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Books > Earth & environment > Earth sciences > Geology & the lithosphere > Geological surface processes (geomorphology) > General

A Concise Guide to Geopressure - Origin, Prediction, and Applications (Hardcover): Peter B. Flemings A Concise Guide to Geopressure - Origin, Prediction, and Applications (Hardcover)
Peter B. Flemings
R1,800 Discovery Miles 18 000 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

Geopressure drives fluid flow and is important for hydrocarbon exploration, carbon sequestration, and designing safe and economical wells. This concise guide explores the origins of geopressure and presents a step-by-step approach to characterizing and predicting pressure and least principal stress in the subsurface. The book emphasizes how geology, and particularly the role of flow along permeable layers, drives the development and distribution of subsurface pressure and stress. Case studies, such as the Deepwater Horizon blowout, and laboratory experiments, are used throughout to demonstrate methods and applications. It succinctly discusses the role of elastoplastic behaviour, the full stress tensor, and diagenesis in pore pressure generation, and it presents workflows to predict pressure, stress, and hydrocarbon entrapment. It is an essential guide for academics and professional geoscientists and petroleum engineers interested in predicting pressure and stress, and understanding the role of geopressure in geological processes, well design, hydrocarbon entrapment, and carbon sequestration.

Lectures on Geomorphology (Paperback): Vishnu Kant Verma Lectures on Geomorphology (Paperback)
Vishnu Kant Verma
R377 Discovery Miles 3 770 Ships in 12 - 19 working days
The Anatomy of Mountain Ranges (Paperback): Jean-Paul Schaer, John Rodgers The Anatomy of Mountain Ranges (Paperback)
Jean-Paul Schaer, John Rodgers
R1,906 Discovery Miles 19 060 Ships in 10 - 15 working days

Focusing on mountain ranges that are relatively unfamiliar to most geologists, this work expands our view of tectonics beyond a standardized textbook approach and illustrates both the extraordinary variety of mountain ranges over the world through time and many of the basic similarities they display.

Originally published in 1987.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Evironmental Chemistry in Antarctica - Selected Papers from the Environmental Contamination Project of the Italian Antarctic... Evironmental Chemistry in Antarctica - Selected Papers from the Environmental Contamination Project of the Italian Antarctic Research Programme, Pnra (Hardcover)
Paolo Cescon
R2,666 Discovery Miles 26 660 Ships in 10 - 15 working days

This volume is a collection of papers produced within the framework of the Italian National Antarctic Research Programme (PNRA) on the monitoring and control of environmental contamination. The volume represents a contribution of the PNRA to the study of planetary contamination and to the understanding of the processes of global change.;The research focuses on the measurement and analysis of trace elements and organic micropollutants in the following matrices: snow/firn, seawater, soils, sediments, suspended particulate matter, pack ice, atmosphere, and biota.;The results presented extend beyond the development of specific analytical methodologies, to explicitly tackle significant environmental issues concerning global changes. Particularly relevant are the results concerning time changes of CFCs in the troposphere and lead concentration in Antarctic snow in Victoria Land, the presence of organic micropollutants in various Antarctica matrices, and the seasonal evolution of trace elements and organics in seawater.

Modeling Density-Driven Flow in Porous Media - Principles, Numerics, Software (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st... Modeling Density-Driven Flow in Porous Media - Principles, Numerics, Software (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1998)
Ekkehard O. Holzbecher
R3,123 Discovery Miles 31 230 Ships in 10 - 15 working days

Modeling of flow and transport in groundwater has become an important focus of scientific research in recent years. Most contributions to this subject deal with flow situations, where density and viscosity changes in the fluid are neglected. This restriction may not always be justified. The models presented in the book demonstrate immpressingly that the flow pattern may be completely different when density changes are taken into account. The main applications of the models are: thermal and saline convection, geothermal flow, saltwater intrusion, flow through salt formations etc. This book not only presents basic theory, but the reader can also test his knowledge by applying the included software and can set up own models.

Landslides - Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management (Paperback, Softcover reprint of hardcover 1st ed. 2005): Kyoji... Landslides - Risk Analysis and Sustainable Disaster Management (Paperback, Softcover reprint of hardcover 1st ed. 2005)
Kyoji Sassa, Hiroshi Fukuoka, Fawu Wang, Gonghui Wang
R4,460 Discovery Miles 44 600 Ships in 10 - 15 working days

Based on contributions to the first General Assembly of the International Consortium on Landslides, this reference and status report emphasizes the mechanisms of different types of landslides, landslide risk analysis, and sustainable disaster management. It comprises the achievements of the ICL over the past three years, since the Kyoto assembly. It consists of three parts: research results of the International Programme on Landslides (IPL); contributions on landslide risk analysis; and articles on sustainable disaster management. In addition, the history of the ICL activities (under the support of UNESCO, WMO, FAO, UN/ISDR, and UNU) is recounted to create a comprehensive overview of international activity on landslides. The contributions reflect a wide range of topics and concerns, randing from field studies, identification of objects of cultural heritage at landslide risk, as well as landslide countermeasures.

Riverbank Filtration for Water Security in Desert Countries (Paperback, Edition.): Chittaranjan Ray, Mohamed Shamrukh Riverbank Filtration for Water Security in Desert Countries (Paperback, Edition.)
Chittaranjan Ray, Mohamed Shamrukh
R5,595 Discovery Miles 55 950 Ships in 10 - 15 working days

Riverbank filtration is a low cost, yet efficient water treatment technology. It has most potential to provide safe drinking water to large cities located along rivers or lakes. In particular, it is ideal for large population centres in developing countries, where the cost of building extensive treatment facilities is prohibitive. Water filtration can be successfully implemented using naturally occurring sand and gravel along the river/lake banks. The cost of water produced by this means is much lower than that of water treated in conventional treatment plants. Authored by a multi-disciplinary team of experts, this volume addresses the scientific basis of the filtration process, and also numerous topics of importance for the planning, technical realization, and security of such plants. Their application for the removal of relevant chemical pollutants and a variety of pathogens is analysed in detail.

The Glorious Geology of Iceland's Golden Circle (Paperback, 1st ed. 2017): Agust Gudmundsson The Glorious Geology of Iceland's Golden Circle (Paperback, 1st ed. 2017)
Agust Gudmundsson
R1,356 Discovery Miles 13 560 Ships in 9 - 17 working days

This is the first book describing the glorious geology of Iceland's Golden Circle and four additional excursions:(1) the beautiful valleys and mountains of the fjord of Hvalfjoerdur, (2) the unique landscape and geothermal fields of the Hengill Volcano, (3) the explosion craters, volcanic fissures, and lava fields of the Reykjanes Peninsula, and (4) the volcanoes (Hekla, Eyjafjallajoekull, Katla), waterfalls, sandur plains, and rock columns of South Iceland. The Golden Circle offers a unique opportunity to observe and understand many of our planet's forces in action. These forces move the Earth's tectonic plates, rupture the crust, and generate earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, channels for rivers and waterfalls, and heat sources for hot springs and geysers. The Golden Circle includes the famous rifting and earthquake fracture sites at Thingvellir, the hot springs of the Geysir area, the waterfall of Gullfoss, and the Kerid volcanic crater. As the book is primarily intended for people with no background in geosciences, no geological knowledge is assumed and technical terms are avoided as far as possible (those used are explained in a glossary). With more than 240 illustrations - mostly photographs - explaining geological structures and processes, it is also a useful resource for geoscientists.

Glacier - Nature and Culture (Paperback): Peter G. Knight Glacier - Nature and Culture (Paperback)
Peter G. Knight
R526 R480 Discovery Miles 4 800 Save R46 (9%) Ships in 9 - 17 working days

As major actors in the unfolding drama of climate change, glaciers feature prominently in Earth's past and its future. Wherever on the planet we live, glaciers affect each of us directly. They control the atmospheric and ocean circulations that drive the weather; they supply drinking and irrigation water to millions of people; and they protect us from catastrophic sea-level rise. The very existence of glaciers affects our view of the planet and of ourselves, but it is less than 200 years since we realised that ice ages come and go, and that glaciers once covered much more of the planet's surface than they do now. An inspiration to artists, a challenge for engineers, glaciers mean different things to different people. Crossing the boundaries between art, environment, science, nature and culture, this book uniquely considers glaciers from a myriad perspectives, revealing their complexity, majesty and importance, but also their fragility.

Principles of Radiometric Dating (Hardcover): Kunchithapadam Gopalan Principles of Radiometric Dating (Hardcover)
Kunchithapadam Gopalan
R2,015 Discovery Miles 20 150 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

The time-dependent decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes or in-growth of their radioactive or stable daughter products form the basis of radiometric dating of several natural processes. Developed in the beginning of the last century mainly to determine the absolute ages of rocks and minerals, radiometric chronology now plays a central role in a broad range of Earth and planetary sciences - from extra-solar-system processes to environmental geoscience. With the prerequisite of only college-level knowledge in physics, chemistry and mathematics, this concise book focuses on the essential principles of radiometric dating in order to enable students and teachers belonging to diverse fields of studies to select, understand and interpret radiometric dating results generated and published by professionals.

Remote Sensing of Sea Ice & Icebergs (Hardcover): S. Haykin Remote Sensing of Sea Ice & Icebergs (Hardcover)
S. Haykin
R7,086 Discovery Miles 70 860 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

The most recent sensing technologies as they apply to the study of sea ice and its properties are presented in this text. The contributors describe technologies that include acoustic sensing, ice thickness and measurement, ground wave radar, and passive microwave remote sensing. Surface-based radar, coherent and non-coherent, operational airborne radars, synthetic aperture radar and RADARSAT are examined for their usage in the detection of ice hazards in the marine environment. There is also coverage of the mapping of surface currents, sea-state and surface winds, the study of ice dynamics, ice transportation, oil spill counter-measures, climate changes and ice reconnaissance.

Geomorphology in the Anthropocene (Hardcover): Andrew S. Goudie, Heather A. Viles Geomorphology in the Anthropocene (Hardcover)
Andrew S. Goudie, Heather A. Viles
R1,955 Discovery Miles 19 550 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

The Anthropocene is a major new concept in the Earth sciences and this book examines the effects on geomorphology within this period. Drawing examples from many different global environments, this comprehensive volume demonstrates that human impact on landforms and land-forming processes is profound, due to various driving forces, including: use of fire; extinction of fauna; development of agriculture, urbanisation, and globalisation; and new methods of harnessing energy. The book explores the ways in which future climate change due to anthropogenic causes may further magnify effects on geomorphology, with respect to future hazards such as floods and landslides, the state of the cryosphere, and sea level. The book concludes with a consideration of the ways in which landforms are now being managed and protected. Covering all major aspects of geomorphology, this book is ideal for undergraduate and graduate students studying geomorphology, environmental science and physical geography, and for all researchers of geomorphology.

Earth's Restless Surface (Paperback, Revised edition): Deidre Janson-Smith Earth's Restless Surface (Paperback, Revised edition)
Deidre Janson-Smith; As told to Gordon Cressey, A.J. Fleet
R458 Discovery Miles 4 580 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

An up-to-date introduction to the changing surface of the Earth, from the solid crust to the waters, atmosphere, and living things that interact with it

How do natural forces erode and sculpt the Earth's landscape? How are solid rocks worn away and how are they recycled? What influences climate change and what effect does this have on our natural environment? This book explains in accessible language how the planet is being constantly remodeled by powerful natural forces such as wind, water, and ice. It recreates past landscapes and explains how studying the evidence of past climates is a vital part of learning about the Earth's climate system, and how and why change comes about. Packed with color photographs and diagrams, the book reveals how to recognize past events recorded in rocks and considers the challenge of predicting the Earth's future.

Applied Geophysics in Periglacial Environments (Hardcover): C. Hauck, C. Kneisel Applied Geophysics in Periglacial Environments (Hardcover)
C. Hauck, C. Kneisel
R3,291 Discovery Miles 32 910 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

Many research problems in cryospheric science, such as global warming-induced permafrost degradation, require information about the subsurface, which can be imaged using geophysical methods. This book is a practical guide to the application of geophysical techniques in mountainous and polar terrain, where the harsh environment and nature of the subsurface pose particular challenges. It starts with an introduction to the main geophysical methods and then demonstrates their application in periglacial environments through various case studies - written by a team of international experts. The final part of the book presents a series of reference tables with typical values of geophysical parameters for periglacial environments. This handbook is a valuable resource for glaciologists, geomorphologists and geologists requiring an introduction to geophysical techniques, as well as for geophysicists lacking experience of planning and conducting field surveys in cold regions.

Plate Tectonics - Continental Drift and Mountain Building (Hardcover, 2nd ed. 2022): Wolfgang Frisch, Martin Meschede, Ronald... Plate Tectonics - Continental Drift and Mountain Building (Hardcover, 2nd ed. 2022)
Wolfgang Frisch, Martin Meschede, Ronald C. Blakey
R2,269 Discovery Miles 22 690 Ships in 9 - 17 working days

This textbook explains how mountains are formed and why there are old and young mountains. It provides a reconstruction of the Earths paleogeography and shows why the shapes of South America and Africa fit so well together. Furthermore, it explains why the Pacific is surrounded by a ring of volcanos and earthquake-prone areas while the edges of the Atlantic are relatively peaceful. This thoroughly revised textbook edition addresses all these questions and more through the presentation and explanation of the geodynamic processes upon which the theory of continental drift is based and which have led to the concept of plate tectonics. It is a source of information for students of geology, geophysics, geography, geosciences in general, general natural sciences, as well as professionals, and interested layman.

Geomorphology - The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes (Paperback): Robert S Anderson, Suzanne P. Anderson Geomorphology - The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes (Paperback)
Robert S Anderson, Suzanne P. Anderson
R2,179 Discovery Miles 21 790 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

This textbook provides a modern, quantitative and process-oriented approach to equip students with the tools to understand geomorphology. Insight into the interpretation of landscapes is developed from basic principles and simple models, and by stepping through the equations that capture the essence of the mechanics and chemistry of landscapes. Boxed worked examples and real-world applications bring the subject to life for students, allowing them to apply the theory to their own experience. The book covers cutting edge topics, including the revolutionary cosmogenic nuclide dating methods and modeling, highlights links to other Earth sciences through up-to-date summaries of current research, and illustrates the importance of geomorphology in understanding environmental changes. Setting up problems as a conservation of mass, ice, soil, or heat, this book arms students with tools to fully explore processes, understand landscapes, and to participate in this rapidly evolving field.

High Resolution Palaeoclimatic Changes in Selected Sectors of the Indian Himalaya by Using Speleothems - Past Climatic Changes... High Resolution Palaeoclimatic Changes in Selected Sectors of the Indian Himalaya by Using Speleothems - Past Climatic Changes Using Cave Structures (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2018)
Anoop Kumar Singh
R2,873 Discovery Miles 28 730 Ships in 10 - 15 working days

This thesis encompasses a study of past precipitation patterns based on six cave stalagmites from different parts of the Indian Himalaya. This is the first speleothem study in the Indian Himalaya that shows a direct relationship between past precipitation and the collapse of civilization. The stalagmites examined were KL-3 from Jammu and Kashmir; TCS and BR-1 from Himachal Pradesh; and DH-1, SA-1 and CH-1 from Uttarakhand. Based on the high-resolution palaeoclimatic reconstruction (35 U/th dates, 5 AMS dates, 1,500 samples for 18O and 13C values) obtained for the duration of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (16.2-9.5 ka BP) and Mid-Holocene-Present (ca. 4.0 ka BP-Present), three major events were identified, namely the Older Dryas (OD), Bolling-Allerod (BA) period and Younger Dryas (YD) at ca. 14.3-13.9, 13.9-12.7 and 12.7-12.2 ka BP, respectively. The study showed a gradual reduction in the precipitation from 4 ka BP onwards for about a millennium with a peak arid period between 3.2 and 3.1 ka BP. According to the findings, the LIA (Little Ice Age) covers a time span from 1622-1820 AD, during which the climate was wetter than that in the post-LIA period (1820-1950 AD). In addition, this thesis supports the assumption that the WDs (Western Disturbances) contribute significantly to the total rainfall in the Himalaya region.

Zoogeomorphology - Animals as Geomorphic Agents (Paperback): David R. Butler Zoogeomorphology - Animals as Geomorphic Agents (Paperback)
David R. Butler
R1,199 Discovery Miles 11 990 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

Animals as geomorphic agents have primarily been considered "curiosities" in the literature of geomorphology, whose spatial and quantitative influences have been seen as both limited and minor. Zoogeomorphology: Animals as Geomorphic Agents examines the distinct geomorphic influences of invertebrates, ectothermic vertebrates, birds, and mammals, and demonstrates the importance of animals as landscape sculptors. Specific processes associated with the diversity of animal influences in geomorphology are examined, including burrowing and denning, nesting, lithophagy and geophagy, wallowing and trampling, food caching, excavating for food, and dam building by beavers. Particular emphasis is placed on terrestrial animals, although aquatic animals are also discussed where appropriate. This book, which is the only one available wholly devoted to this topic, will interest graduate students and professional research workers in geomorphology, ecology, environmental science, physical geography, and geology.

A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure (Hardcover, 2nd Revised edition): Ron H. Vernon A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure (Hardcover, 2nd Revised edition)
Ron H. Vernon
R2,839 Discovery Miles 28 390 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

A clear understanding of the processes responsible for observed rock microstructures is essential for making reliable petrogenetic interpretations, including inferences made from chemical and isotopic analyses of minerals. This volume presents a comprehensive survey of rock microstructures, emphasising basic concepts and the latest methods, while highlighting potential pitfalls in the interpretation of the origin of rock microstructure. Richly illustrated with over 250 colour photographs, including more than 10 percent new photomicrographs and several mesoscopic images, it demonstrates the basic processes responsible for the wide variety of microstructures in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. This second edition includes extensive updates to the coverage of igneous rocks as well as recent ideas on physical processes in migmatites and partial melting of sedimentary rocks. This practical guide will continue to be an invaluable resource to advanced students and early-career researchers of mineralogy, petrology and structural geology, as well as professional geologists and material scientists.

Introducing Geomorphology - A Guide to Landforms and Processes (Paperback, 2nd Revised edition): Adrian Harvey Introducing Geomorphology - A Guide to Landforms and Processes (Paperback, 2nd Revised edition)
Adrian Harvey
R637 Discovery Miles 6 370 Ships in 9 - 17 working days

Geomorphology is the study of the earth's landforms and the processes that made the landscape look the way it does today. What we see when we look at a scenic view is the result of the interplay of the forces that shape the earth's surface. These operate on many different timescales and involve geological as well as climatic forces. Adrian Harvey introduces the varying geomorphological forces and differing timescales which thus combine: from the global, which shape continents and mountain ranges; through the regional, producing hills and river basins; to the local, forming beaches, glaciers and slopes; to those micro scale forces which weather rock faces and produce sediment. Finally, he considers the effect that humans have had on the world's topography.

Dryland Climatology (Paperback): Sharon E. Nicholson Dryland Climatology (Paperback)
Sharon E. Nicholson
R2,260 Discovery Miles 22 600 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

A comprehensive review of dryland climates and their relationship to the physical environment, hydrology, and inhabitants. Chapters are divided into five major sections on background meteorology and climatology; the nature of dryland climates in relation to precipitation and hydrology; the climatology and climate dynamics of the major dryland regions on each continent; and life and change in the world's drylands. It includes key topics such as vegetation, geomorphology, desertification, micro-habitats, and adaptation to dryland environments. This interdisciplinary volume provides an extensive review of the primary literature (covering nearly 2000 references) and the conventional and satellite datasets that form key research tools for dryland climatology. Illustrated with over 300 author photographs, it presents a unique view of dryland climates for a broad spectrum of researchers, environmental professionals and advanced students in climatology, meteorology, geography, environment science, earth system science, ecology, hydrology and geomorphology.

The Soils of Oregon (Hardcover, 1st ed. 2022): Thor Thorson, Chad McGrath, Dean Moberg, Matthew Fillmore, Steven Campbell,... The Soils of Oregon (Hardcover, 1st ed. 2022)
Thor Thorson, Chad McGrath, Dean Moberg, Matthew Fillmore, Steven Campbell, …
R4,408 Discovery Miles 44 080 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

This book is the only comprehensive summary of natural resources of Oregon and adds to World Soil Book Series state-level collection. Due to broad latitudinal and elevation differences, Oregon has an exceptionally diverse climate, which exerts a major influence on soil formation. The mean annual temperature in Oregon ranges from 0 DegreesC in the Wallowa and Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon to 13 DegreesC in south-central Oregon. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 175 mm in southeastern Oregon to over 5,000 mm at higher elevations in the Coast Range. The dominant vegetation type in Oregon is temperate shrublands, followed by forests dominated by lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and mixed conifers, grasslands, subalpine forests, maritime Sitka spruce-western hemlock forests, and ponderosa pine-dominated forests. Oregon is divided into 17 Major Land Resource Areas, the largest of which include the Malheur High Plateau, the Cascade Mountains, the Blue Mountain Foothills, and Blue Mountains. The single most important geologic event in Oregon was the deposition of Mazama ash 7,700 years by the explosion of Mt. Mazama. Oregon has soil series representative of 10 orders, 40 suborders, 114 great groups, 389 subgroups, over 1,000 families, and over 1,700 soil series. Mollisols are the dominant order in Oregon, followed by Aridisols, Inceptisols, Andisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols. Soils in Oregon are used primarily for forest products, livestock grazing, agricultural crops, and wildlife management. Key land use issues in Oregon are climate change; wetland loss; flooding; landslides; volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis; coastal erosion; and wildfires.

Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology 2e (Hardcover, 2nd Edition): G Kondolf Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology 2e (Hardcover, 2nd Edition)
G Kondolf
R3,904 Discovery Miles 39 040 Ships in 10 - 15 working days

Fluvial Geomorphology studies the biophysical processes acting in rivers, and the sediment patterns and landforms resulting from them. It is a discipline of synthesis, with roots in geology, geography, and river engineering, and with strong interactions with allied fields such as ecology, engineering and landscape architecture. This book comprehensively reviews tools used in fluvial geomorphology, at a level suitable to guide the selection of research methods for a given question. Presenting an integrated approach to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, it provides guidance for researchers and professionals on the tools available to answer questions on river restoration and management. Thoroughly updated since the first edition in 2003 by experts in their subfields, the book presents state-of-the-art tools that have revolutionized fluvial geomorphology in recent decades, such as physical and numerical modelling, remote sensing and GIS, new field techniques, advances in dating, tracking and sourcing, statistical approaches as well as more traditional methods such as the systems framework, stratigraphic analysis, form and flow characterisation and historical analysis. This book: * Covers five main types of geomorphological questions and their associated tools: historical framework; spatial framework; chemical, physical and biological methods; analysis of processes and forms; and future understanding framework. * Provides guidance on advantages and limitations of different tools for different applications, data sources, equipment and supplies needed, and case studies illustrating their application in an integrated perspective. It is an essential resource for researchers and professional geomorphologists, hydrologists, geologists, engineers, planners, and ecologists concerned with river management, conservation and restoration. It is a useful supplementary textbook for upper level undergraduate and graduate courses in Geography, Geology, Environmental Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and interdisciplinary courses in river management and restoration.

Mountains - The origins of the Earth's mountain systems (Hardcover, New edition): Graham Park Mountains - The origins of the Earth's mountain systems (Hardcover, New edition)
Graham Park
R1,553 Discovery Miles 15 530 Ships in 9 - 17 working days

'Outstanding Academic Title' Choice, magazine of the Association of College & Research Libraries, American Library Association.Most mountains on Earth occur within relatively well-defined, narrow belts separated by wide expanses of much lower-lying ground. Their distribution is not random but is caused by the now well-understood geological processes of plate tectonics. Some mountains mark the site of a former plate collision - where one continental plate has ridden up over another, resulting in a zone of highly deformed and elevated rocks. Others are essentially volcanic in origin.The most obvious mountain belts today - the Himalayas, the Alps and the Andes, for example - are situated at currently active plate boundaries. Others, such as the Caledonian mountains of the British Isles and Scandinavia, are the product of a plate collision that happened far in the geological past and have no present relationship to a plate boundary. These are much lower, with a generally gentler relief, worn down through millennia of erosion.The presently active mountain belts are arranged in three separate systems: the Alpine-Himalayan ranges, the circum-Pacific belt and the mid-ocean ridges. Much of the Alpine-Himalayan belt is relatively well known, but large parts of the circum-Pacific and ocean-ridge systems are not nearly as familiar, but contain equally impressive mountain ranges despite large parts being partly or wholly submerged.This book takes the reader along the active mountain systems explaining how plate tectonic processes have shaped them, then looks more briefly at some of the older mountain systems whose tectonic origins are more obscure. It is aimed at those with an interest in mountains and in developing an understanding of the geological processes that create them.

Geologic Fracture Mechanics (Hardcover): Richard A. Schultz Geologic Fracture Mechanics (Hardcover)
Richard A. Schultz
R2,292 Discovery Miles 22 920 Ships in 12 - 19 working days

This lively introduction to geologic fracture mechanics provides a consistent treatment of all common geologic structural discontinuities. It explores the formation, growth and interpretation of fractures and deformation bands, from theoretical, field and lab-based perspectives, bridging the gap between a general textbook treatment and the more advanced research literature. It allows the reader to acquire basic tools to interpret discontinuity origins, geometries, patterns and implications using many of the leading and contemporary concepts known to specialists in the field. Problem sets are provided at the end of each chapter, and worked examples are included within each chapter to illustrate topics and enable self-study. With all common geologic structures including joints, hydrofractures, faults, stylolites and deformation bands being discussed from a fresh perspective, it will be a useful reference for advanced students, researchers and industry practitioners interested in structural geology, neotectonics, rock mechanics, planetary geology, and reservoir geomechanics.

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