This book describes a simplified approach to the modelling and process design of a fixed bed hybrid bioreactor for wastewater treatment. In this work a simplified model for hybrid bioreactor is developed to determine output parameters like exiting substrate concentration in bulk liquid, average substrate flux in the biofilm, effective and total biofilm thickness. The model is based on mass balance of both carbonaceous substrate and biomass under suspended and attached growth simultaneously along with substrate mass transport into the biofilm. The proposed model has also been validated with the results obtained from experimental study with municipal wastewater considering as a low strength wastewater with no inhibition. There is a flexibility of the proposed model making it a versatile one to find out the exiting substrate concentration both in hybrid bioreactor as well as in a completely mixed biofilm reactor (CMBR). The book caters to academics and practitioners working in the field of advanced wastewater treatment.

This book entails the developments in the field of e-waste management with particular focus on urban mining, sustainability, and circular economy aspects. It further explains e-waste recycling technologies, supply chain aspects, e-waste disposal in IT industries including health and environmental effects of E-waste recycling processes and associated issues, challenges, and solutions. Further, it describes economic potential of resource recovery from e-waste. Features: Covers recent developments in e-waste management. Explores technological advancements such as nanotech from e-waste, MREW, fungal biotech and so forth. Reviews electronic component recycling aspects. Discusses implementation of circular economy in e-waste sector. Includes urban mining and sustainability aspects of e-waste. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in environmental engineering, waste management, urban mining, circular economy, waste processing, electronics, and telecommunication engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, and chemical engineering.

Covers development of new novel reactor configurations for wastewater treatment Describes handling and removal of emerging contaminants like pharmaceutical compounds, endocrine disruptors and disinfection by-products Deliberates combination of wastewater and micro pollution Contains in-depth discussion on faecal sludge treatment and disposal Highlights new economically feasible techniques to enhance biogas recovery from treatment plant sludges

Urban water management has to take an integrated approach that prioritizes sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) over gray infrastructure. This book elaborates on the planning and evaluation of pipework drainage systems with a focus on modern-day constraints to deliver a solution that favors sustainability as the overarching goal. The book includes a technical section on design of gray and green infrastructure, considering the total lifecycle costs of drainage systems. Advanced computer simulation techniques are discussed after covering the derivation of both standard and empirical equations for appropriate hydrology and hydraulics. The book provides an incorporation of reliability analyses for both green and gray infrastructure starting with techniques for forecasting flows, hydraulic performance, and lifecycle costs. The work also involves 3-D modeling, geospatial and big data analysis, and how these techniques are applied into city management—particularly beneficial to municipal engineers who are increasingly becoming involved in mapping the underground. Soil mechanics and subsurface drainage systems are analyzed and structural aspects of sewers are included. Finally, soil behavior in shear, retaining wall structures, and tunneling is briefly featured in the book. This book will be of interest to (under)graduate and postgraduate engineering students, drainage engineers, urban planners, architects, water engineers, developers, construction contractors, and municipal engineers.

This book considers the application of recycled materials both in pavement and geotechnical engineering. Currently, Australia has faced the fundamental concern of recycling waste plastic. On 1 January 2018, China enforced a prohibition on the importation of waste plastic. China's ban is followed by other countries like India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The ban caused many corporations to abandon waste collection agreements, and the stockpiling of waste, as there is nowhere to safely deposit this waste. This issue seems, to a great extent, to have placed Australia's recycling industry in a crisis. As a result, local councils will have to find strategic ways of recycling accumulated waste that will become a more significant issue in the coming years. In Australia, apart from economic growth, the road pavement has weakened rapidly as the current pavement unable to withstand this urgent traffic load demand. The adding of polymers to the mixtures improves the stiffness, rutting resistance, and fatigue cracking [1]. However, the application of virgin polymer is costly. Thus, using waste polymer such as waste plastic polymer is an inexpensive substitute. The potential for recycled plastic to improve the performance properties of asphalt mixtures has been demonstrated in many countries the UK, Canada, The Netherlands, and India [2]. Similarly, another application of recycled materials can be in geotechnical infrastructure. This book considers the application of recycled materials both in pavement and geotechnical engineering. References [1] Airey, G.D., Singleton, T.M., & Collop, A.C.(2002). Properties of polymer modified bitumen after rubber- bitumen interaction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering .14(4), 344- 354. [2] K. O'Farrell. Australian Plastics Recycling Survey- National Report. Australian Government, Department of Environment and Energy, Australia. Project reference,2018 A21502.

This book presents the proceedings of the first International Upcycling Symposium 2020, held on 4th September 2020 at De Montfort University (DMU) in Leicester, UK (online), as a joint effort between DMU, Lund University, Nottingham Trent University and Newcastle University. This book presents state of the art of research and practice in "upcycling" at the international level. The subject of this book, upcycling, is a term to describe the processes of creating or modifying a product from used or waste materials, components and products, which is of equal or higher quality or value than the compositional elements. This book describes new theories, approaches and scientific research findings related to upcycling and presents examples of upcycling practice, across multiple sectors, scales and contexts. Bringing together research from over 35 multidisciplinary experts, the book discusses state-of-the-art knowledge and practices on upcycling in different geographical, economic, socio-cultural and technological contexts at an international level. Readers will gain fundamental understanding of upcycling with its varied definitions and forms across sectors and scales, and to be informed of the latest upcycling research and practices including valuable ideas, theories, projects, experiences and insights by global experts.

This book addresses recycling technologies for many of the valuable and scarce materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. A successful transition to electric mobility will result in large volumes of these. The book discusses engineering issues in the entire process chain from disassembly over mechanical conditioning to chemical treatment. A framework for environmental and economic evaluation is presented and recommendations for researchers as well as for potential operators are derived.

This book puts together all aspects of valorization of vegetable and fruit wastes (VFWs) into different biocommodities and platform chemicals using fermentation and non-fermentation processes. VFWs are a special group of solid waste (biomass) that needs to be characterized to understand the nature of applications as raw materials and to propose an appropriate methodology for bioprocessing into value-added commodities. VFWs provide favorable conditions for the growth of microorganisms, and this opens up great opportunities for their use in fermentation processes. For example, VFWs can be used as a solid support, carbon, and nutrient source in fermentation for the production of a variety of value-added biocommodities such as enzymes, single-cell proteins, bioadsorbents, phenolic bioactive compounds, aroma and flavor compounds, and platform chemicals like lactic acid, bioethanol, and biobutanol. Researchers and academics in the area of environmental science and engineering, chemical engineering, biotechnology, life science, and food science and technology, undergraduate and graduate students, industry professionals, and policymakers will find this publication useful. Bioprocessing of agro-wastes is a recent technology for developing novel bioproducts. This book will also be of interest to the general public as a reference for all those interested in waste management.

A visionary approach to eliminating industrial waste streams . . .
Here is a revolutionary solution to problems of industrial waste management by creating a system of environmentally balanced "industrial complexes" in which groups of industrial plants consume each other's waste--not only benefiting the environment, but also significantly reducing production costs.
Providing a clear introduction to this novel approach, Zero Pollution for Industry goes right to the heart of what environmental scientists, engineers, and administrators grapple with these days. It takes pollution prevention to the next level, past current reduction and reuse methods, and anticipates government regulations and societal trends that would factor environmental damage into production costs.
Also suitable as a companion volume for traditional industrial waste management texts at the graduate level, this thought-provoking book:
* Covers hot new material under consideration by professionals and policymakers, including the EPA and the NSF
* Discusses the basics of waste minimization and waste reuse as well as zero-pollution industrial complexing
* Presents detailed examples of how complexes in different industries could be structured
* Describes how to change industrial plant design practices to prevent pollution
* Teaches innovative production techniques for environmental protection to future engineers and administrators
* Shows how to plan for a pollution-free environment from an administrative point of view

Concise and uncluttered, this book is an eye-opener for anyone who would like to work toward a world free of industrial pollution in our fragile environment.

Unlike most books on the subject, which offer only formulaic solutions to particular problems, Biological Treatment of Hazardous Wastes provides professionals with a conceptual framework within which to develop effective treatments tailored to any hazardous waste scenario they may encounter.
A complete guide to the biological treatment of a wide variety of hazardous waste problems-- for engineers, scientists, and technical personnel
Written by an author team comprising twenty-five North American and European experts, the text delineates the complex factors involved in the design of successful in situ and ex situ biotreatment approaches. Offering a balanced presentation of basic principles and engineering practices, it progresses from basic microbiological, biochemical, hydrogeological, and engineering principles to the development of design methodologies and specific hazardous waste scenarios--many of them based on the numerous case studies found throughout the book. Topics covered in detail include:
* Reactors, including suspended growth, fixed-film, membrane biofilm, and bioslurry reactors
* Anaerobic and aerobic systems
* Hydrogeologic and microbial factors associated with in situ biodegradation
* Biofiltration of VOC vapors
* Composting
* Natural attenuation

This book will address concepts and techniques for preparation and disposal of low- (LLW) and intermediate-level (ILW) radioactive waste from the nuclear industry, the weapons industry, university labs, research institutes, and from the commercial industry. It will aid decision-makers in finding optimal technical/economical solutions, including how site investigations, design, construction, identification and selection of construction materials (clay and concrete), and monitoring can be made. It will also examine techniques for isolating soil and rock contaminated by leaking nuclear plants and from damaged nuclear reactors such as those at the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear plants.

This volume focuses on how waste biomass can be transformed into useful biomaterials, food and feed, fuel, and chemicals by using various processes such as chemical, physical, thermal, biological, and biotechnological procedures. Biomass from biowastes, such as agriculture crop residues, wood processing residues, forest residues, food waste, industrial waste, and municipal solid waste, have emerged as potential substrates for bioenergy production. This volume explores the key features of biotechnology for waste biomass utilization, presenting scientific and technical literature on sustainable waste biomass management as well as for biomass conversion for biofuels, chemicals, and other new commercial products. It discusses a variety of novel biotechnical applications and interventions, including microbial fermentation and anaerobic digestion, biotechnological modes of xylooligosaccharides production, multifaceted utilization of microalgal biomass, vermiculture and vermicomposting, and more. Key features: Provides the most recent information about waste biomass utilization for the production of biofuels and biochemicals Shows a wide range of novel technologies in the field of biotechnology towards waste biomass utilization Focuses on the utilization of microbial resources for waste biomass conversion into value-added products Explores methods for food wastes and crop wastes conversion into biofuels and biochemicals Provides the scientific information describing various examples and case studies which aid gaining knowledge to researchers and academicians With chapters from eminent researchers who have significant global experience in the field of waste biomass management, this volume delivers a wealth of valuable information for researchers involved in bioenergy utilization. It will also be an essential source for academicians, researchers, economists, policymakers, and policy analysts.

In the past, food waste has been used to produce biogas and biofuels, fertilizers, and animal feed. Using it as a feedstock for innovative biorefineries is not only an ethical issue but also a smart application of the circular economy. This book explores the zero-waste concept in the thriving biobased sector, proposing technologies and procedures to meet the sustainable development goals. The volume categorizes food waste sources and proposes an impressive number of high value-added compounds (e.g., platform chemicals, enzymes, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, organic acids, phosphate, bioadsorbents, pectin, solvents, and pigments) that can be obtained in a sequential biocascade, via chemical, biochemical, thermal, and physical technologies. The synthesis of bioplastics from food waste, their copolymerization and blending, as well as the production of biocomposites and bionanocomposite with biofillers from food scraps, are presented: eluding the cost of waste disposal, reducing biobased materials price, and avoiding using edible resources as a starting material for biobased items are the main beneficial peculiarities of the process. The Authors illustrate challenging characteristics of new biobased materials, such as their mechanical and physico-chemical features, their biodegradability, compostability, recyclability, chemical compatibility, and barrier properties. The volume also delves into socioeconomic considerations and environmental concerns related to the upcycling of food waste, as well as the safety and life cycle assessment of biobased products. Finally, the authors address how advances in digital technology can make food waste upcycling a negative-cost process and discuss best practices to practically implement the biorefinery concept. Research gaps and needs are suggested, and recommendations for food waste handling and management during this COVID-19 pandemic are provided.

Interest in green and sustainable design is growing throughout the world. Both national and local governments are active in promoting reuse and recycling in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. This guide identifies how building designers and constructors can minimize the generation of waste at the design stage of a building project by using reclaimed components and materials. Authoritative, accessible and much-needed, this book highlights the opportunities for using reclaimed components and materials and recycled-content building products for each element of a building, from structure and foundations to building services and external works. Current experience is illustrated with international case studies and practical advice. It discusses different approaches to designing with recycling in mind, and identifies the key issues to address when specifying reclaimed components and recycled materials in construction work. This book will be invaluable for building professionals including architects, specifiers, structural and service engineers, quantity surveyors, contractors and facilities managers as well as students of architecture and civil engineering. Published with NEF

The book highlights the importance of emerging technologies in wastewater treatment plant to clean up the environment from pollution caused by human activities It assesses the potential application of several existing bioremediation techniques and introduces new emerging technologies It is an updated vision of the existing emerging technologies in environmental bioremediation strategies with their limitations and challenges and their potential application to remove environmental pollutants It also introduces the new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation with thorough discussion of recent developments in this field. Highlights the importance of bioremediation to deal with the ever-increasing number of environmental pollutants.

Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures focuses on the research of advanced structures and anti-seismic design in civil engineering. The proceedings present the most cutting-edge research directions and achievements related to civil and structural engineering. Topics covered in the proceedings include: * Engineering Structure and Seismic Resistance * Structural Mechanics Analysis * Components and Materials * Structural Seismic Design * 3D Printing Concrete * Other Related Topics The works of this proceedings will promote development of civil and structural engineering, resource sharing, flexibility and high efficiency. Thereby, promote scientific information interchange between scholars from the top universities, research centers and high-tech enterprises working all around the world.

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and concerns for environmental degradation due to the fossil fuel burning have led the scientific community to look for alternative renewable energy sources. Among the available renewable energy sources, bioenergy derived from biomass and waste resources have great potential to not only prevent environmental pollution but also be a carbon neutral energy source. In addition, adaptation of this technology could streamline new green products, alternative energy sources into real-world applications and promote a circular economy towards zero-waste approach. This book tries to bridge the existing knowledge gap in the area of bioenergy resources. The first two chapters provide introduction to the anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies and direct interspecies electron transfer in AD. The next three chapters are on biomass pretreatment technologies for process improvement. The sixth to eighth chapter discuses biogas and other by-product production from specific wastes such from dairy, food and agricultural solid waste. The following two chapters focuses on the downstream processing of anaerobic digestate and on biochar production. Integration of AD in biorefineries using bioelectrochemical systems, syngas fermentation and electricity production are discussed in the next three chapters. The final two chapters elaborates on life cycle assessment of AD based technologies.

Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) constructed tunnels are widespread, and can deliver significant environmental and cost benefits. However, as noted in the noteworthy examples of TBM traffic tunnels presented in this book, there are still important challenges associated with them, linked in particular to structural safety in the event of earthquakes, as well as cost and safety issues during operation. To face these challenges, Innovation in TBM Traffic Tunnels presents three innovative concepts in the field of construction of TBM rail and road tunnels: the TISB concept that improves the structural safety of those built on soft soil in seismic areas, and the TMG and TMF concepts, for rail and road tunnels, respectively, that allow for significant reduction of their cost and the improvement of safety during operation. Examples of the application of these new concepts in the conceptual design of specific tunnel cases are presented and compared with solutions based on common approaches, demonstrating the additional benefits of these concepts. The book also draws attention to other innovations in TBM tunnelling that may improve the construction of tunnels in the future, especially when using the concepts mentioned above. Innovation in TBM Traffic Tunnels is aimed at professionals involved in the planning, design, and construction of tunnels for transport infrastructure, including authorities, consultants and construction companies, worldwide.

This book investigates the complex and unpredictable temporalities of waste. Reflecting on waste in the context of sustainability, materiality, social practices, subjectivity and environmental challenges, the book covers a wide range of settings, from the municipal garbage crisis in Beirut, to food rescue campaigns in Hong Kong and the toxic by-products of computer chip production in Silicon Valley. Waste is one of the most pressing issues of the day, central to environmental challenges and the development of healthier and more sustainable futures. The emergence of the new field of discard studies, in addition to expanding research across other disciplines within the social sciences, is testament to the centrality of waste as a crucial social, material and cultural problem and to the need for multi- and transdisciplinary approaches like those provided in this volume. This edited collection seeks to develop a framework that understands the material properties of different kinds of waste, not as fixed, stable or singular but asdynamic, relational and often invisible. It brings together new and cutting-edge research on the temporalities of waste by a diverse range of international authors. Collectively, this research presents a persuasive argument about the need to give more credence to the capacities of waste to provoke us in materially and temporally complex ways, especially those substances that complicate our understandings of life as bounded duration. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of the environmental humanities, cultural studies, anthropology and human geography.

The ever-increasing number of pollutants discharged into the environment drives the search for new treatment technologies or the modification of the existing ones. In this sense, innovation in bio nanofiltration systems seems very promising and therefore, a book on the current advances and innovations on his topic is highly appropriate. Bio nanofiltration is a relatively emerging new technology applied to the treatment of wastewater and other toxic compounds. In the last two decades, this technology has begun to emerge as an economically viable process to treat the great variety of recalcitrant pollutants discharged into the environment. Thus, the US biofiltration market is speculated to reach over $100 million by 2020. This book aims to present how innovation in bio nanofiltration can provide effective solutions to overcome the serious problem of water pollution worldwide. The removal of contaminants will be the result of the combined effects of biological oxidation, adsorption, and filtration processes. Features: Describes the microbial ecology of bio nanofiltration Describes the modelling of bio nanofiltration Describes designing of bio nanofillers

This book with its six interesting chapters highlights the environmental assessment of recycled waste. Waste Management is one of the main topics of concern for an organization and a nation. Out of different destinations at the end of life for a product, Recycling is the need of the hour and is an inevitable destination. Literally all wastes (be it- postindustrial or post-consumer states) if they cannot be reused, have to be recycled. Recycled products are in demand today and we are seeing many recycled alternatives for almost all industrial sectors. One of the million-dollar question to answer in terms of recycling and recycled products is- whether the recycled products are environmentally sustainable than the virgin alternatives? It is highly imperative to ascertain the environmental footprints of recycled products and recycling processes and also find out the best possible ways to further improve the environmental benefits of such recycled products and recycling processes.

Advances in Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering focuses on the research of civil engineering and environmental engineering. the proceedings feature the most cutting-edge research directions and achievements related to civil engineering and environmental. Subjects in the proceedings include: Civil engineering technology Civil engineering surveying Geological engineering Structural engineering Tunnel and bridge engineering Environmental protection materials Pollution control project Building environment and equipment engineering The works of this proceedings can promote development of civil engineering and environmental engineering, resource sharing, flexibility and high efficiency. Thereby, promote scientific information interchange between scholars from the top universities, research centers and high-tech enterprises working all around the world.

Advances in Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering focuses on the research of civil engineering and environmental engineering. The proceedings feature the most cutting-edge research directions and achievements related to civil engineering and environmental. Subjects in the proceedings include: Civil engineering technology Civil engineering surveying Geological engineering Structural engineering Tunnel and bridge engineering Environmental protection materials Pollution control project Building environment and equipment engineering The works of this proceedings can promote development of civil engineering and environmental engineering, resource sharing, flexibility and high efficiency. Thereby, promote scientific information interchange between scholars from the top universities, research centers and high-tech enterprises working all around the world.