The Routledge Handbook of North American Languages is a one-stop reference for linguists on those topics that come up the most frequently in the study of the languages of North America (including Mexico). This handbook compiles a list of contributors from across many different theories and at different stages of their careers, all of whom are well-known experts in North American languages. The volume comprises two distinct parts: the first surveys some of the phenomena most frequently discussed in the study of North American languages, and the second surveys some of the most frequently discussed language families of North America. The consistent goal of each contribution is to couch the content of the chapter in contemporary theory so that the information is maximally relevant and accessible for a wide range of audiences, including graduate students and young new scholars, and even senior scholars who are looking for a crash course in the topics. Empirically driven chapters provide fundamental knowledge needed to participate in contemporary theoretical discussions of these languages, making this handbook an indispensable resource for linguistics scholars.

This grammar provides a clear and comprehensive overview of contemporary West Greenlandic. It follows a systematic order of topics beginning with the alphabet and phonology, continuing with nominal and verbal morphology and syntax, and concluding with more advanced topics such as complex sentences and word formation. Grammatical points are illustrated with authentic examples reflecting current life in Greenland. Grammatical terminology is explained fully for the benefit of readers without a background in linguistics. Features include: Full grammatical breakdowns of all examples for ease of identifying individual components of complex words. A detailed contents list and index for easy access to information. An alphabetical list of the most commonly used West Greenlandic suffixes. A glossary of grammatical abbreviations used in the volume. The book is suitable for a wide range of users, including independent and classroom-based learners of West Greenlandic, as well as linguists and anyone with an interest in Greenland's official language.

This book—an English translation of a key Tamiḻ book of literary and cultural criticism—looks at the construction of Tamiḻ scholarship through the colonial approach to Tamiḻ literature as evidenced in the first translations into English. The Tamiḻ original Atik�ramum tamiḻp pulamaiyum: Tamiḻiliruntu mutal �ṅkila moḻipeyarppukaḷ by N Govindarajan is a critique of the early attempts at the translations of Tamiḻ literary texts by East India Company officials, specifically by N E Kindersley. Kindersley, who was working as the Collector of South Arcot district in the late eighteenth century, was the first colonial officer to translate the Tamiḻ classic Tirukkuṟaḷ and the story of King Naḷa into English and to bring to the reading public in English the vibrant oral narrative tradition in Tamiḻ. F W Ellis in the nineteenth century brought in another dimension through his translation of the same classic. The book, thus, focuses on the attempts to translate the Tamiḻ literary works by the Company’s officials who emerged as the pioneering English Dravidianists and the impact of translations on the Tamiḻ reading community. Theoretically grounded, the book makes use of contemporary perspectives to examine colonial interventions and the operation of power relations in the literary and socio-cultural spheres. It combines both critical readings of past translations and intensive research work on Tamiḻ scholarship to locate the practice of literary works in South Asia and its colonial history, which then enables a conversation between Indian literary cultures. In this book, the author has not only explored all key scholarly sources as well as the commentaries that were used by the colonial officials, chiefly Kindersley, but also gives us an insightful critique of the Tamiḻ works. The highlight of the discussion of Dravidian Orientalism in this book is the intralinguistic opposition of the “mainstream� Tamiḻ literature in “correct/poetical� Tamiḻ and the folk literature in “vacana� Tamiḻ. This framework allows the translators to critically engage with the work. Annotated and with an Introduction and a Glossary, this translated work is a valuable addition to our reading of colonial South India. The book will be of interest to researchers of Tamiḻ Studies, Orientalism and Indology, translation studies, oral literature, linguistics, South Asian Studies, Dravidian Studies and colonial history.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a transformative and powerful approach to language education and has had a significant impact on educational pedagogy in recent years. Despite burgeoning literature on the efficacy and implementation of CLIL, there remains a gap between CLIL and English Language Teaching (ELT). Many practitioners wonder how they can 'do CLIL' if their main classes are focused on English as a Foreign Language (EFL). This volume addresses these concerns by examining the experiences of various CLIL practitioners in the EFL context of Japan. Chapters outline the CLIL methodology, the differences in 'hard CLIL' (subject led) and 'soft CLIL' (language-oriented) before focusing on the EFL interpretations of soft-CLIL. Although the distinction of hard CLIL and soft CLIL has been mentioned in several publications, this is the first book-length exploration of this issue, featuring chapters examining expectations, challenges, material support, implementation, and even motivation in CLIL classrooms. All of this culminates in a review of the potential and future of CLIL in EFL contexts, paving the way for more widespread and well informed implementation of CLIL all over the world.

Tecnicas de escritura en espanol y generos textuales / Developing Writing Skills in Spanish es la primera publicacion concebida para desarrollar y perfeccionar la expresion escrita en espanol a partir de una metodologia basada en generos textuales. Cada capitulo se ocupa de un genero y esta disenado para guiar al escritor en la planificacion, el desarrollo y la revision de textos. Las novedades de esta segunda edicion incluyen: un cuestionario sobre la escritura, listados con objetivos y practicas escritas, nuevos materiales y actividades, repertorios de vocabulario tematico, ejercicios de correccion gramatical y estilo, ampliacion de las respuestas modelo y diferentes rutas para la escritura. Caracteristicas principales: * Tipologias variadas: textos narrativos, descriptivos, expositivos, argumentativos, periodisticos, publicitarios, juridicos y administrativos, cientificos y tecnicos; * Actividades para trabajar la precision lexica, la gramatica, el estilo y la reescritura de manera progresiva; * Vocabulario tematico, marcadores discursivos y expresiones utiles para la escritura; * Pautas detalladas, consejos practicos y estrategias discursivas en funcion del tipo de texto; * Modelos textuales de reconocidos periodistas y autores del ambito hispanico; * Recursos adicionales recogidos en un portal de escritura en linea. Disenado como libro de texto, material de autoaprendizaje u obra de referencia, Tecnicas de escritura en espanol y generos textuales / Developing Writing Skills in Spanish es una herramienta esencial para familiarizarse con las caracteristicas linguisticas y discursivas propias de la lengua y para dominar la tecnica de la escritura en diferentes generos textuales. Tecnicas de escritura en espanol y generos textuales / Developing Writing Skills in Spanish provides intermediate and advanced level students with the necessary skills to become competent and confident writers in the Spanish language. This new edition includes: new material and activities, chapter objectives, exercises on grammar and style correction, thematic vocabulary lists, and an expanded answer key with more detailed explanations. Designed for use as a classroom text, self-study material or reference work, Tecnicas de escritura en espanol y generos textuales / Developing Writing Skills in Spanish is ideal for all intermediate to advanced students of Spanish.

Very little competition: there has been nothing published for classroom-based learning of Dutch as a foreign language (for the English speaking market) in decades This is an innovative course that has been very well received by our external reviewers Attractive blend of functional and grammatical material and a choice of topics that are both pertinent and of interest to the target audience The text is well illustrated and is enhanced by accompanying audio material and supplementary tips and links on the web for tutors Currently there is no Dutch foreign language course book (other than self-study courses) published specifically for the English speaking market. The most used books in Universities, adult education classes and private language schools in the UK are published in the Netherlands and target primarily the second language education sector in the Netherlands, so don't fully address the need of our learners

Maku: A Comprehensive Grammar is a comprehensive reference grammar of the Maku language, spoken by the jukudeitse who once lived in Venezuela and Brazil. Based on fieldwork with the final two speakers of the language, it describes all core aspects of the grammatical system as they have been recorded; presented through lexical items, example sentences and texts. This book offers a description of the now-extinct language. It was written in response to the loss of linguistic information generally and the significance this language has for the study of the sociolinguistic history of the region specifically. This information contributes to our understanding of linguistic diversity and the indigenous linguistic ecologies in the Americas. Also included is data about language contact via loanwords with other indigenous language spoken in the Northern Amazonian region. The resources in this book are essential for language comparisons and language histories in Venezuela and Brazil. Maku: A Comprehensive Grammar is an important reference for researchers and students in the fields of linguistics, anthropology, sociology, history and the study of Amazonian languages.

With an estimated 1.6 million English as an Additional Language (EAL) learners in the UK, and over 5 million in the USA, EAL research is urgently needed to inform practice. This edited volume investigates the multifaceted elements that shape EAL pedagogy and research in a variety of settings and research areas including linguistic ability influences on subject-specific skills, integrating learners' home languages into classroom environments, and the importance of supporting EAL teachers in the classroom. In doing so, the contributors provide an international perspective on the emerging field of EAL research. The research-based chapters detail fundamental concerns related to EAL learner education. The text is composed of three parts: Part 1 explores the question of what is EAL and how a definition can shape policy construction; Part 2 examines the challenges EAL learners face in the classroom, including the use of first languages and the relative impact learner language proficiency has on subject-specific classes; and Part 3 investigates concerns relating to supporting EAL teachers in the classroom. The volume draws on researcher expertise from a variety of universities and institutions worldwide. It explores diverse language backgrounds in multilingual contexts. It covers empirical studies with pedagogical, policy and further research implications. The volume represents a single resource invaluable for EAL teachers, trainers and trainees, as well as researchers in the field of education, language learning and teaching, bilingualism and multilingualism, and second language acquisition.

Translating Tagore's 'Stray Birds' into Chinese explores the choices in poetry translation in light of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and illustrates the ways in which readers can achieve a deeper understanding of translated works in English and Chinese. Focusing on Rabindranath Tagore's 'Stray Birds', a collection of elegant and philosophical poems, as a source text, Ma and Wang analyse four Chinese target texts by Zheng Zhenduo, Yao Hua, Lu Jinde and Feng Tang and consider their linguistic complexities through SFL. This book analyses the source text and the target texts from the perspectives of the four strata of language, including graphology, phonology, lexicogrammar and context. Ideal for researchers and academics of SFL, Translation Studies, Linguistics, and Discourse Analysis, Translating Tagore's 'Stray Birds' into Chinese provides an in-depth exploration of SFL and its emerging prominence in the field of Translation Studies.

The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Individual Differences provides a thorough, in-depth discussion of the theory, research, and pedagogy pertaining to the role individual difference (ID) factors play in second language acquisition (SLA). It goes beyond the traditional repertoire and includes 32 chapters covering a full spectrum of topics on learners' cognitive, conative, affective, and demographic/sociocultural variation. The volume examines IDs from two perspectives: one is how each ID variable is associated with learning behaviors, processes, and outcomes; the other is how each domain of SLA, such as vocabulary or reading, is affected by clusters of ID variables. The volume also includes a section on the common methods used in ID research, including data elicitation instruments such as surveys, interviews, and psychometric testing, as well as methods of data analysis such as structural equation modeling. The book is a must-read for any second language researcher or applied linguist interested in investigating the effects of IDs on language learning, and for any educator interested in taking account of learners' individual differences to maximize the effects of second language instruction.

* Arabic code-switching and translanguaging in written Arabic has recently emerged as a powerful form of communication online and the connection between these forms of communication and the socio-political impact they have within the ongoing tumultuous transformations in the Arab world makes this study very appealing to students and researchers * addresses the colloquial/standard variation of written Arabic for students of Arabic sociolinguistics * many scholars/teachers in the filed of Arabic are re-thinking the ways in which the Arabic language can be taught in a more efficient way that would address the challenges posed by Arabic diglossia * a useful practical and theoretical tool that scholars could use in their explorations and teaching. This book would appeal to: sociolinguistic researchers mixed Arabic writing and the concepts of code-switching, code-mixing and translanguaging teachers and students of Arabic wishing to understand better the mixed forms of writing we find in modern Arabic literature and on social media. Early literacy advocates, researchers and teachers, who wish to better understand the issues young learners face and possible solutions to overcoming the barriers to achieving higher literacy and attainment policy makers and educators interested in Arabic phonics, a new yet popular concept in Arabic language teaching and learning

Linguistic Choices in the Contemporary City focuses on how individuals navigate conversation in highly diversified contexts and provides a broad overview of state of the art research in urban sociolinguistics across the globe. Bearing in mind the impact of international travel and migration, the book accounts for the shifting contemporary studies to the workings of language choices in places where people with many different backgrounds meet and exchange ideas. It specifically addresses how people handle language use challenges in a broad range of settings to present themselves positively and meet their information and identity goals. While a speaker's experience runs like a thread through this volume, the linguistic, cultural and situational focus is as broad as possible. It runs from the language choices of Chinese immigrants to Beijing and Finnish immigrants to Japan to the use of the local lingua franca by motor taxi drivers in Ngaoundere, Cameroon, and how Hungarian students in their dorm rooms express views on political correctness uninhibitedly. As it turns out, language play, improvisation, humour, lies, as well as highly marked subconscious pronunciation choices, are natural parts of the discourses, and this volume provides numerous and extensive examples of these techniques. For each of the settings discussed, the perspective is taken of personalised linguistic and extra-linguistic styles in tackling communicative challenges. This way, a picture is drawn of how postmodern individuals in extremely different cultural and situational circumstances turn out to have strikingly similar human behaviours and intentions. Linguistic Choices in the Contemporary City is of interest to all those who follow theoretical and methodological developments in this field. It will be of use for upper level students in the fields of Sociolinguistics, Pragmatics, Linguistic Anthropology and related fields in which urban communicative settings are the focus.

The Routledge Course on Media, Legal and Technical Translation: English-Arabic-English is an indispensable and engaging coursebook for university students wishing to develop their English-Arabic-English translation skills in these three text types. Taking a practical approach, the book introduces Arab translation students to common translation strategies in addition to the linguistic, syntactic, and stylistic features of media, legal, and technical texts. This book features texts carefully selected for their technical relevance. The key features include: * comprehensive four chapters covering media, legal, and technical texts, which are of immense importance to Arab translation students; * detailed and clear explanations of the lexical, syntactic, and stylistic features of English and Arabic media, legal, and technical texts; * up-to-date and practical translation examples in both directions offering students actual experiences of professional translators; * authentic texts extracted from various sources to promote students' familiarity with language features and use; * extensive range of exercises following each section of the book to enable students to test and practice the knowledge and skills they developed from reading previous sections; * glossaries following most exercises containing the translation of difficult words; and * a list of recommended readings following each chapter. The easy, practical, and comprehensive approach adopted in the book makes it a must-have coursebook for intermediate and advanced students studying translation between English and Arabic. University instructors and professional translators working on translation between English and Arabic will find this book particularly useful.

The revised second edition of Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook is an accessible reference grammar and workbook in one volume. The text can be used in conjunction with any primary textbook, both as a practice book to reinforce learning and as a reference guide to the basics of Korean grammar. This book is comprised of 26 units covering key aspects of Korean grammar students would expect to encounter in their first year learning the language. Grammatical descriptions are followed by examples and exercises which allow students to reinforce and consolidate their learning. This new edition has been updated and enhanced to include more varied exercises and contemporary vocabulary and dialogues. Clearly presented and user-friendly, Basic Korean provides readers with the essential tools to express themselves in a wide variety of situations, making it an ideal reference grammar and practice resource for both beginners and students with some knowledge of the language.

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This volume is a textbook for aspiring translators of Japanese into English, as well as a reference work for professional Japanese-English translators and for translator educators. Underpinned by sound theoretical principles, it provides a solid foundation in the practice of Japanese-English translation, then extends this to more advanced levels. Features include: 13 thematic chapters, with subsections that explore common pitfalls and challenges facing Japanese-English translators and the pros and cons of different procedures exercises after many of these subsections abundant examples drawn from a variety of text types and genres and translated by many different translators This is an essential resource for postgraduate students of Japanese-English translation and Japanese language, professional Japanese-English translators and translator educators. It will also be of use and interest to advanced undergraduates studying Japanese.

""Languages are best learned when real-world information becomes the focus of students' activities. In this respect, !Te Toca! definitely encourages advanced learners to focus on exchanging real-life information about the world around them. Moreover, since the topics and issues presented in the book are controversial in nature, they seem especially appealing to college students."" Dr Maria Jesus Amores, University of West Virginia !Te Toca! is a thoroughly innovative approach to advanced language learning. Imaginative, exciting and fun, it uses language simulations to take students into a virtual Spanish-speaking world where they adopt a new Spanish or Latin-American identity. Creating a learning environment in which they need to use Spanish to solve a problem or engage in debate, the language simulations draw and expand on students' linguistic, communication, and information-gathering skills. Covering a variety of engaging topics, the simulations literally put the students centre-stage, requiring them to think on their feet and speak exclusively in Spanish. The topics revolve around contentious issues and each chapter includes a simulation exercise with all its associated documents, as well as a lead text, comprehension questions, a guide to relevant points of functional grammar, associated exercises, a glossary of terms, and suggestions for written work.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This book provides an overview of the research carried out by Chinese scholars in the field of literary translation. Although literary translation accounts for a small percentage of the translations produced every year, the interest into its cultural and historical significance continues to attract the interest of academics, notably in China. The contributors to the book engage in theoretical discussions, compare source and target texts, discuss the role of patronage and analyze the translation of unique cultural artefacts such as Chinese calligraphy. Their approaches range from the use of corpus-based studies to the use of mixed quantitative and qualitative methods to compare readers' views. This book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students of Linguistics, Literature, Translation Studies, and Cultural Studies. It was originally published as a special issue of the journal Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice.

This book presents a complementary study of lexicalist approaches and constructionist approaches in Linguistics. Specific topics discussed include different versions of semantic roles, predicate decomposition, event structures, argument realizations, and cognitive construction grammars. For decades, the relationship between certain concepts and constructions along with related issues of verb-construction associations have been perennially taxing issues for both lexicalist and constructionist approaches alike. Indeed, in Chinese, unmatched verb-construction associations and the much richer alternate realizations pose very difficult problems. Based on a comparative study, the authors make an attempt to account for the possible correspondence between the delicacy of argument setting and the principles of their realization. They also account for the integration of construction with verbs in terms of their coherent conceptual contents. The resultant newly developed model throws new light on the thorny Chinese problems. The book will appeal to scholars and students studying cognitive linguistics, cognitive semantics, computational linguistics, and also natural language processing. The book also brings up some new analysis of Chinese data for both researchers and learners of Modern Chinese.

In this landmark project, Moratto and Zhang evaluate how conference interpreting developed as a profession in China and the directions in which it is heading. Bringing together perspectives from leading researchers in the field, Moratto and Zhang present a thematically-organised analysis of the trajectory of professional conference interpreting in China. This includes discussion of the pedagogies used both currently and historically, the professionalisation of interpreter education, and future prospects for virtual reality, multi-modal conferences, and artificial intelligence. Taken as a whole, the contributors present a rich and detailed picture of the development of conference interpreting in China since 1979, its status today, and how it is likely to develop in the coming decades. An essential resource for scholars and students of conference interpreting in China, alongside its sister volume The Pioneers of Chinese Interpreting: Insiders' Accounts on the Rise of a Profession.