Tropical glaciers are both highly sensitive indicators of global climate and fresh water reservoirs in some fast developing regions. This book gives a theoretical and practical analysis of tropical glaciology including a useful definition of tropical glacier-climate regimes and the analysis of the main glaciological key variables. The Rwenzori and the Cordillera Blanca are investigated as examples of tropical glacierized mountains. The fluctuations of their glaciers since the end of the Little Ice Age are reconstructed and the probable climatic reasons are discussed. The evidence of great expansions of mountain glaciers throughout the tropics on several occasions during the Quaternary are summarised, examined and then applied and contrasted. The accompanying map of the Rwenzori Mountains National Park at a scale of 1:100,000 shows the spectacular retreat of the glaciers during the last century, and their extensions over half the area of the Park in the last 300,000 years.

This volume is the outcome of about 30 years of research in the field of earthquake seismology in various parts of South Asia. It comprehensively deals with topics raning from plate tectonics to seismic waves in general. State-of-the-art techniques in earthquake location/relocation, fault plane solution, waveform inversion, seismic tomography, fractals etc. are discussed, and the results are interpreted in terms of seismic source processes in the region.

Ice exists in water, in air, in earth and in living organisms. The purpose of this book is to describe in mathematical, physical and biological terms, the growth and decay of ice, on a scale ranging from molecular to macroscopic. Consideration of the growth of ice in each of the above contexts provides a clearer understanding of the processes involved and results in a comprehensive overview not available elsewhere. This book will be of particular use to any graduate student, scientist or engineer requiring an introduction and reference for ice-related projects: theoretical or experimental; in the laboratory or the field.

During the Quaternary period, Scandinavia's mountains were the source for repeated glaciation that covered much of eastern, central and western Europe. With a particular emphasis on the four countries of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland, this text describes how these glaciations, and their intervening warmer stages, affected Scandinavia and its surrounding areas. In particular, this account focuses on the last cold stage, the Weichselian, with its extensive Late Weichselian glaciation and the subsequent deglaciation, and on the last 10,000 years, the Holocene, with its well documented environmental changes. The Quaternary History of Scandinavia provides a cross-frontier synthesis of how the glaciation affected this vast region, and will be invaluable to students and researchers of Quaternary science.

This book looks at the field of fine arts, design and culture as an alternative source of inspiration for ways to work. It is a book about a better future for brand marketing and business leadership, thanks to the dreams and the visions of artists, designers and other creative industry leaders.

"Rivers and Floodplains" is concerned with the origin, geometry, water flow, sediment transport, erosion and deposition associated with modern alluvial rivers and floodplains, how they vary in time and space, and how this information is used to interpret deposits of ancient rivers and floodplains. There is specific reference to the types and lifestyles of organisms associated with fluvial environments, human interactions with rivers and floodplains, associated environmental and engineering concerns, as well as the economic aspects of fluvial deposits, particularly the modeling of fluvial hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers. Methods of studying rivers and floodplains and their deposits are also discussed. Although basic principles are emphasized, many examples are detailed.

Particular emphasis is placed on how an understanding of the nature of modern rivers and floodplains is required before any problems concerning rivers and floodplains, past or present, can be addressed rationally.

"Rivers and Floodplains" is designed as a core text for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying modern or ancient fluvial environments, particularly in earth sciences, environmental sciences and physical geography, but also in civil and agricultural engineering. College teachers, researchers, and practising professionals will also find the book an invaluable reference.
Presents a process-based approach, which is relevant to modern curricula.
Discusses methods of studying rivers and floodplains and their deposits.
Provides many detailed examples throughout the text.
Emphasises the basic principles of this subject.
As the first synthesis of this entire field, it will be a must-have for all students studying modern or ancient fluvial environments.
Teachers, researchers and practising professionals will find this an invaluable reference tool.

"Rivers and Floodplains" will also be of interest to geologists, geographers and engineers.

In the cold regions, freezing of the ground presents major geotechnical and environmental challenges. In Russia, oil and gas gives these regions special economic and geopolitical significance. After glasnost, it became evident that research there was more comprehensive but the problems far greater than elsewhere. This translation of a wide-ranging account of the effects of freezing and their importance for geotechnical undertakings, has been prepared by an international team of specialists. It makes available a uniquely readable and technically accurate review, especially valuable to international organisations and those involved in joint ventures. The English edition of the 16-sheet geocryological map of Russian has been prepared by the same international team. For more details please see: www.freezingground.org/map or contact Scott Polar Research Institute, (Attn. Prof. P. J. Williams), Lensfield Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1ER, UK. - or e-mail: [email protected].

A thorough look at physical properties of soil erosion

Soil erosion has been responsible for billions of dollars of damage during the past thirty years, in the United States alone. Soil Erosion provides complete coverage of the physical causes, processes, and effects of this environmental problem from its origins to planning for future conservation and remediation.

This book focuses on the process of soil erosion and erosion-control principles independent of land use. Coverage includes the primary factors that influence soil erosion, various types of erosion, erosion-prediction technology, erosion measurements, erosion and sediment control, and conservation of the land. Practical material on erosion models is featured along with ways to use these models as erosion-control tools. Details of conservation planning and government policy are presented in a historical context, supported by examples of working public programs and technical tools for conservation planning. End-of-chapter summaries and comprehensive appendices on soils, hydrology, and soil-erosion Web sites make this a complete and easy-to-use introduction to soil-erosion processes, prediction, measurement, and control.

Supplemented with more than 100 photographs, drawings, and tables, Soil Erosion: Processes, Prediction, Measurement, and Control is an essential book for students of soil management, erosion, conservation, earth science, civil engineering, and agriculture; employees of soil conservation districts; government employees in the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Forest Service, USDA, EPA, and Bureau of Land Management; and soil scientists.

The first systematic examination of the role of geomorphological processes in the cycling of carbon through the terrestrial system. Argues that knowledge of geomorphological processes is fundamental to understanding the ways in which carbon is stored and recycled in the terrestrial environment Integrates classical geomorphological theory with understanding of microbial processes controlling the decomposition of organic matter Develops an interdisciplinary research agenda for the analysis of the terrestrial carbon cycle Informed by work in ecology, microbiology and biogeochemistry, in order to analyse spatial and temporal patterns of terrestrial carbon cycling at the landscape scale Considers the ways in which, as Humanity enters the Anthropocene, the application of this science has the potential to manage the terrestrial carbon cycle to limit increases in atmospheric carbon

Jupiter’s magnetosphere (the region of space in which Jupiter’s magnetic field influences the motion of charged particles) is the largest object in the solar system; it exhibits new phenomena and behaves, in some respects, like a pulsar. It is a magnetosphere whose physics is dominated by internal sources of plasma and energy. This book consists of twelve carefully interwoven articles written by leading space scientists who summarize our state of knowledge of the physics of the magnetosphere surrounding the planet Jupiter. Ground-based data as well as information from the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft are used in developing both physical descriptions and theoretical understanding. Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere is a valuable reference work for those doing research in magnetospheric physics and in a number of related disciplines.

The first book on the subject, this monograph examines the phenomenon of a huge sealed, freshwater lake, isolated from the rest of the world by kilometers' thick ice. The existence of melting ice at the bottom of the huge Vostok Lake has served as a model and inspired the team planning the Galileo space craft to gather data on the ice sheet of the Jupiterian moon Europa. The book provides interpretation of, and calculations for, stimulating factors for possible melting and a huge lake's existence at the bottom of the Martian ice sheets.

Only in Australasia can the effect of technological societies on river systems be truly analysed and this unique, accessible book covers key issues in river management from a geomorphological perspective.
Australia and New Zealand were colonised only 200 years ago by central bureaucratic administrations. For the whole period of European settlement most river management activities have been carried out by government agencies and the record of their activities is relatively complete. These countries therefore provide good case studies for the impact of technological societies on river systems, having transformed their rivers in a short time from their 'natural' into a heavily managed condition.
Geomorphology provides the scientific basis for much of our understanding of river behaviour and geomorphologists are now actively involved in the management process. This book provides a collection of case studies, the first to be produced to date, which describe the management of rivers covering issues of environmental flow, stream condition, mining and extractive activities, river channel change, river stabilisation, river regulation and urban streams.
The book will prove invaluable to geomorphologists, river engineers, stream ecologists, river managers, and environmental impact assessors involved in river management and restoration.

This volume covers the floods of the major rivers of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) Delta, and storm surge related coastal floods in these regions. The book is dedicated to addressing floods from an integrated physical-social perspective to provide students and researchers with a holistic understanding of floods in terms of both human and geomorphological aspects. The systematic coverage of all the major rivers and coastal areas in the GBM delta and surrounding regions will foster a clear comprehension of this dense reservoir of population, where thousands of people are impacted every year due to flood hazards and agricultural destabilization. This comprehensive treatment of flood issues in the region covers flash floods, fluvial floods, fluvio-tidal floods, and coastal floods, and outlines flood management strategies to maintain ecological integrity and environmental stability, and prevent harmful impacts of future floods. The book is intended for students and researchers in earth and environmental sciences, especially geomorphology, hydrology, geography, geology, natural resources management, and regional planning.

Water is, perhaps, the single most important substance on earth. It forms the basis for life as we know it. Organisms, including human beings, can only survive if there is an adequate supply of water available. In addition, the water must be of the proper quality to support life. The living world has evolved and adjusted over hundreds of millions of years to the variation in the natural distribution and chemical composition of water at the earth’s surface. Water Quality Trends and Geochemical Mass Balance provides an overview of the tracking of water quality changes, through both trend analysis and geochemical mass balances. This volume will serve to extend our understanding of those processes and encourage innovative applications of these data analysis techniques for the study of environmental systems. Also, one should not discount the continuing need for quality environmental monitoring data to provide the basic building blocks used for the trend and mass balance assessments presented herein.

This volume consists of twenty chapters addressing different aspects of the theme of fluvial processes and environmental change. The overall coverage is broad; scientifically, (from modelling to alluvial dating), geographically (from arid zone flash-flooding to glacial meltwaters) and in time (from contemporary process studies to the Quaternary). The introductory chapter sets the context, which is an attempt to show how studies of fluvial processes can help us in understanding and therefore predicting the impact of environmental change on our rivers, riverine resources and landscapes. Environmental change includes both climatic factors, however caused, and human impacts on river basins. The differentiation of these two factors is discussed in several chapters whilst others take a more holistic approach. Both climatic and human factors have, and will remain, to act together and so their interactions need to be understood. Fluvial Processes and Environmental Change is divided into five sections, commencing with the slope-catchment scale and proceeding to studies of channel response, then floodplain processes and floodplain response and finally two studies from glacierised basins. The volume originated as a two-day session of the British Geomorphological Research Group and contributors from Europe, the USA and Australia were included in order to provide a wide perspective on the topic. This book will be a valuable reference for postgraduates and researchers in fluvial geomorphology, hydrology, Quaternary science, geology and environmental science.

Surface analysis deals with characterizing and understanding the behavior of molecules which react on the surface between two substances. The latest self--contained volume in this long established and respected series of review articles on applications and instrumental developments in spectroscopy presents a high quality treatment of the frontiers of research occurring in modern spectroscopic methods. The internationally renowned authors have taken care to make their work accessible to experts and non--experts alike.

There is an alarming tendency today to assume that something calculated by a computer must be correct, yet the phrase 'garbage in, garbage out' (gigo) is possibly nowhere more (generally) appropriate than in computer modelling of cohesive sediment behaviour. The behaviour of 'mud' is highly complex and one only needs to look at a sample under a microscope to see why - the variety of particle shapes, not to mention the presence of living organisms, make it a substance with properties virtually unique to its situation which even change with time. For many years most researchers tended to avoid it, preferring to study sand and gravel, but a dedicated few tackled it and found a forum for discussing their work in the first Cohesive Sediments Workshop in Florida in 1980. The workshop met about every three years resulting in publication of some of the most definitive papers on the subject. By 1994 it was time to recognise the extensive research being carried on in Europe by holding the workshop in that region. Intercoh '94 (the 4th Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport Conference) drew together about 100 of the world's leading researchers in the field. The resulting papers, presented in this volume, truly represent the definitive state of the art on the measurement and modelling of mud properties today.

Developments in the modelling of sediment transport in rivers and the interactions with the river--bed have been remarkable over the last two decades. This progress has increased the understanding of the nature of turbulence, and the ability to replicate mathematically simple flow--particle interactions which can be observed experimentally. In addition, quite elegant models of stratigraphic complexes have evolved because of the growing computational power available to scientists. As always, additional knowledge has raised even more intriguing questions and the quest for explanation of phenomena has led to increased specialisation. Therefore, there are few fluid dynamicists or sedimentologists who can successfully span the two disciplines. The intention of this book is to assist various specialists on keeping abreast of current developments in related areas. The book initially focuses on hydrodynamics of turbulent flow, followed by basic two and three--dimensional flow through straight and curved channels and the flow over bed topography. This is then followed by a consideration of initial motion, sediment transport and particle sorting. The potential for modelling fluidsediment interactions is provided at the end of the first section. Linking chapters then follow, considering the preservation potential of fluvial bedforms in the stratigraphic record and the basic variety of channel morphology recognised in sedimentary studies. Subsequent chapters consider reconstructing hydraulic process and fluvial morphology from stratigraphy; the influence of bedform and depositional controls on packing of economically important sedimentary rocks; and recent advances in modelling subsurface fluvial stratigraphy. A final chapter provides a brief view of future perspectives. The objective of this volume is to review recent advances made by geologists and hydrodynamicists in an accessible manner and to promote an increased and fruitful dialogue between sedimentary geologists, geomorphologists and hydrodynamicists.

Every year a landslide disaster occurs somewhere in Europe. Destructive events are fortunately infrequent but when they do occur they are often tragic in their effects. Europe is heavily populated and development is expanding into areas where natural events are more likely to happen. Landslide Recognition is written by specialists from several European institutions and is designed to portray the diagnostic features of landslides as they would appear in the field, on maps or in photographs. Brief descriptions are provided and some guidance is given in the area in which different landslide types might be expected. This book will assist planners, developers, engineers and earth scientists to recognise where a problem may exist and to diagnose what type of failure may occur. The correct investigations and remedial measures may then be applied.

Soils, invaluable indicators of the nature and history of the physical and human landscape, have strongly influenced the cultural record left to archaeologists. Not only are they primary reservoirs for artifacts, they often encase entire sites. And soil-forming processes in themselves are an important component of site formation, influencing which artifacts, features, and environmental indicators (floral, faunal, and geological) will be destroyed and to what extent and which will be preserved and how well. In this book, Holliday will address each of these issues in terms of fundamentals as well as in field case histories from all over the world. The focus will be on principles of soil geomorphology, soil stratigraphy, and soil chemistry and their applications in archaeological research.

This volume presents a suite of detailed stratigraphic and sedimentologic investigations of the Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, one of the world's foremost terrestrial archives of lacustrine and alluvial deposition during the warmest portion of the early Cenozoic. Its twelve chapters encompass the rich and varied record of lacustrine stratigraphy, sedimentology, geochronology, geochemistry and paleontology. Chapters 2-9 provide detailed member-scale synthesis of Green River Formation strata within the Greater Green River, Fossil, Piceance Creek and Uinta Basins, while its final two chapters address its enigmatic evaporite deposits and ichnofossils at broad, interbasinal scale.

This volume presents a collection of papers given at a Rhine-LUCIFS (Land use and climate impact on fluvial systems), the aim being to bring together researchers with longstanding experience in developing concepts and modelling approaches for long term landscape evolution and scientists involved in more classical studies on the evolution of the Rhine river system. It is divided into two parts: part one reviews the Rhine river system and gives case studies to demonstrate the types of data that can be extracted from sedimentary archives. Part two provides a state of the art review on concepts for fluvial system research, as well as modelling the components of large river basins, written by leading European scientists in this field.

A climate of arctic severity prevailed in Britain throughout much of the last two million years, resulting in the widespread formation of a great range of periglacial landforms and deposits. Many of these features provide key evidence for understanding the evolution of the present landscape and reconstructing former climate. Appreciation of the significance of periglacial deposits and structures is also important in many engineering operations and in understanding the development of present-day soils. This book, first published in 1994, provides a synthesis of theory in periglacial geomorphology and applies this to the study of periglacial phenomena in Great Britain. The first part of the book introduces the chronological and environmental background to periglaciation in Britain. The second and third parts deal respectively with the periglaciation of lowland Britain and upland Britain. The book concludes by considering the implications of periglacial phenomena for environmental reconstruction.

Contents:
1. Stresses, Strains and Mohr Circles. 2. Failure States in Soil. 3. Failure in Rock. 4. Applied Laboratory Stress Paths. 5. Elastic Stress Paths and Small Strains. 6. The Use of Stress Discontinuities in Undrained Plasticity Calculations. 7. The Use of Stress Discontinuities in Drained Plasticity Calculations. 8. Stress Characteristics and Slip Lines.