Only through a concerted global effort can we protect our natural resources, save our precious natural environment, and indeed our future. Pressures on our natural environment come from many directions, including overuse, mismanagement and contamination, all of which must be addressed through a range of measures as part of an international response. This much-needed book reviews and evaluates the use of market and fiscal instruments in protecting our natural resources, from rural to marine environments. The expert contributors emphasise the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to stem the tide of irreparable harm to our natural resources. Market instruments that are designed to protect the global atmosphere are evaluated, along with carbon instruments and environmental tax incentives. Meanwhile, consideration is given to shifting the tax burden to achieve environmentally responsible outcomes, balancing sustainable use and natural resource protection, and protecting water resources. Offering a comprehensive appraisal of market instruments and policy solutions for natural resource protection, this book is ideal for both policy makers and students and academics of environmental law, economics and sustainability. Contributors include: K. Bubna-Litic, B. Butcher, M.M. Callison, M. Cao, A.C. Cerqueira Duque, J. Cottrell, E. de Lemos Pinto Aydos, M. Dobranschi, F. Fortier, W. Gumley, M.L. Hymel, V. Johnston, C. Kettner, L. Kreiser, P. Lee, A. Lerch, D. Nerudova, S. Palassis, S. Rudolph, K. Schlegelmilch, H. Sprohge, R. Tavallali

'I joined this amazing journey about 30 years ago. I benefited from all the theories, principles, and approaches offered in this book to explore the natural resource and environmental issues on the other side of the world. It makes me an enthusiastic and pragmatic teacher and researcher. In addition to rearranging and rewriting certain chapters, the fourth edition comprises new chapters on climate change which reflect our future challenges. Such knowledge deserves continuously passing to our future generations and equipping more students as an effective doer in resolving complex natural resources issues.' - Pei-Ing Wu, National Taiwan University, TaiwanResource Economics engages students and practitioners in natural resource and environmental issues from both local and global standpoints. The Fourth edition of this approachable but rigorous text provides a new focus on risk and uncertainty as well as new applications that address the effect of new energy technologies on scarcity and climate change mitigation and adaptation, while preserving and systematically updating the approach and key features that drew many thousands of readers to the first three editions. More comprehensive than its competitors, this new edition frames issues and policies from resource scarcity and basic ecology to welfare criteria, property rights, and environmental ethics. Necessary economic, policy, and management concepts and tools are provided, along with applications to a variety of real-world problems. Also included are substantial treatments of new energy technologies, including fracking for oil and natural gas, solar and wind energy, and chapter length analyses of air quality, land markets and use, water resources, climate change, and sustainability. Primarily a textbook, this teaching tool is perfect for undergraduate and graduate students alike who are studying natural resource and environmental economics, as well as sustainability. Additionally, natural resource, environmental policy, and management decision-makers in the private and public sectors will find the content of this book useful for guiding real-world management and policy decisions. Academic, government, and NGO researchers will also find this to be a valuable resource.

Here finally is a book that educates us deeply about the economic costs and gains of cleaning up the environment and of finally coming to terms with the costs of human induced climate at the micro- and macro-economic level. Replete with case studies from China, Australia and the USA, demonstrating deep erudition and extensive use of empirical data, it remains accessible to the general reader, as well as the economist. It should be mandated as required reading for all public policy analysts and politicians.' - Greg Bailey, La Trobe University, AustraliaThe Costs and Benefits of Environmental Regulation presents a thorough investigation into environmental regulation, its economic and financial effects and the associated costs and benefits. A variety of issues, pertaining to regulation in general and environmental regulation in particular, are examined. These issues include the theories of regulation and how it is viewed in terms of the free market doctrine, forms of regulation, command-and-control regulation as opposed to market-based regulation and the cost-benefit analysis of environmental regulation. The authors present an extensive survey of the empirical evidence on the determinants of environmental performance as well as the effects of environmental regulation on the costs of production, plant location, firm-level productivity, stock prices and returns, profitability, market value, financial risk, employment, competitiveness, international trade, aggregate output and aggregate productivity. The authors conclude that it is essential to allocate appropriate funds to combat the environmental damage we are inflicting on the planet. Presenting a comprehensive survey of the costs, benefits and effects of environmental regulation and written mostly in simple language that is accessible to the non-specialist, the book will prove an essential resource for academics, research students and policy makers in the fields of environmental regulation and economics. Contents: Preface 1. Regulation: Definition and Classification 2. Regulation and the Free Market Doctrine 3. Theories of Regulation 4. Environmental Regulation: Some Basic Issues 5. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Identification of Costs and Benefits 6. The Cost-Benefit Analysis Debate 7. The Microeconomic Effects of Environmental Regulation 8. The Financial Effects of Environmental Regulation 9. The Macroeconomic Effects of Environmental Regulation: Employment, Trade and Competitiveness 10. The Macroeconomic Effects of Environmental Regulation: Aggregate Output and Productivity 11. Environmental Regulation in Australia: The Failure of 'Wax and Wane' Policies 12. Environmental Regulation in China: A Life-Saving Mechanism in a Pollution Haven 13. Summary and Concluding Remarks Appendix to Chapter 13 References Index

Economics of the Environment, Seventh Edition is a compendium of the best, most timely articles by a dream team of environmental economists, together with an original introductory chapter by the editor. Now in its seventh edition, Economics of the Environment serves as a valuable supplement to environmental economics text books and as a stand-alone reference book of key, up-to-date readings from the field. Edited by Robert N. Stavins, the book covers the core areas of environmental economics courses as taught around the world; and the included authors are the top scholars in the field. Overall, more than half of the chapters are new to this edition while the rest have remained seminal works. This text will prove invaluable to undergraduates and graduates studying environmental economics, environmental policy, and climate change policy. Economics of the Environment will also be a vital resource to practitioners in government, private industry, and advocacy groups and other NGOs working on environmental policy. Contributors include: J. Aldy, D. Bodansky, S. Borenstein, T.A. Cameron, R. Carson, T. Covert, M. Cropper, A. Dechezlepretre, G. Eads, K. Fisher-Vanden, M. Freeman, D. Fullerton, S. Gaines, T. Gayer, T. Gerardon, M. Greenstone, C. Gollier, L. Goulder, B. Groom, R. Hahn, J. Hausman, G. Heal, S. Hoedl, K. Jack, C. Kling, C. Knittel, A. KrupnickIan Parry, E. Maskin, G. Metcalf, R. Newell, R. Noll, W. Nordhaus, S. Olmstead, D. Phaneuf, R. Pindyck, W. Pizer, P. Portney, D. Raimi, F. Reinhardt, L. Reisch, M. Russell, M. Sandel, M. Sato, R. Schmalensee, S. Shavell, J. Shogren, K. Smith, N. Stern, T. Sterner, C. Sunstein, C. Taylor, L. Taylor, R. Tol, K. Viscusi, M. Weitzman, J. Zhao

Managing climate change requires action on both its causes (reducing emissions) and its consequences (adapting to impacts that can no longer be avoided). Human societies can thrive in many climatic conditions. However, such adaptation is not necessarily smooth, and it cannot be taken for granted. This review synthesises the contribution of economics to the study and practice of climate resilience and adaptation, identifying some of the most influential articles by economists on climate change adaptation since the topic became a subject of academic interest.

Although the world faces many environmental challenges, climate change continues to demand attention in both academic and public spheres. Innovation Addressing Climate Change Challenges explores ways in which market-based instruments and complementary policies can help countries meet their climate change goals following the Paris Agreement.In this insightful book, internationally distinguished climate change scholars have come together to examine the potential of a range of market-based instruments. These include carbon pricing, coal subsidies, vehicle taxation, government incentives for the electricity sector, and noise pollution taxes. Offering useful market-based perspectives, the book not only demonstrates the possibilities that these various instruments offer in reducing the risks of climate change, but also the challenges that exist in utilizing them. These insights will help to inform the many climate policy decisions that lie ahead.Astute and forward thinking, this timely book will be of vital importance to both students and scholars of environmental law and environmental economics with a particular focus on climate change. Political science students, as well as government officials, will also find its guidance on future policy engaging and timely.

The most interesting issues in environmental and resource economics have an explicit temporal dimension, since variables of interest such as pollutants, greenhouse gases, biomass of biological resources, or the stocks of fossil fuels accumulate in the ambient environment or are depleted through human actions and natural processes.The purpose of these lectures is to present the mathematical tools for analyzing environmental and resource management issues in a dynamic set-up.The lectures include a brief description of differential equations and then move on to describe methods of optimal control, dynamic programing, and differential games. The final chapters cover two novel topics: (1) environmental issues characterized by deep uncertainty, and aversion to ambiguity using robust control methods and formulations of precautionary policies; and (2) the study of pollution/resource management in space and time when the environmental variables evolve in time and diffuse in space.The lectures are a valuable tool for advanced graduate students in environmental and resource economics who are studying dynamic problems.

World economic activity is a cause of climate change and climate change has an impact on economic activity. Adaptation to climate change can occur locally, but action to reduce the extent of climate change requires global cooperation or at least coordination.Covering all aspects of the problem, this collection contains both classic and recent key published articles on this burning issue. The first section explores global trends in emissions and their drivers as well as the most important forecasts of global greenhouse gas emissions. The second section covers mitigation policy at the international level reviewing costs, benefits, and analysis of policy instruments. The final section focuses on adaptation and the roles of risk and uncertainty in responses to climate change. The extensive, authoritative introduction provided by the editors puts these contributions into context. This volume will be of interest and value to researchers and policy professionals in the areas of climate policy and environmental economics

A major theme of this book is that, contrary to what many experts believe, being endowed with a plenitude of natural resources is not a curse: rather it provides a potential advantage, if capitalized by the well-endowed economy. Much depends on the institutions that help frame the decision-making process that affects the process of growth and development. Canada is an example of a successful export-oriented economy. And, its export-orientation has been a focal point of discussion and debate, going way back to discussions of the early fur trade, the fishing industry, wheat farming, and mining and oil and gas exploration. Unlike other economies well-endowed with natural resources, Canada does not appear to be at all cursed, but rather blessed with natural resource abundance. This book, which ranges from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth century, provides insights from Canadian economic history on how such abundance can be a handmaiden of successful growth and development. From this perspective, the natural resource curse appears to be more of a 'man-made' phenomenon than anything else. This book also investigates aspects of gender inequality in Canada as well as the evolution of hours worked as it intersects with worker preferences and 'market forces'. The narratives in this book are contextualised by the construction of new or significantly revised data sets, which speaks to the importance of data construction to robust economic analysis and economic history.

This important collection provides a foundational understanding of the debates surrounding urban form and the ability of land use policy to deliver the preferred urban form. Professor Mulley has selected key published articles from disciplines at the interface of urban economics and transport economics. These are grouped together within a number of themes, beginning with the contribution of central place theories developed in the early twentieth century and ending with contemporary papers providing answers to current issues of cities. Professor Mulley's insightful original introduction illuminates her choice and serves to elucidate and facilitate our understanding of urban systems and their drivers.

This book evaluates China's energy diplomacy across the globe and how it transcends the barriers to maintain both its security and its Chinese characteristics. How China graduated from 'self-sufficiency' to 'Go out' policy. How will China's energy security evolve within the ambit of Chinas new normal? For China, its energy security has been of primary importance, both domestically and internationally. This book explores the foreign dimension. The energy security in the Mao era was a necessity, a policy in the Deng era and a strategy in the period henceforth. The book identifies the evolution of China from a manufacturer to an investor, that is, its outbound direct investments in the energy field and the shift in its focus from traditional fuels to renewable energy sources. It goes beyond the traditional choices of energy like West Asia and Africa and explore the lesser suppliers who could have a stronger say in the future to come.

This unique book explores a wide range of environmental issues centered on the Middle-East and North Africa region, where environmental degradation and impacts of climate change are known to be more critical than in others parts of the world. Extensive country analyses are supported by references to the economic literature on regulation and incentives, and encompass recent trends in environmental management modes and policy orientations. The topical chapters include a critical review of environmental policies with a focus on economic incentives on various environmental issues including irrigation water, air pollution, solid waste management and the impact of climate change and fisheries. The book combines econometric applications, theoretical models of regulation, and policy-oriented economic analyses with fundamental recommendations for policymakers. Economic Incentives and Environmental Regulation will attract a wide spectrum of audiences including academics, researchers, practitioners, students, and policymakers. Contributors: H. Abou-Ali, M.H. Babiker, A.R. Darwish, E. Deutsch, C. Dridi, M.A. Fehaid, V.I. Grover, L. Huang, M. Jeuland, N. Khraief, A.A. Kubursi, B. Larsen, D. Maradan, U.R. Sumaila, A. Thomas, K. Zein

The current political economic system is misaligned for meeting the global imperatives of rapidly reducing greenhouse gases and sharing wealth more equitably. This book makes the case for a new environmentalism that implements a systems change approach to reorient the economy to be more sustainable, just, and democratic. This book addresses the laws and policies needed to support the emergence of a new economy across a variety of major areas - including energy, food, common pool resources, and the shifting of investments to capitalize locally-connected and mission-driven businesses. The contributors take the approach that these challenges are much broader than setting parameters around pollution, and indeed go to the heart of the dominant global political economy. The authors also explore the values needed to transform our current economic system into a new economy supportive of ecological integrity, social justice, and vibrant democracy. Law and Policy for a New Economy: Sustainable, Just, and Democratic will be of interest to academics and scholars of environmental law, climate change, environmental studies, political ecology and environmental economics. Contributors include: S.H. Baker, D. Bollier, M. James, K.B. Jones, C.I. Magallanes, J. Orsi, J. Purdy, L. Ristino, M.K. Scanlan, L. Sheehan, J.G. Speth, J. Taub, D.R.H. Winters, M.C. Wood

This pathbreaking book contributes to the discourse of evidence-based policy-making. It does so by combining the two issues of policy evaluation and sustainable development linking both to the policy-cycle. It covers contributions: - examining the perception of sustainability problems, which analyze the relationship between sustainability and assessment; - highlighting the role of evaluation and impact assessment studies during policy formulation; - looking at policy implementation by examining sustainability and impact assessment systems in different application areas; - addressing policy reformulation by considering monitoring and quality improvement schemes; - assessing the quality of sustainability evaluation studies. Providing theoretic insights, reflections and case studies, this novel study will prove essential to postgraduate students, practitioners, policy makers and researchers in the area of sustainable development, policy making and evaluation. Contributors: J. Bakkes, S. Boschen, K. Diehl, F.J. Dietz, I. de la Flor, C. George, A.H. Hanemaaijer, K. Helming, A. Hirschbeck, B. Hirschl, T. Kaphengst, C. Kirkpatrick, D. Knoblauch, J. Koniecki, M. Lehtonen, A. Martinuzzi, A.C.M. Meuwese, W. Meyer, A. Neumann, F. Rubik, R. Stecker, C. Stevens, R. Stockmann, K. Umpfenbach, A. von Raggamby, S. White, T. Widmer

This book is devoted to investigating the policy design and effectiveness of financial and market-based instruments to promote energy efficiency financing. The concept of this monograph is to present the latest results related to energy efficiency funding schemes, energy efficiency obligations, voluntary agreements, auction mechanisms, and Super Energy Services Companies (Super ESCOs) in major jurisdictions across the world. The book focuses on financial and market-based instruments as they deliver a price signal, which provides an incentive for firms to invest in innovation or implement more energy-efficient technologies and deliver energy savings while minimizing costs. Such instruments can have significant advantages for the government, supporting the fiscal sustainability of the government's energy efficiency efforts, requiring less enforcement than regulation and according the market flexibility to select the most cost-efficient technologies. This book is highly recommended to researchers, policy experts, and business specialists who seek an in-depth and up-to-date integrated overview of energy efficiency financing.

Professor William Nordhaus was honored with a Nobel Prize in Economics for his lifetime contributions to research and policy on climate change and macroeconomics. This book contains a collection of essays written by eleven leading climate change economists describing precisely how Professor Nordhaus changed climate change economics. The essays highlight the major contributions that Professor Nordhaus has made to understanding climate change. The book also discusses the important contributions Professor Nordhaus has made to develop effective policies to manage greenhouse gases both now and far into the future. Several authors also thank Professor Nordhaus for the influence he has had on the trajectory of their own careers. Finally, the essays press forward and discuss how the entire field continues to work on perfecting both climate change economics and policy.

In recent decades, the industrial revolution has increased economic growth despite its immersion in global environmental issues such as climate change. Researchers emphasize the adoption of circular economy practices in global supply chains and businesses for better socio-environmental sustainability without compromising economic growth. Integrating blockchain technology into business practices could promote the circular economy as well as global environmental sustainability. Integrating Blockchain Technology Into the Circular Economy discusses the technological advancements in circular economy practices, which provide better results for both economic growth and environmental sustainability. It provides relevant theoretical frameworks and the latest empirical research findings in the applications of blockchain technology. Covering topics such as big data analytics, financial market infrastructure, and sustainable performance, this book is an essential resource for managers, operations managers, executives, manufacturers, environmentalists, researchers, industry practitioners, students and educators of higher education, and academicians.

This book focuses mainly on strategic decision making at a global level, which is rarely considered in approaches to sustainability. This book makes a unique contribution as the work looks at global consequences of mineral exhaustion and steps that can be taken to alleviate the impending problems. This book highlights how sustainability has become one of the most important issues for businesses, governments and society at large. This book explores the topic of sustainability as one that is under much debate as to what it actually is and how it can be achieved, but it is completely evident that the resources of the planet are fixed in quantity, and once used, cannot be reused except through being reused in one form or another. This is particularly true of the mineral resources of the planet. These are finite in quantity, and once fully extracted, extra quantities are no longer available for future use. This book argues and presents evidence that the remaining mineral resources are diminishing significantly and heading towards exhaustion. Once mined and consumed, they are no longer available for future use other than what can be recycled and reused. This book demonstrates that future scarcity means that best use must be made of what exists, as sustainability depends upon this, and best use is defined as utility rather than economic value, which must be considered at a global level rather than a national level. Moreover, sustainability depends upon both availability in the present and in the future, so the use of resources requires attention to the future as well as to the present. This book investigates the alternative methods of achieving the global distribution of these mineral resources and proposes an optimum solution. This book adds to the discourse through the understanding of the importance of the depletion and finiteness of raw materials and their use for the present and the future, in order to achieve and maintain sustainability.

Over the past two decades, China has become an economic powerhouse. However, as the world's largest producer of CO2 emissions, the scale and seriousness of China's environmental problems are clearly evident. This pioneering book provides an economic analysis of the significant environmental and energy problems facing China in the 21st century. Chinese Economic Development and the Environment measures productivity, taking into account energy resources and environmental attributes that are central to sustaining economies. Applying an integrated model of energy production, transformation and consumption processes, the authors investigate the underlying driving forces behind trends in CO2 emissions in relation to the total primary energy supply. Exploring the history and development of China's economic, energy and environmental policy, this book will strongly appeal to postgraduate students in economics and environmental studies. It will also be beneficial for practitioners and policy-makers interested in understanding how successful market and environmental policies can contribute to efficiency by encouraging, rather than inhibiting, technological innovation.

This important collection embodies the author's pioneering and on-going efforts to incorporate equity and efficiency principles into the economics of climate change policy. It represents a valuable compendium of work, both previously published and original, the range of which is not otherwise readily accessible. Adam Rose was one of the first both to identify the central role of equity among nations and regions in addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and to quantify many equity principles so that they could be incorporated into formal models. Comprising classic explorations into GHG emission trading design with respect to burden-sharing, borrowing and banking, and political constraints, the papers contained in this volume provide guidance on coalition choices for individual states of the US and partnership choices for developing countries involved in the Clean Development Mechanism today and in emission allowance trading in the future. The impacts of mitigation policy across industries and socioeconomic groups are also analysed, using computable general equilibrium models to examine the economic implications of carbon taxes, fuel taxes, tradable emission permits, and strict regulation. In addition, the book establishes a firm grounding for policy analysis by providing a basic understanding of the carbon cycle, drivers of GHG emissions, and some economic impacts of climate change. The Economics of Climate Change Policy will be of great interest and value to academics and students of environmental economics and policy and will be welcomed by environmental policy-makers involved in climate change issues at the local, regional, national and international level.

This title is designed to engage students with the research, debates, and practical applications of economics. The book will help build up student confidence in approaching exams and assignments.

The authors and editors of this book challenge traditional assumptions about economic growth, and develop the elements of a reoriented macroeconomics that takes account both of environmental impacts and social equity. Policies including carbon trading, revenue recycling, and reorientation of private and social investment are analyzed, providing insight into new paths for economic development with flat or negative carbon emissions. These issues will be crucial to macroeconomic and development policies in the twenty-first century.What are the likely economic effects of climate change? What are the costs of substantial action to avert climate change? What economic policies can be effective in responding to climate change? The debate has broad implications for public policy. However, it also raises fundamental questions about economic analysis itself, and moves issues of environmental policy from the microeconomic to the macroeconomic level. Taking global climate change seriously requires a re-examination of macroeconomic goals. Economic growth has been closely linked to expanded use of energy, primarily fossil fuels. The assumption of continuing economic growth, in turn, leads economists to discount future costs, including the generational impacts of climate change. Challenging conventional concepts of growth implies different development paths both for rich and poor nations. This volume brings together contributions from scholars around the world to address these issues. Scholars, researchers and students of economics and development studies along with policymakers and non-governmental organizations will find this insightful book of great interest.

This is the first book that employs economics to develop and apply an analytical framework for assessing progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The authors explore the historical context for the underlying sustainability concept, develop an economics-based analytical framework for assessing progress towards the SDGs, and discuss the implications for sustainability policy and future research. Economics is concerned with analysing the trade-offs in allocating scarce means to achieve various ends. Thus, economic methods are ideally suited to assessing how progress towards one or more SDGs may come at the expense of achieving other goals. Such interactions are inevitable in meeting the 2030 Agenda over the next decade, given that the SDGs include different economic, social, and environmental elements. Although it may be possible to make progress across all 17 goals by 2030, it is more likely that improvement toward all goals will be mixed. For example, we may have reduced poverty or hunger over recent years, but the way in which this progress has been achieved - e.g. through economic expansion and industrial growth - may have come at the cost in achieving some environmental or social goals. On the other hand, progress in reducing poverty is likely to go hand-in-hand with other important goals, such as eliminating hunger, improving clean water and sanitation, and ensuring good health and well-being. Assessing these interactions is essential for guiding policy, so that countries and the international community can begin implementing the right set of environmental, social and economic policies to achieve more sustainable and inclusive global development.