Recent studies indicate that - due to climate change - the Earth is undergoing rapid changes in all cryospheric components, including polar sea ice shrinkage, mountain glacier recession, thawing permafrost, and diminishing snow cover. This book provides a comprehensive summary of all components of the Earth's cryosphere, reviewing their history, physical and chemical characteristics, geographical distributions, and projected future states. This new edition has been completely updated throughout, and provides state-of-the-art data from GlobSnow-2 CRYOSAT, ICESAT, and GRACE. It includes a comprehensive summary of cryospheric changes in land ice, permafrost, freshwater ice, sea ice, and ice sheets. It discusses the models developed to understand cryosphere processes and predict future changes, including those based on remote sensing, field campaigns, and long-term ground observations. Boasting an extensive bibliography, over 120 figures, and end-of-chapter review questions, it is an ideal resource for students and researchers of the cryosphere.

Animals as geomorphic agents have primarily been considered "curiosities" in the literature of geomorphology, whose spatial and quantitative influences have been seen as both limited and minor. Zoogeomorphology: Animals as Geomorphic Agents examines the distinct geomorphic influences of invertebrates, ectothermic vertebrates, birds, and mammals, and demonstrates the importance of animals as landscape sculptors. Specific processes associated with the diversity of animal influences in geomorphology are examined, including burrowing and denning, nesting, lithophagy and geophagy, wallowing and trampling, food caching, excavating for food, and dam building by beavers. Particular emphasis is placed on terrestrial animals, although aquatic animals are also discussed where appropriate. This book, which is the only one available wholly devoted to this topic, will interest graduate students and professional research workers in geomorphology, ecology, environmental science, physical geography, and geology.

World Geomorphology deals with the large scale relief features of the earth and shows how these are related to the major segments of the earth's crust known as lithospheric plates. The aim of the book is to convey an understanding of the earth's major relief features and to present a subdivision of the earth's surface in provinces which have had similar geological or geomorphological history. The book starts by presenting the reader with the basic geological column and the means of subdividing the landscape into areas with a common origin and developmental history, and gives an explanation of the basic principles of plate tectonics. The continental and oceanic areas of each lithospheric plate are then described: successive chapters deal with the African Plate, American plate, Antarctic plate, Asian plate, the European plate and the Pacific plate, indicating the regional geomorphological features after a brief geological introduction. This encyclopedic volume will provide a valuable reference for students of geology and geography.

This exciting new textbook introduces the concepts and tools essential for upper-level undergraduate study in water resources and hydraulics. Tailored specifically to fit the length of a typical one-semester course, it will prove a valuable resource to students in civil engineering, water resources engineering, and environmental engineering. It will also serve as a reference textbook for researchers, practicing water engineers, consultants, and managers. The book facilitates students' understanding of both hydrologic analysis and hydraulic design. Example problems are carefully selected and solved clearly in a step-by-step manner, allowing students to follow along and gain mastery of relevant principles and concepts. These examples are comparable in terms of difficulty level and content with the end-of-chapter student exercises, so students will become well equipped to handle relevant problems on their own. Physical phenomena are visualized in engaging photos, annotated equations, graphical illustrations, flowcharts, videos, and tables.

In 1830-33, Charles Lyell laid the foundations of evolutionary biology with Principles of Geology, a pioneering book that Charles Darwin took with him on the Beagle. Volume 1 discusses the effects on the Earth's crust of climate change, running water, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, and supports James Hutton's theory of uniformitarianism, now a guiding principle of geology. Volume 2 (1832) focuses on plants and animals, their distribution, diffusion, migrations and adaptation to changing habitats, and considers the theories of Lamarck, while Volume 3 periodises sedimentary and volcanic rock formations and considers the marine fossil record. The books are generously illustrated and thoroughly indexed. Lyell writes with infectious enthusiasm, conveying the excitement of his fieldwork and discoveries in this landmark book, which remains of interest to geologists and historians of science alike.

This book reviews the major achievements recently made in soil erosion and sediment redistribution research and management, and identifies future requirements. The book presents work from key players in river basin soil erosion and sediment redistribution from sources to sinks, field to riverbank, from academia to policy and industry. It examines the developments made in three themes - measurement, modeling and management - and covers a variety of scales (in both time and space) and geographical locations.

Allow yourself to be taken back into deep geologic time when strange creatures roamed the Earth and Western North America looked completely unlike the modern landscape. Volcanic islands stretched from Mexico to Alaska, most of the Pacific Rim didn't exist yet, at least not as widespread dry land; terranes drifted from across the Pacific to dock on Western Americas' shores creating mountains and more volcanic activity. Landscapes were transposed north or south by thousands of kilometers along huge fault systems. Follow these events through paleogeographic maps that look like satellite views of ancient Earth. Accompanying text takes the reader into the science behind these maps and the geologic history that they portray. The maps and text unfold the complex geologic history of the region as never seen before. Winner of the 2021 John D. Haun Landmark Publication Award, AAPG-Rocky Mountain Section

Your interest is bound to be held by the contents of this work and the amazing characters, their achievements and the other topics dealt with herein. A search team was formed to find any remains of the Ark of Noah. They recorded on tape, the amazing account by an elderly Armenian living in the USA who had climbed onto the petrified hulk of the Holy Ark, when his uncle took him up Mount Ararat as a boy. His recorded account was subjected to the P.S.E Test (Lie Test)and it passed. Read the amazing account of the incredible Count St Germain, philosopher, alchemist and linguist, who could manufacture diamonds and transmute gold and was friend of Louis XV. Voltaire said to him He is a man who knows everything and never dies. He discovered the elixir of youth. Various nobles and dignitaries met him over the decades and he always looked the same. Read about N.D.E's (near death experiences) ghosts, spirits and the paranormal, the Atlantis myth, the story of Noah and more. The title given to this work will now be obvious to all.

Unless they research the subject for themselves, many people do not realise that the origins and development of the human entity are largely an unresolved mystery. Before the Author's own research, he was among them. He found that he also had been subtly indoctrinated with such remarks 'cousins' and 'relatives' with regard to the apes and assumed like most others, that all the facts where in. When you read the work, you will find that this is simply not true. So begins 'The Human Enigma', a truly epic enquiry into the origins of our world and the creatures that walk upon. In particular, it examines the human brain as a uniquely wonderful creation which can be viewed as a gift from God (or was it the gods?) besides Darwinian evolution and Biblical creation. This book explores the fanatic proposition that mankind's rapid development with regard to the human brain may have been influenced by extra terrestrial sources. This work refers to, and draws together the previous work of respected scientists and looks at the future scenarios that the latest genetic and environmental sciences are pointing towards.

Salt marshes are highly dynamic and important ecosystems that dampen impacts of coastal storms and are an integral part of tidal wetland systems, which sequester half of all global marine carbon. They are now being threatened due to sea-level rise, decreased sediment influx, and human encroachment. This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest salt marsh science, investigating their functions and how they are responding to stresses through formation of salt pannes and pools, headward erosion of tidal creeks, marsh-edge erosion, ice-fracturing, and ice-rafted sedimentation. Written by experts in marsh ecology, coastal geomorphology, wetland biology, estuarine hydrodynamics, and coastal sedimentation, it provides a multidisciplinary summary of recent advancements in our knowledge of salt marshes. The future of wetlands and potential deterioration of salt marshes is also considered, providing a go-to reference for graduate students and researchers studying these coastal systems, as well as marsh managers and restoration scientists.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieses Buch soll keine lehrbuch-oder handbuchartige systematische Darstellung und ebensowenig eine fur den Anfanger bestimmte Ein. fuhrung, sondern eine grundsatzliche Erorterung der auf die Ober flachenformen des Festlandes gerichteten Untersuchungen und ihrer Ergebnisse sein. Eine solche grundsatzliche Erorterung ist in einer Wissenschaft dann notig, wenn Arbeitsweise und Auffassung weit aus einandergehen und die Gefahr besteht, dass sie auf ein falsches Geleise kommen. Das ist jetzt in der Lehre von den Oberflachenformen des Landes der Fall. Die Arbeitsweise und Auffassung, die von Amerika zu uns heruber gekommen sind, der sich viele Forscher mit Begeiste rung angeschlossen, und die auch in weiteren Kreisen Verbreitung ge funden haben, scheinen mir, trotzmancher Verdienste im einzelnen, doch im Ganzen der Theorie und namentlich in der Methode verfehlt zu sein. Darum habe ich mich bereits in einer Reihe von Aufsatzen, die seit I9II in der "Geographischen Zeitschrift" erschienen sind, damit auseinandergesetzt und dabei auch andere Grundfragen der Wissen schaft erortert. Das vorliegende Buch fasst nicht nur die genannten Aufsatze, vielfach umgearbeitet, zusammen, sondern vereinigt damit eine ebenso grosse Zahl neuer Aufsatze und stellt so eine grundsatzliche Prufung des ganzen Lehrgebaudes von den Oberflachenformen des Landes dar. Es soll ein Buch der Selbstbesinnung der Wissenschaft sein; man wird begreifen, dass ich dabei gern von personlichen Er fahrungen ausgehe. Ich erhebe nicht den Anspruch, uberall das Rich tige zu treffen; aber ich hoffe, zum Nachdenken anzuregen und den Gesundungsprozess unserer Wissenschaft, der schon eingesetzt hat, zu fordern."

Popular culture is flourishing again, with a renewed interest in the ET and UFO phenomena. We are inundated with films, TV programmes and books, plus many conspiracy theories, dealing with the phenomena. Governments and security agencies are denying any interest in the issue, yet releasing masses of documents (mostly unreadable) after being compelled to, by the Freedom of Information Act. Such speculation and documentation in ancient writings suggests that an unearthly presence has been in Earth-space for many generations. The question of this situation must reach a culminating point sometime in the near future. This book is concerned with the cultural shock and social disorientation that would obviously occur with a sudden appearance en-mass of an alien race finally revealing themselves to humanity and how the people of Earth would react.

Die deutsche und zum groBen Teil die europaische geologische Wissenschaft steht im Gegensatz zur amerikanischen und anglo-indischen den Gedankengangen, die sich mit der Theorie der Isostasie verknupfen, relativ fremd und ablehnend gegenuber. Das hat vor allem darin seinen Grund, weil sich mit dem Wort "Isostasie" der Name DUTTONS assoziiert als des angeblichen Grunders dieser Theorie, gleichzeitig aber auch als des Begrunders der Hypothese der isostatischen Gebirgsbildung. Aber es ist ebenso falsch, DUTTON als Begrunder der Theorie der Isostasie zu feiern - er ist lediglich Erfinder des W ortes "isostasy" - wie die Theorie der Isostasie als Gebirgsbildungstheorie aufzufassen. Die Untersuchung der Faktoren, die zur Gestaltung des Antlitzes der Erde gefiihrt haben, hat erkennen lassen, daB die Formierung der Erdoberflache die Folge eines hochst komplizierten Ineinanderspiels verschiedener Krafte ist. Endogene Energieverschiebungen und kos mische Krafte greifen ineinander, 16sen erdo berflachlich V organge a us, die ihrerseits Ursachen neuer Storungen werden. Sie heben sich in ihren Wirkungen auf oder summieren sich. Von allem Ineinanderspiel sehen wir nur das Ergebnis: die heutige Morphologie der Erdoberflache. Palaogeographische Forschung zeigt uns jedoch bis in ferne geologische Vergangenheit die Veranderungen im morphologischen Bild. Wir erkennen den Wechsel im Relief der Erde, die Verschiebungen von Hoch- und Tiefgebieten. Von den Ursachen dieses Wechselspiels stellt die Hypothese resp."

The book summarizes the results of the experimental studies of phase relations in the chemical systems relevant to Earth, carried out by the author in a time period of over 20 years between 1979 and 2001. It is based on 1000 piston-cylinder experiments at pressures up to 4 GPa, and close to 700 experiments carried out with a multi-anvil apparatus at pressures up to 24 GPA. This is the largest published collection of calculated phase diagrams for the chemical systems relevant to Earth. This is also the first time that the phase relations at the relatively low pressures of the lithospheric mantle, mainly applicable to the experimental thermobarometry of metamorphic rocks and mantle xenoliths, are seamlessly integrated with the phase relations of the sublithospheric upper mantle and the uppermost lower mantle, primarily applicable to inclusions in diamond and schocked meteorites. "Tibor Gasparik has devoted his career to determining the high-pressure, high-temperature phase relations of the geologically important Sodium-Calcium-Magnesium-Aluminium-Silicon (NCMAS) oxide system. This book is his opus magnum, summarizing more than 1700 experiments in over 120 figures. ... I have found Phase Diagrams for Geoscientists to be a useful first port-of-call for finding the P-T stability fields ... and I can recommend the book as a reference for geoscientists requiring an overview of the stable phase assemblages in the top 700 km of the Earth." (David Dobson, Geological Magazine, Vol. 142 (2), 2005)

This significant new book by foremost experts in the field will be the first that truly covers the topic of engineering geomorphology as a distinct discipline and, as such, will be of paramount importance to both practitioners and students. Engineering geomorphology is concerned with the evaluation of landform changes, especially the effects of construction on the environment, notably on the operation of surface processes and the risks from surface processes, whether current processes or the legacies of past processes. Engineering geomorphology provides practical support for engineering decision-making (project planning, investigation, design and construction) and engineering geomorphologists form an integrate part of the engineering or environmental team. Engineering geomorphology has developed in the last few decades to support a number of distinct areas of engineering, including river engineering, coastal engineering, and geotechnical engineering, where engineering geomorphology has complemented engineering geology and has proven to be valuable, especially for rapid site reconnaissance and slope stability studies.Geomorphology provides a spatial context for developing site models and explaining the distribution and characteristics of particular ground-related problems (e. g. landslides, permafrost or the presence of aggressive soils) and resources (e.g. sand and gravel). Engineering geomorphology can also be applied to agricultural engineering, primarily in the investigation and management of soil erosion problems. This book includes basic concepts that underpin efforts to explain the causes, mechanisms and consequences of landform change. It then considers how the land surface works in the context of wetland, flatland, hills, mountains, rivers and coasts; and the techniques that are available to the engineering geomorphologist in the field, in the laboratory, in the office and in the various forms of remote sensing. Each succinct chapter is packed with vital information, well-illustrated with diagrams and tables and fully referenced so that the detail of subject matter can be followed up.

The main mesological factors that determine vegetation activity are moisture and temperature (Ferreras Chasco, 2000). Under certain conditions of moisture and temperature a limitation in growth can appear and, if these conditions do not improve, plants can enter into a state called vegetative paralysis. This book discusses the land surface of the basin of the Guadaira River, and it pays attention to the study of riparian vegetation on different channels that belong to its countryside stretch. It also presents research on the modern spatiotemporal variability of the morphology of High Arctic proglacial rivers; and provides a review on the general properties of ancient Martian systems, focusing on possible issues related to the lack of biogenic effects on Mars, and analysing mainly riverbank related erosional and depositional structures.

This book is in response to the growing demand from academics and the general public for state-of-the-art research in permafrost science and, in particular, information about its impacts on infrastructure and ecosystems. It brings together research from diverse but highly complementary scientific disciplines to illuminate the main physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in permafrost systems and identifies the possible mechanisms controlling fluxes of energy and matter at various scales. Taken together, the 8 chapters of this book provide a comprehensive, up-to-date description and analysis of the basic geomorphological, physical, hydrological, chemical and biological aspects of permafrost-affected ecosystems, their interaction with other components of the landscape and their impact on human life and infrastructure.