Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy, and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

Does money blur perspectives for a better life?
Lifting the money veil from our yardsticks of progress, income and wealth, reveals the trade-offs of economic growth. The book presents new indicators of the social, economic and ecological impacts of our lifestyles and production techniques. The indicators help to identify those responsible for these impacts and account for their accountability in terms of environmental and other ("social") costs.
Sustainable development is to bring about long-term prosperity without undermining its natural foundation. For the assessment of the opaque concept we need both, physical impact measures and environmentally modified ("green") indicators of income, capital and output.
Peter Bartelmus opens the dialogue between frequently hostile camps of economists and environmentalists, data producers and users, and scientists and policy makers. Together, they may steer us towards a sustainable future.

Over recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the risks of locating hazardous industries near heavily populated, environmentally sensitive areas. This new awareness demands a novel approach to safety planning for hazardous industries; one that looks at the problem from the point of view of integrated regional risk assessment which, besides the risks arising from natural events, should also include the risks arising from the processing plants, storage and the transportation of dangerous goods. Volume I of Integrated Regional Risk Assessment highlights the main procedures for the assessment of risks to health and environmental impacts from continuous emissions of pollutants into air, water and soil under normal operating conditions. Volume II deals with the assessment of consequences of accidental releases, helping to answer such questions as: What can go wrong? What are the effects and consequences? How often will it happen? GBP/LISTGBP The main procedural steps are supported by relevant, internationally recognised methods of risk assessment. The book also reviews criteria and guidelines for the implementation of risk assessment and management at different stages. Audience: Students, engineers, and scientists in charge of developing new methodologies for hazard analysis and risk assessment; practitioners of environmental protection; local and governmental authorities charged with implementing environmental risk impact procedures and guidelines.

Biological pesticides are increasingly finding therr place in IPM and increasing numbers of products are making therr way to the marketplace. Particularly in China, Latin America and Australia, implementation is proceeding on a large scale. However, in the USA and Europe, registration procedures for insect pathogens to be used for insect control have been established that requrre low levels of risk, resulting in costs of retarding the implementation of microbial agents. This book provides a review of the state of the art of studies on the envrronmental impact of microbial insecticides. It originates from a Society for Invertebrate Pathology Microbial Control Division Symposium .. Assessment of envrronmental safety of biological insecticides", organised in collaboration with the EU-ERBIC research project (FAIR5-CT97-3489). This symposium was initiated by Heikki Hokkanen and Chris Lomer, and was held at the SIP Annual Meeting in 2001 in The Netherlands. The emphasis in this book is on large scale use of microbial agents for insect control, demonstrating how this use has been proceeding with minimal envrron mental impact. This book is intended to be of use to regulatory authorities in determining whether further studies in eertain areas are necessary and how to conduct them if needed, or whether sufficient information has been collected already to permit fuH registration of many of these biological control agents.

11. 3. 2. Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 11. 3. 3. Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 11. 3. 4. Some remarks on comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 11. 3. 5. Electrical heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 11. 4. Electrical fie1ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 11. 4. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 11. 4. 2. Open fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 11. 4. 3. The TV set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 11. 4. 4. Upholstery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 11. 5. Electrostatic air c1eaners and ionizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 11. 5. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 11. 5. 2. What do they have in common? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 11. 5. 3. What is the difference? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 11. 6. Health effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11. 6. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11. 6. 2. Air conditioning and c1imate control . . . . . . . . . . . 142 11. 6. 3. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 11. 6. 4. Charged particles and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 11. 7. Conc1usion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 The atmosphere is not what it is popularly believed to be 163 111. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 111. 2. Particles in the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 m. 2. I. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 m. 2. 2. Partic1es and albedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 111. 2. 3. Condensation nuc1ei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 111. 3. Pollution sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 111. 3. 1. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 III. 3. 2. Forest fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 111. 3. 2. Car emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 111. 3. 3. The e1ectrostatic precipitator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 III. 4. Transport and sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 111. 4. 1. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 111. 4. 2. Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 111. 4. 3. Se1ective deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 111. 4. 4. Visibility, ozone layer, and nitrates. . . . . . . . . . . . 206 111. 4. 5. Torrential rains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Contents 8 Tb. Forgotten Pollution 111. 4. 4. Visibility, ozone layer, and nitrates . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 111. 4. 5. Torrential rains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plucked from her life on the streets of post-apocalyptic Santo Domingo, young maid Acilde Figueroa finds herself at the heart of a voodoo prophecy: only she can travel back in time and save the ocean - and humanity - from disaster. But first she must become the man she always was - with the help of a sacred anemone.Tentacle is an electric novel with a big appetite and a brave vision, plunging headfirst into questions of climate change, technology, Yoruba ritual, queer politics, poverty, sex, colonialism and contemporary art. Bursting with punk energy and lyricism, it's a restless, addictive trip: The Tempest meets the telenovela.

Over recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the risks of locating hazardous industries near heavily populated, environmentally sensitive areas. This new awareness demands a novel approach to safety planning for hazardous industries; one that looks at the problem from the point of view of integrated regional risk assessment which, besides the risks arising from natural events, should also include the risks arising from the processing plants, storage and the transportation of dangerous goods. Volume I of Integrated Regional Risk Assessment highlights the main procedures for the assessment of risks to health and environmental impacts from continuous emissions of pollutants into air, water and soil under normal operating conditions. Volume II deals with the assessment of consequences of accidental releases, helping to answer such questions as: What can go wrong? What are the effects and consequences? How often will it happen? A/LISTA The main procedural steps are supported by relevant, internationally recognised methods of risk assessment. The book also reviews criteria and guidelines for the implementation of risk assessment and management at different stages. Audience: Students, engineers, and scientists in charge of developing new methodologies for hazard analysis and risk assessment; practitioners of environmental protection; local and governmental authorities charged with implementing environmental risk impact procedures and guidelines.

This book introduces advanced or emerging technologies for conversion of wastes into a variety of high-value chemicals and materials. Energy and resources can be recovered from various residential, industrial and commercial wastes, such as municipal wastewater and sludge, e-waste, waste plastics and resins, crop residues, forestry residues and lignin. Advanced waste-to-resource and energy technologies like pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, fractionation, de-polymerization, gasification and carbonization are also introduced. The book serves as an essential guide to dealing with various types of wastes and the methods of disposal, recovery, recycling and re-use. As such it is a valuable resource for a wide readership, including graduate students, academic researchers, industrial researchers and practitioners in chemical engineering, waste management, waste to energy and resources conversion and biorefinery.

This volume incorporates theoretical and practical knowledge through case studies and reviews to serve as a baseline of information for coastal ecosystem research, and discusses the impacts of pollution, industrialisation, agriculture and climate change on coastal ecosystem biogeochemistry and biodiversity. The case studies address the role of coastal ecosystems as a carbon sink which is getting impacted by anthropogenic disturbances. Through this analysis, the book covers various strategies for the conservation and management of coastal ecosystems, considering their unique ecological and biogeochemical attributes and region-specific threats and impacts. The book will be of interest to a wide range of readers including students, researchers and professionals in coastal ecosystem science, coastal pollution, climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation and environmental management.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

This volume builds on an international workshop held in 2019, inspired by James Lovelock's "The Revenge of Gaia - Why the Earth Is Fighting Back, and How We Can Still Save Humanity". It, therefore, understands the Gaia concept as an umbrella term for the living world that planet Earth is hosting for nearly 4 billion years. Humankind has intervened in this ecosystem since its emergence on the planet about 2.5 million years ago, often with painful consequences for itself. In its reactions, the Earth system follows only the laws of nature. Consequently, humanity needs to develop strategies for a sustainable Earth system. This volume presents a unique trans- and interdisciplinary variety of approaches to this challenge, offering philosophical considerations as well as practical medical research. It addresses a broad knowledgeable and general audience in environmental management, public administration, and higher education alike.

This book is a unique and authoritative review of chemical fronts in the world ocean. It includes regional chapters on chemical fronts in all major oceans (Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, Arctic, and Southern) and marginal seas (North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Yellow Sea, and the East Siberian Sea). Thematic chapters focus on diverse topics such as cross-frontal transfer of nutrients; diapycnal mixing and its impact on nutrient fluxes in western boundary currents (Gulf Stream and Kuroshio); front-driven physical-biogeochemical-ecological interactions; dynamics of coloured dissolved organic matter; pollutant concentration and fish contamination in frontal zones; distribution of microplastics in the ocean, and Lagrangian methods to study the transport of marine litter. This volume will appeal to a broad audience, including researchers, instructors, students, and practitioners of all kinds involved in scientific and applied research, environment protection and conservation, and maritime industries including fisheries, aquaculture, and mining.

A large-scale outbreak of red tide along coastal areas is becoming a global marine hazard, which is associated with fish and shellfish mass mortalities through poisoning. The Seto Inland Sea, the largest semi-enclosed sea in Japan has suffered from red tide outbreaks since the late 1950's. This book discusses the red tide phenomena throughout the world, which includes biological research results on taxonomy of cyst and vegetative cells of red tide organisms and ecological and physiological studies using ecological modeling. This book is undoubtedly useful for scientists and students in the field of biological oceanography, marine environment science and aquaculture, as well as governmental researchers working for the conservation of marine coastal environment.

This book covers broader application of biotechnology for the protection of environment through different bioremediation and biodegradation techniques developed for removal of environmental contaminants including the recently discovered contaminants. The book offers a comprehensive overview of environmental pollutants including their fate, behavior, environmental and associated health risks. It is useful reading material for postgraduate and graduate students of environmental biotechnology, environmental microbiology and ecology. Young researchers also find the chapters useful understanding the latest developments.

In Rock | Water | Life, Lesley Green examines the interwoven realities of inequality, racism, colonialism, and environmental destruction in South Africa, calling for environmental research and governance to transition to an ecopolitical approach that could address South Africa's history of racial oppression and environmental exploitation.

Green analyses conflicting accounts of nature in environmental sciences that claim neutrality amid ongoing struggles for land restitution and environmental justice.

Offering in-depth studies of environmental conflict in contemporary South Africa, Green addresses the history of contested water access in Cape Town; struggles over natural gas fracking in the Karoo; debates about decolonising science; the potential for a politics of soil in the call for land restitution; urban baboon management, and the consequences of sending sewage to urban oceans.

The growth in our understanding of the production, transformation and loss of pollutants and trace substances in the atmosphere has followed closely the development of instrumentation for both in situ and remote measurements of the minute concentrations and fluxes of trace substances. In recent times the requirement has been for instruments which have a fast response, are chemically specific, and sensitive enough to detect small changes in concentrations at ppb and ppt levels. This book gives an account of such techniques. Each technique is reviewed and then the results of a number of detailed studies are presented. The book is Volume 8 of the series on Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere.

Contamination of the different components of environment through industrial and anthropogenic activities have guided new eras of research. This has lead to development of strategies/methodologies to curtail/minimize environmental contamination. Research studies conducted all over the globe established that bioremediation play a promising role in minimizing environmental contamination. In the last decade, phytoremediation studies have been conducted on a vast scale. Initial research in this scenario focused on screening terrestrial plant species that remove contaminants from soil and air. Later, scientific community realized that water is a basic necessity for sustaining life on earth and quality of which is getting deteriorated day by day. This initiated studies on phytoremediation using aquatic plants. Role of aquatic plant species in cleaning water bodies was also explored. Many of the aquatic plant species showed potential to treat domestic, municipal and industrial wastewaters and hence their use in constructed wetlands for treating wastewaters was emphasized. The present book contains five chapters. First two chapters provide information about types of contaminants commonly reported in wastewaters and enlists some important and well studied aquatic plant species known for their potential to remove various contaminants from wastewater. Subsequent chapters deal with mechanisms involved in contaminant removal by aquatic plant species, and also provide detailed information about role of aquatic plant species in wetlands. Potential of constructed wetlands in cleaning domestic and industrial wastewaters has also been discussed in detail. The strategy for enhancing phytoremediation capacity of plants by different means and effectiveness of phytoremediation technology in terms of monitory benefits has been discussed in last chapter. Last chapter also emphasizes the future aspects of this technology.

This overview compiles the on-going research in Europe to enlarge and deepen the understanding of the reaction mechanisms and pathways associated with the combustion of an increased range of fuels. Focus is given to the formation of a large number of hazardous minor pollutants and the inability of current combustion models to predict the formation of minor products such as alkenes, dienes, aromatics, aldehydes and soot nano-particles which have a deleterious impact on both the environment and on human health. Cleaner Combustion describes, at a fundamental level, the reactive chemistry of minor pollutants within extensively validated detailed mechanisms for traditional fuels, but also innovative surrogates, describing the complex chemistry of new environmentally important bio-fuels. Divided into five sections, a broad yet detailed coverage of related research is provided. Beginning with the development of detailed kinetic mechanisms, chapters go on to explore techniques to obtain reliable experimental data, soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mechanism reduction and uncertainty analysis, and elementary reactions. This comprehensive coverage of current research provides a solid foundation for researchers, managers, policy makers and industry operators working in or developing this innovative and globally relevant field.

This volume provides a collection of research findings on the distribution and risk associated with emerging contaminants (ECs) in water and wastewater across the globe, and effective remediation techniques and technologies. The book covers various monitoring techniques for ECs in water and wastewater and its related impacts on the ambient environment, and offers valuable information on cost-effective monitoring techniques and sustainable treatment technologies for ECs. The authors detail the risks and biological effects of ECs and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in freshwater and marine systems, including their adverse interactions with aquatic organisms, while also discussing the associated impacts on human health. The book comprehensively covers current research outcomes on treatment methods, cost-effectiveness, and infrastructure needs for effective removal of ECs. It will be of interest to students, researchers, and scholars in environmental science and engineering, water and wastewater, toxicology, environmental biotechnology, soil sciences, and microbial ecology.

Environmental Biotechnology is an emerging field of scientific and technological investigations that is truly global. People around the world are now joined together by a common technical bond. Furthermore, popular recognition is high for the environmental problems being faced and solved by biotechnology methods. With a feeling of winning, but recognizing there is much work to be done, workers with in-depth experience in solving one problem in environmental biotechnology meet to learn from the background of other workers how they, too, are addressing and solving environmental problems. This text includes papers from the third biennial meeting of the International Society for Environmental Biotechnology, the ISEB, held in Boston, Massachusetts, on the campus of Northeastern University. Technical oral presentations of state-of-the-art research were integrated with tutorials and workshops by practising technologists in the broad field of environmental biotechnology. This meeting was in every respect truly global. For example, presentations were heard from technical workers in Southeast Asia, Russia, China, Europe, North Africa, India, and the United States. By having these selected presenters, all participants benefited from this interactive symposium. Various persons of political stature were the keynote, banquet, and luncheon speakers; these social events further promoted informal exchange of ideas, discussions of technical problems, and exploration of new applications. This international symposium on environmental biotechnology was held on the campus of Northeastern University, but all Boston area universities were included and participated as conference Co-Chairs. This symposium was considered a success because workers with experience in one area of environmental biotechnology learned from the wealth of established backgrounds of those in other areas of environmental biotechnology. To formally disseminate conference results, all technical presentations were reviewed for formal publication.

'This very interesting book explores the issues and approaches that society must take to shift to lower carbon usage in transportation. . . Each expert contributor provides excellent insight into the various facets of contemporary mobility systems and transportation practices to help the reader understand the complexities of transportation and related environmental concerns. Topics include urbanization and transportation in urban areas travel patterns, accessibility to transportation, and financial aspects.' - W.J. Sproule, Choice 'In their new book, Moving Towards Low Carbon Mobility, Moshe Givoni and David Banister have succeeded in doing what few edited volumes achieve. They have put together a set of chapters by international experts on a range of topics that link together tightly as a coherent whole.' - Michael Kuby, Journal of Transport Geography 'For a thorough and thoughtful perspective on what it will take to de-carbonize cities of the future, this book is a must-read. Technology alone, we are told, will not create the post-carbon city. As important is coming to grips with a complex web of cultural, institutional, financial, and social factors that powerfully shape mobility choices, now and in the future. A balanced, holistic approach that reveals how the many elements of contemporary transport systems work together offers the best hope for achieving more sustainable, less carbon-intensive mobility futures.' - Robert Cervero, University of California, Berkeley, US The transport sector has been singularly unsuccessful in becoming low carbon and less resource intensive. This book takes an innovative and holistic social, cultural and behavioural perspective, as well as covering the more conventional economic and technological dimensions, to provide a more complete understanding of the mobility and transport system and its progress towards high carbon mobility. The book uses this platform to explore the means to achieve low carbon mobility through outlining alternative pathways, through an investigation of theories of change, and through alternative visions of the low carbon transport city. The book's core message is that the complexity of the mobility and transport system should not encourage inaction, but strong and immediate action. In addition to implementing a wide range of policy measures, the book argues for a fundamental change in 'thinking' when it comes to transport policy, governance and analysis approaches, before low carbon mobility becomes a reality. Bringing together the latest thinking on transport, mobility and the environment, this book will appeal to researchers and students interested in sustainability issues and sustainable transport and transport related areas in particular, including policy makers as well as a more general professional audience. Contributors include: N. Akyelken, M. Al-Chalabi, D. Banister, E. Beyazit, J. Bishop, M. Givoni, R. Hickman, J. Liu, J. Macmillen, J. Markovitch, A. Neves, T. Schwanen, M. Tran

Lowering the Cost of Emission Reduction by Dr Michael Ridley investigates a novel way to reduce the cost of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide emission reduction. This book asks whether allowing countries to substitute emission reduction undertaken abroad in lieu of emission reduction at home will reduce the cost of emission reduction and allow more rapid and acute falls in pollution. Analysing US Department of Energy data on US emission reduction projects undertaken in Eastern Europe and Central America, this book explains differences in the cost of emission reduction by method and by country. The book sets out the conditions that would allow a joint implementation system to evolve into a full-blown tradable permits system. Political and practical objections to joint implementation are aired and addressed. This book is targeted at the environmental policy community, government officials, academics, the NGO community, economists and financiers, members of large corporations and museum educators everywhere.

The textile industry segment has been continuously expanding and it is reported that the global market was US$1000 billion in 2020. Aside from the fact that textile industry could be profitable and offers several advantages for human life, this industry produces wastewater containing many harmful substances in the form of organic and inorganic moieties. Textile wastewater can lead to serious environmental problems if discharged without treatment. In this first volume of the application of biological mechanisms, processes and units are reviewed in terms of dye degradation and removal. The role of biodegradation, bioaccumulation and biosorption in bio-decolorization are discussed. The book starts with highlighting the fundamentals of aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms having different configurations. The moving bed bioreactor (MBBR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, sequential aerobic/anaerobic batch reactors, membrane bioreactor, etc are also covered in this edition.

This text investigates the European Union (EU) policy making process and why this process has taken major steps to advance environmental regulation in some areas, such as the waste trade, and not in others. The book develops a framework emphasizing decision making modes, which provide a more nuanced understanding, compared to traditional EU theoretical approaches, of how EU actors make decisions. Using this approach, the work explores three environmental issue areas transboundary air pollution, the carbon/energy tax proposal, and hazardous waste.

Although poisonous substances have been a hazard for the whole of human history, it is only with the development and large-scale production of new chemical substances over the last two centuries that toxic, manmade pollutants have become such a varied and widespread danger. Covering a host of both notorious and little-known chemicals, the chapters in this collection investigate the emergence of specific toxic, pathogenic, carcinogenic, and ecologically harmful chemicals as well as the scientific, cultural and legislative responses they have prompted. Each study situates chemical hazards in a long-term and transnational framework and demonstrates the importance of considering both the natural and the social contexts in which their histories have unfolded.