enables readers to better understand the diverse functions of enzymes and master specific applications in drug discovery research. In addition to small molecule drug discovery, the book explores new developments in enzymes as therapeutic agents for genetic disorders.Section A, Enzymes - Essential Workhorses in Pharmaceutical Research, offers support in selecting the best enzyme targets for drug discovery, designing enzyme inhibitors for therapeutic agents, and evaluating selective enzyme inhibitors.Section B, Enzymes - Indispensable Tools for Improving Druggability, sets forth the principles alongside real-world examples of exploiting specific properties of enzymes to design successful prodrugs.Section C, Enzymes - Powerful Weapons for Correcting Nature's Errors, provides new insights on applying enzymes as therapeutic agents or diagnostic tools to treat genetic disorders.

Chapters are contributed by leading experts from around the world. Their contributions are based on a thorough review of the current literature as well as their own research.

Reviewing our latest understanding of the nature of enzymes and their role in drug discovery, this book is recommended for researchers in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology as well as for researchers in enzymology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicinal chemistry.

This volume aims to provide an in-depth view of the complete biochemistry of sulfur with an emphasis on aspects not covered elsewhere. Given its role in the formation of proteins and presence in the amino acids methionine and cysteine, sulfur is essential to life. Current literature on the biochemistry of sulfur is vast and widely dispersed, as such this volume is intended as a single-source for everything concerning sulfur biochemistry from metabolic roles of inorganic sulfur, to thiol and thioether chemical biology, to the university of cysteine chemistry in proteomes. Authored by a renowned biochemist and experienced writer and educator, this book is ideal for students and researchers in biochemistry, biology and the life sciences with an interest in sulfur and its role in life.

8th Conference on Cytochrome P450, Lisbon, Portugal, October 1993. This book aims to promote the new concepts and aspects of cytochrome P450 science more intensively investigated since the previous meetings of the series. It includes original contributions from some of the most distinguished specialists in the area. The first three chapters concern topics on the evolution of cytochrome P450, the diversity of regulatory mechanisms involved in biogenesis and their importance in environment, cancer risk assessment and immunotoxicity. Chapter 4 deals with biotechnology and novel P450 functions, and includes the opening plenary lecture on basic P450 research and applications in drug development. Chapters 5 and 6 present the most recent progress in cytochrome P450 molecular structure and electron flow mechanisms. Finally, chapter 7 is a compilation of selected papers contributed by the participants in the areas of the physico-chemistry and molecular biology of cytochrome P450.

Glycans play essential roles in diverse biological and etiological processes and their structural complexity endow various functions. The glycome is the entire set of glycans produced by an individual organism. As the glycan microarray emerged, a good amount of knowledge has been obtained in understanding the functions of glycans. However, limited accessibility of glycans is a major obstacle to the functional glycomics study. Although isolation from biology samples provided some structures, the low abundance of glycans obtained and the difficulty in complete structural assignment restricted the subsequent assay. To circumvent this limitation, many synthetic strategies, including chemical, enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic ones have been developed to make libraries of structurally defined complex glycans available. The glycans provided by these techniques combined with high-throughput glycoarray techniques have broadened and deepened our understanding about functional glycomics. The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of the synthetic glycome and a brief introduction of the application of the synthetic glycome in glycoarray assay. Accordingly, synthetic strategies toward generating glycans with comprehensive structures as well as the glycoarrays to unveil the glycan functions are described in this book.

Chemical and Genetic Probes of the Active Site of D-Ribulose-1,5-Bifphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase: A Retrospective Based on the Three-Dimensional Structure (F. Hartman & M. Harpel).

Phenylalanine Hydroxylating System (S. Kaufman).

Post-Translational Modification of Proteins (R. Krishna & F. Wold).

The Role of Metal Clusters and MgATP in Nitrogenase Catalysis (L. Mortenson, et al.).

Myristoyl CoA: Protein N-Myristoyl-Transferase (D. Rudnick, et al.).

Development of Enzyme-Based Methods for DNA Sequence Analysis and Their Applications in the Genome Projects (R. Wu).

Indexes.

Enzyme assays are among the most frequently performed procedures in biochemistry, routinely used (for example) to estimate the amount of enzyme present in a cell or tissue. This new edition describes the design and execution of enzyme assays, covering both general principles and specific examples.

Proteolytic enzymes break peptide bonds. As well as being involved in a multitude of important physiological processes, they are also important research tools. The focus of this book is on the practical aspects of the handling, characterization, inhibition, and use of this diverse class of enzymes.