In diesem Band wird die Geschichte der HNO-Kliniken aller deutschen Universitaten vom Anfang des Jahrhunderts bis in die Gegenwart nach Stadten geordnet dargestellt. Dies umfasst die strukturelle Entwicklung, die bauliche und personelle Ausstattung sowie die wissenschaftlichen und klinischen Schwerpunkte in den einzelnen Kliniken und Epochen. Alle ehemaligen und gegenwartigen Lehrstuhlinhaber des HNO-Fachgebietes und ihre habilitierten Mitarbeiter werden mit ihren Arbeitsschwerpunkten und Verdiensten um die Weiterentwicklung des HNO-Faches vorgestellt. Einleitend wird die Geschichte der HNO-Heilkunde im 19. Jahrhundert kurz behandelt, und im Anhang befinden sich Firmenportraits von Industrieunternehmen, die sich um die technische Entwicklung des HNO-Faches besonders verdient gemacht haben."

Die jahrlich erscheinende Reihe bietet praxisbezogene Fort- und Weiterbildung speziell fur den niedergelassenen Arzt und den Klinikassistenten - aktuell, informativ und in erstklassiger didaktischer Aufbereitung. In regelmassigem Turnus werden alle fur die HNO-Praxis wichtigen Bereiche je nach Aktualitat behandelt. Der neue Band 16 umfasst wieder ein breitgefachertes Themenspektrum, u.a. zum Bereich Tumore. Dieser Band erscheint erstmals mit zweifarbiger Innengestaltung, die den Praxisbezug der Reihe noch starker hervorhebt. Der HNO-Arzt kann sich mit dieser Reihe eine komprimierte und standig aktuelle Bibliothek aufbauen, die ihm das sichere Know-how der praktischen HNO-Heilkunde vermittelt.

We possess a priceless and powerful treasure: our voice. The Power of the Voice is a scientific and personal voyage of exploration into the vocal instrument that each of us possesses without necessarily understanding it, or knowing the true measure of its power. An alchemy between body and mind, instrument of persuasion and charm, our voice is the reflection of our personality. It can bring us fortune or cause our loss. It fascinates scientists, philosophers and doctors, and those interested in caring for the voice. From the voices that seduce us to the voices that lead us, the author unveils the secrets of the voice, and its power of attraction. How is the human voice formed? How does our voice change according to our emotions, situations, and conversations? How do politicians, performers, teachers, or seducers, develop the power of their voices? Enriched with numerous delightful anecdotes, including some about celebrities and politicians, the reader will better understand how the voice can inspire attraction and even repulsion. This fascinating read will be of interest to people who use their voice often, including singers, actors, teachers, comedians, journalists, politicians, and lawyers, and anyone with an interest in the human voice.

"Rhinology and Allergy: Clinical Reference Guide" is a portable reference guide that fills the void of an easy-to-read, concise, but comprehensive book encompassing all aspects of rhinology and allergy. Each chapter follows a uniform outline to facilitate quick review of a topic, and the comprehensive nature of each chapter provides depth. This clinically relevant resource is organized into six sections that are broken down into their most important and fundamental parts by chapter, including, the History of Rhinology, Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology, Evaluation and Diagnosis, Sinonasal Diseases, Surgical Management of Sinonasal Disease, Allergy, and Surgical Management of Skull Base Disorders.Formatted like the bestselling "Pasha" ("Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery") pocket guide, this text provides a condensed amount of high-yield information with a multidisciplinary approach to bring a broader range of insight into complex clinical challenges.Key features include:*Contributions by leaders in the field*Tabs for each section for quick access*Key terms and notes in bold and italics

Basic Otorhinolaryngology: A Step-by-Step Learning Guide, Second Edition, is an accessible introduction to the core concepts and potentially complex interrelationships in otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery. The fully revised new edition includes latest developments and up-to-date terminology, up-to-date diagnostic and treatment methods, and succinct overviews of important international consensus documents and position papers in the field. The book presents material in an engaging and user-friendly format, with chapters divided into study units that follow a consistent structure. Readers will also find a wealth of figures, tables, and flowcharts to facilitate quick comprehension of topics. Key Features: Completely updated chapters on audiology and vestibular disorders New or expanded discussion of olfactory mucosa and disturbances, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, imaging methods, immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis, Aspergillus sinusitis, ear canal cholesteatoma, peripheral nerve paralysis, and much more More than 600 superb full-color photographs, illustrations, and diagrams-many new or improved for this edition-clarify anatomical, operative, and embryological concepts Chapters organized into brief study units make learning the material manageable and convenient Each study unit begins with a starter outlining objectives for the unit and its relationship to other units and the overall scheme Numerous cross-references to other study units enable rapid navigation to relevant areas "Knowledge in depth" boxes provide information that goes beyond a basic understanding, such as surgical techniques, historical details, and case examples "Points of emphasis" throughout call direct attention to the most pertinent facts Basic Otorhinolaryngology: A Step-by-Step Learning Guide, Second Edition, is an essential resource for ENT residents and trainees, residents and trainees in related specialties, and students on rotation. Its breadth of coverage and easy-to-learn format makes the book ideal for course or exam preparation, and will also serve as a useful reference source.

Tracheostomy tubes provide a stable airway for ventilator support and allow access to the lower respiratory tract for secretion management. Indications for placement of a tracheostomy tube vary from relief of upper airway obstruction to ventilation for protracted acute respiratory failure to a chronic neuromuscular illness. This book focuses on the prospective practices, management, and potential complications of a tracheostomy. Some of the topics discussed include maintenance of a long term tracheostomy; open versus percutaneous tracheostomy; management of tube displacement; the use of a tracheostomy in burn patients; and the role of ultrasounds in a percutaneous tracheostomy.

Developed from a meticulous search of works from the last 40 years, Classics in Rhinology culls premier articles from rhinologic literature into a single, convenient text. Editors Michael S. Benninger and Marvin P. Fried have identified the key articles that have shaped the field of rhinology and invited commentary from contemporary practitioners who discuss how these articles have impacted both the field and patient care. Classics in Rhinology is an effective resource well suited for anyone who wants to review the history of rhinology for patient care, education, or just for enjoyment.

The Middle Ear Infections chart is a detailed overview of the causes, symptoms, and treatments for otitis media, or infection of the middle ear. Acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion and Eustachian tube dysfunctions are explained through graphics and type. Heavy gauge 3ml lamination with sealed edges and two metal eyelets for hanging makes chart highly durable. Write-on/wipe-off with dry erase marker (not included).

Key Features: Completely revised to reflect the research and technological advances of the last decade New chapters on directional microphones and the latest digital signal processing strategies Extensive coverage of all aspects of open-canal, thin-tube hearing aids Practical tips, tables, and procedures designed to be pinned on the walls of clinics Each cross-referenced chapter builds on the previous chapters Hearing Aids, Second Edition, is a book within a book: Each chapter has a one-page synopsis that captures the key concepts of each topic The material that students most need is contained in marked paragraphs that flow after each other to form a coherent thin book inside the larger book Intervening additional paragraphs add satisfying depth Written, comprehensively referenced, and extensively reviewed by leaders in the field, this book is ideal as a core graduate text as well as a standard reference for clinicians.

Unique textbook explores current and future applications of auditory brain implants Research on the auditory brainstem implant (ABI) has evolved from a highly specialized, narrow field to one involving a wide spectrum of disciplines. Neurotologists, audiologists, otolaryngologists, and neurosurgeons are on the front lines of treatment, while many other specialists play active roles. Auditory Brainstem Implants by renowned ABI experts Eric P. Wilkinson and Marc S. Schwartz is the first dedicated book on ABIs published to date. The state-of-the-art monograph brings together a rich array of materials and resources from an impressive group of pioneering clinicians from around the world. The text starts with introductory chapters encompassing the history and development of ABIs; relevant neuroanatomy and physiology; imaging of the cochlea, cochlear nerve, brainstem, and auditory system; and clinical indications for ABIs. Surgical chapters detail translabyrinthine, retrosigmoid, and retrolabyrinthine approaches, pediatric applications, auditory midbrain implants, device-specific engineering, and intraoperative monitoring. Auditory testing, performance variables, and results are also reviewed. The final chapters focus on innovative future directions, such as penetrating multisite microelectrodes and the use of optogenetics. Key Highlights In-depth analyses and overviews enable clinicians from different disciplines to expand their armamentarium and solidify current areas of expertise Unique material on the relevant neuroanatomy of brainstem implants improves understanding of ABI challenges and outcomes Description of ABI results in tone languages demonstrates applications in special populations Pediatric topics including evaluation and surgery and implant outcomes from the Hacettepe University team provide invaluable treatment pearls Insightful perspectives on programming, rehabilitation, and outcome assessment in adults enhance knowledge Trainee and practicing otolaryngologists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, audiologists, and speech pathologists will benefit from reading this comprehensive ABI resource, either cover-to-cover or by consulting specific chapters. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

Become familiar with the key anatomic "corridors" in the skull base, the sinonasal tract, and adjacent areas to guide and greatly expand your endoscopic surgical competence. Highlighting the most recent experience from seven top leaders and innovators in the field, this seminal new work presents detailed topographic anatomy of the skull base and adjacent areas in a way not previously seen before. The result is a multidisciplinary atlas merging anatomy, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, and radiology, so as to facilitate creation of a mental "virtual reconstruction" of the complete approach and operative situs. The result is a greatly extended range of surgical possibilities into previously uncharted territory using endoscopic technology. Key Features: Provides the basis for cultivating a firm and confident understanding of the 3D anatomy of this intricately complex region Emphasizes the ability of the endoscopic surgeon to integrate CT and MRI findings into the surgical planning process A logical and modular organization of the contents intends to make for easy correlation with the surgical literature Brilliant step-by-step presentation of dissections using cadavers, helping readers to fully understand all the anatomical nuances Numerous previously unpublished approaches covered here for the first time in a book, step by step Endoscopic Transnasal Anatomy of the Skull Base and Adjacent Areas is an indispensable resource for fellows and specialists in neurosurgery and ENT surgery wishing to widen their competence in endoscopic skull base surgery. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

This new publication is superb... the best book, even by the standards of this publisher, in a very long time. - The Journal of Laryngology & Otology The definitive resource on clinical management of vestibular schwannoma from world renowned experts Although a histologically benign and relatively uncommon tumor, otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons have maintained a lasting and deep-rooted fascination with vestibular schwannoma, also known as acoustic neuroma. Advancements in microsurgical technique, radiosurgery, and radiotherapy, coupled with an increased understanding of the natural history of the disease, have made modern management of this tumor considerably more complex. Concurrently, new controversies have added to the original debates among pioneering surgeons, with the pendulum swinging between conservatism and definitive cure. Comprehensive Management of Vestibular Schwannoma, by distinguished Mayo Clinic clinicians and renowned international contributors, is a comprehensive textbook covering all the clinical aspects of vestibular schwannoma management. Eighty-four chapters written by multidisciplinary experts including otolaryngologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, neurologists, neuroradiologists, and audiologists, ensure a balanced view of all treatment modalities for sporadic and neurofibromatosis type 2-associated vestibular schwannoma. Key Features Evaluation, surgical and nonsurgical approaches, rehabilitation, controversies, and long-term clinical outcomes Detailed illustrations by Robert Morreale, senior medical illustrator at the Mayo Clinic, highlight relevant anatomy and surgical approaches Chapter summary tables provide readers with a rapid clinical reference derived from the published world literature The chapter "Anatomy of Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery" by the late internationally renowned neurosurgeon Albert L. Rhoton Jr. reflects his major contributions on this subject With inclusion of fundamental principles to advanced concepts, this is a robust resource for residents, fellows, and early attending physicians, as well as mid- to later-career physicians who care for patients with vestibular schwannoma. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

The long and eagerly awaited third edition of this popular and compact textbook is here. Often labelled an "exam bible" in its previous editions, Key Topics in Otorhinolaryngology provides a concise yet comprehensive overview that clinical students and trainees alike can use. It will serve as an ideal introduction to ENT and also prove to be a valuable revision aid for ENT examinations. Conceived and edited by three very knowledgeable and highly respected ENT surgeonsfrom the UK with a wealth of examining experience and an in-depth understanding of the British, European, and International examination formats and contents. Key Features: Contents organised alphabetically in manageable sized chapters, covering individual topics in a systematic style with great clarity. Liberally updated to reflect new developments in the field - with 21 new chapters, and inclusive coverage of all sub-specialties in the discipline. An ideal introduction to the specialty for medical students, and an accessible source of reference for general practitioners and junior doctors covering ENT. It is insightful and succinct, whilst providing sufficient detail to be used as a valuable revision aid for those studying for post-graduate examinations in Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. Key Topics in Otolaryngology is certain to become a much-used reference for students, primary healtcare physicians and surgical trainees alike. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

Thieme congratulates Milton Waner on being chosen by New York magazine for its prestigious 'Best Doctors 2017' list. Vascular Lesions of the Head and Neck provides readers with an up-to-date review of the pathology, basic science, classification, radiologic features, and treatment modalities for vascular lesions of the head and neck. It covers all recent developments in medical and surgical treatment, laser technology, endovascular techniques, and appropriate radiation protocols that dramatically affect the evaluation and management of patients with vascular lesions. Key Features: Written by leading experts on the diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions in the fields of otolaryngology, plastic surgery, radiology, dermatology, pathology, and pediatrics Emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions More than 200 full-color illustrations help clarify information in the text This book is an excellent desk reference for all otolaryngologists, plastic surgeons, vascular interventional radiologists, pediatricians, dermatologists, pathologists, and general pediatric surgeons involved in the treatment of patients with vascular lesions of the head and neck.

Dieses praxisnahe Buch enthalt Grundlagen, Methoden und Anleitungen zu den wichtigsten Prufverfahren der objektiven Audiometrie. Es lasst sich direkt fur die tagliche Arbeit nutzen und beantwortet schnell die Fragen: "Wie wende ich die Methoden an?" und "Wie kann ich die Ergebnisse richtig auswerten und interpretieren?" Objektive Hoerprufverfahren sind bei der Erkennung und Versorgung angeborener und erworbener kindlicher Hoerstoerungen und besonders zur Kontrolle des nicht bestandenen Neugeborenenhoerscreenings unverzichtbar. Das Buch gibt einen UEberblick uber das in jungster Zeit erheblich gewachsene Methodeninventar der Impedanzaudiometrie, der otoakustischen Emissionen und des vielfaltigen Spektrums akustisch evozierter Potentiale von der Elektrocochleographie bis zu den spaten und ereigniskorrelierten Potentialen und berucksichtigt aktuelle Empfehlungen und Leitlinien uber die audiologische Diagnostik im Kindesalter. Die vielen konkreten Praxistipps und Handlungsanweisungen machen das Buch fur HNO-AErzte, Padaudiologen und Padiater direkt anwendbar. Durch die klare Darstellung der Methodik lasst es sich auch von MTAs fur Funktionsdiagnostik sehr gut nutzen.

Atlas of Head and Neck Ultrasound Written by internationally renowned experts, this exceptional and most comprehensive atlas provides readers with a didactic exposure to the principles of ultrasound and its application in the diagnosis and treatment of clinical conditions of the head and neck. It specifically evaluates the possibilities of modern high-resolution B-scan and color Doppler ultrasound. Features: The atlas style and systematically structured content allow readers to quickly locate imaging findings and access required information The authors not only cover the main ultrasound examination techniques and findings in the head and neck area but also convey approaches to more complex clinical issues, including complicated interdisciplinary topics such as the thyroid gland and blood vessels The diagnostic limitations of ultrasound, pitfalls, and tips and tricks are highlighted throughout the text to help beginners recognize the essential aspects of the findings and assist experienced users in complicated situations An extensive selection of video clips, illustrating the advantages of ultrasound as a dynamic procedure, is available online For all otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, radiologists, internists, and other specialists who utilize this dynamic imaging tool, Atlas of Head and Neck Ultrasound is an essential reference for use in daily practice.

This book discusses the causes of various tonsillar diseases and conditions along with their treatments, including adenoids and related diseases in childhood; markers of lymphoid follicle function in chronic tonsillitis; oral ribosomal immunotherapy in recurrent pharyngotonsillitis; post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage; peritonsillar abscess and tumour necrosis factor producing cells in chronic tonsillitis.

Lavishly illustrated second edition of the classic text on acoustic neurinoma microsurgery Authored by pioneers in the field, Acoustic Neurinoma Microsurgery -- now in a fully updated second edition -- provides step-by-step descriptions of the most common surgical approaches complemented by clearly labeled, full-color intraoperative photographs. Numerous cases derived from the expert authors' own experience accompany each description to demonstrate the clinical application of the various techniques as well as to offer practical examples of what to do when faced with surgical complications. Concise, tightly focused chapters cover everything from surgical anatomy and operating room setup to detailed explanations of how to perform the full range of surgical procedures, including the enlarged middle cranial fossa approach, the transotic approach, the modified transcochlear approach, and much more. Features: New chapters on the general features of acoustic neurinomas; functional surgery and intraoperative monitoring of the facial and cochlear nerves; imaging of acoustic neurinomas; facial nerve reanimation; and treatment options for patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 In-depth information on key aspects of patient care, such as patient selection, preoperative care, and postoperative follow-up 1,034 high-quality images -- including more than 900 full-color intraoperative photographs -- precisely display each step of the different procedures Multiple cases in each chapter prepare the reader for clinical situations Reflecting the latest technical advancements in acoustic neurinoma microsurgery, this visual guide will develop the surgical skills of every otolaryngologist and neurosurgeon that performs this delicate and complicated form of surgery. Dr. Sanna is part of The Gruppo Otologico, a world-renowned specialist center for the diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment of diseases of the ear, skull base, facial nerve, head and neck, and paranasal sinuses. More information is available on the group's website, www.gruppootologico.it/eng.

The quintessential how-to guide on treating allergies for day-to-day practice While encyclopedic tomes on the treatment of allergies have a place on the library shelves of otolaryngologists, Handbook of Otolaryngic Allergy provides a user-friendly office resource clinicians can consult on a daily basis. Written by Christine Franzese, Cecelia Damask, Sarah Wise, and Matthew Ryan, the book encompasses the basic science of allergies, essential knowledge, and how to perform each procedure. Part one starts with basic immunology and allergic rhinitis definition and classifications, followed by discussion of sensitivities vs. clinical allergies, the unified airway concept, and different classes of inhalant allergens. Parts two and three detail all aspects of diagnosis and diverse skin testing methods such as Specific IgE testing. Subsequent parts discuss current treatment methods, allergy emergencies such as anaphylaxis, atopic disorders, and professional issues clinicians must tackle to successfully incorporate allergy treatment into practice. Key Highlights The use of diverse types of pharmacotherapy including decongestants, anti-cholinergics, and antihistamines, as well as biologics, alternative medicines, and monosensitization vs. polysensitization Discussion of immunotherapy approaches including subcutaneous, sublingual, sublingual tablets, and oral mucosal Managing associated atopic disorders such as penicillin allergy, asthma, food allergies, eosinophilic esophagitis, and atopic dermatitis Worksheets with correct answers enable self-testing and accurate vial mixing/preparation This user-friendly reference is a must-have companion for otorhinolaryngology residents and practitioners at any stage of their careers who treat patients with allergies. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

Bereits in der 5. Auflage erfolgreich! Sowohl Grundlagen der Tauchmedizin als auch Ergebnisse der experimentellen tauchmedizinischen Forschung werden behandelt. Die Probleme des Tieftauchens mit Gasgemischen, des Sporttauchens mit Luft im konventionellen Bereich und der stundenlangen Uberexposition der Caissonarbeiter in Tunneln werden abgehandelt. Seit 1985 wird bei Gasembolie, Dekompressionskrankheit des Gehirns/Ruckenmarks und Innenohrschaden die Behandlung mit hyperbarem Sauerstoff (HBO) angewandt; die Ergebnisse werden mit aussagekraftigen Zahlen belegt. Das Rechenmodell ZH-L8 ADT, bei Tauchcomputern der jungsten Generation in Anwendung, wird beschrieben. Ein aussagefahiger Uberblick uber praktische Tauchmedizin, experimentelle Forschung und Aufbau und Funktion von Dekompressionscomputern!"

This book is truly a classic, beloved by plastic surgeons throughout the world. Its strength lies in its simple, elegant approach to solving common reconstructive problems encountered by plastic surgeons at all levels of training. Its appeal transcends specialty interests, with aesthetic and reconstructive surgeons alike finding this book to be an invaluable resource for daily practice. Its comprehensive coverage makes it an essential addition to any surgeon's library. Totally revised and updated with color throughout, this new edition has been totally revised and updated with over 150 additional pages, two new chapters, and numerous new cases, flaps, and problems. Additionally, there are color illustrations, summary tables highlighting the best flaps for various clinical situations, annotated bibliographies, and much, much more. Throughout these pages, the reader benefits from Dr. Jackson's enormous experience and wisdom as he makes note of special tips, critical maneuvers, and important principles that warrant emphasis. Each flap is accompanied by a description of potential problems, and each anatomic area for reconstruction ends with a technique of choice so that the reader can understand the decision-making process that is involved in flap selection. The book begins with a chapter on basic principles, which reviews the important oncologic concerns that must precede any reconstructive-surgery procedure. Principles of tissue movement and flap design are accompanied by drawings that aid the reader in planning. The next seven chapters address each anatomic region. Alternate methods for closing defects in each region are presented. Both simple and complex solutions are detailed. Each reconstructive option is presented in great detail with operative photos as well as beautiful illustrations to depict flap design, elevation, and closure, and to more clearly explicate complex flap reconstructions for difficult problems. Common mistakes and the limitations of each flap are clearly delineated. Chapters on each anatomic region conclude with new summary tables that help the reader quickly identify the best reconstructive options for specific problems. Two Totally New Chapters The final two chapters are new to this edition-Tissue Expansion and Problems and Complication. The chapter on tissue expansion fully details the advantages to be gained from tissue expansion and the applications in each area of the head and neck when local flaps are planned. The Problems and Complications chapter covers common problems encountered in head and neck reconstruction as well as avoidance and treatment of complications should they occur. It concludes with a section on tricks and innovations, which discusses diverse topics such as the use of scarlet red for wound healing, the aesthetic repair of torn earlobes, and the repair of cocaine-induced palatal fistula. There is clearly a wealth of information and much to be learned and applied by surgeons at all levels of expertise.

A portable handbook that provides a concise summary of ENT surgery based on Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery 8e. Of practical use in clinics, the ward and the operating room, this evidence -based resource provides easy access to information on clinical presentation, investigation, and the medical / surgical management of common and emergency ENT conditions.

This book provides a vividly illustrated description of a wide range of soft tissue injuries of the head and neck and their treatment, which forms part of the workload of both Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Cranio –Maxillofacial Surgery. Other medical and surgical disciplines are also involved, though to a lesser extent. It clarifies many topics, including the general principles of wound management, the treatment of various soft tissue injuries, burns, and wound healing disturbances.This book is intended for interns, residents and fellows of Plastic Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery as well as surgeons and physicians of other disciplines dealing with soft tissue trauma of the head and neck. It may also prove useful to theatre and A & E nurses as well as medical students with interests in head and neck traumatology. 

This fully revised and expanded second edition provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of nasal physiology and pathophysiology. With the help of numerous tables, schematic drawings, and color photographs, it helps readers gain a better understanding of the impact of structural changes and the process of disease development, and to make treatment decisions. Each chapter has been written by a leading expert in the field and addresses one important aspect in an accessible way. Covering all four functions of the nose: respiration, defense, olfaction and cosmesis, the book discusses the various techniques for the clinical evaluation of nasal function as well as current trends and future directions in nasal physiologic research. This second edition also includes additional chapters on rhinomanometry, local nasal inflammation, T cells and B cells, and artificial intelligence for the nose. Given its scope, the book is a valuable resource for both experienced otorhinolaryngologists and novices in the field.