This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference on Geographic Information Science, GIScience 2002, held in Boulder, Colorado, USA in September 2002.The 24 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 paper submissions. Among the topics addressed are Voronoi diagram representation, geospacial database design, vector data transmission, geographic information retrieval, geo-ontologies, relative motion analysis, Web-based maps information retrieval, spatial pattern recognition, environmental decision support systems, multi-scale spatial databases, mobile journey planning, searching geographical data, indexing, terrain modeling, spatial allocation, distributed geographic internet information systems, and spatio-thematic information programming.

The 15th anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster offered a timely opportunity for an expert assessment of the current situation and suggestions for approaches to managing the information associated with the site and surrounding contaminated territories.
The great quantity of data coming from the contaminated region was and is very difficult to use without he aid of modern information technologies, especially Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). Application of these technologies, and related expertise, became crucial to the region's economic recovery and sustainability planning. Given the real possibility of a similar accident at nuclear facilities elsewhere around the world, the development of recovery strategies based on experience gained at Chernobyl, using modern scientific methods and technologies, will be invaluable in the future. The presentations and discussion reported in the book have led to some key conclusions. Image maps derived from satellite imagery are the most economical, up to date and readily available basis for Chernobyl-related applications, as well as for other future applications. The study of soil-plant transfer of radionuclides afforded comparatively much more reliable data. GIS in association with adequate knowledge is a valuable tool in decision making and modelling of contaminated areas and objects.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have developed rapidly in recent years and now provide powerful tools for the capture, manipulation, integration, interrogation, modelling, analysis and visualisation of data - tools that are already used for policy support in a wide range of areas at almost all geographic and administrative levels. This holds especially for emergency preparedness and health risk reduction, which are all essentially spatial problems. To date, however, many initiatives have remained disconnected and uncoordinated, leading to less powerful, less compatible and less widely implemented systems than might otherwise have been the case.
The important matters discussed here include the probabilistic nature of most environmental hazards and the semi-random factors that influence interactions between these and human exposures; the effects of temporal and spatial scales on hazard assessment and imputed risk; the effects of measurement error in risk estimation and the stratification of risks and their impacts according to socioeconomic characteristics; and the quantification of socioeconomic differences in vulnerability and susceptibility to environmental hazards.
GIS are powerful analytical tools in their own right, but what is needed is much more effective communication between the many disciplines, professions and stakeholders concerned - something which this book helps to achieve.

This book is a collection of papers on spatial statistics for remote sensing. The book emerges from a study day that was organized in 1996 at the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, ITC, in Enschede, The Netherlands. It was by several means a memorable event. The beautiful new building, according to a design by the famous modern Dutch architect Max van Huet was just opened, and this workshop was the first to take place there. Of course, much went wrong during the workshop, in particular as the newest electronic equipment regularly failed. But the workshop attrackted more than hundred attendants, and was generally well received. The results of the workshop have been published in Stein et al. (1998). The aim of the workshop was to address issues of spatial statistics for remote sensing. The ITC has a long history on collecting and analyzing satellite and other remote sensing data, but its involvement into spatial statistics is of a more recent date. Uncertainties in remote sensing images and the large amounts of data in many spectral bands are now considered to be of such an impact that it requires a separate approach from a statistical point of view. To quote from the justification of the study day, we read: Modern communication means such as remote sensing require an advanced use of collected data. Satellites collect data with different resolution on different spectral bands.

Contents:
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of contributors
List of Figures
List of tables
List of abbreviations
List of Appendices
Preface

CHAPTER 1 SDIs
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Building Spatial Data Infrastructures
1.2.1 Building Human Capacity through Partnerships and Networks
1.2.2 Support Resources for Developing the People Developing SDIs
1.3 Strengthening Institutional Capacity
1.3.1 The Need for Capacity Building to Facilitate SDI Development.
1.3.2 The Role of Research in SDI Development.
1.4 Sustainable Development as a research driver
1.4.1 The Triple Bottom Line
1.4.2 Technology
1.5 SDI development into the future
1.6 Conclusion
1.7 References

CHAPTER 2 Spatial Data Infrastructures:Concept, Nature And SDI Hierarchy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Need for Spatial Data
2.2.1 Sharing Spatial Data
2.2.2 Spatial Data and Decision Support Systems
2.3 Spatial Data Infrastructure
2.3.1 SDI Nature and Characteristics
(a) Partnerships
(b) Different Views to Understanding and Development
(c) The Importance of People
(d) Dynamic Nature
2.3.2 Current SDI initiatives (Global, Regional, National, State, Local)
2.4 SDI Hierarchy
2.4.1 The Theory of Hierarchy
(a) Definition of Hierarchy
(b) Purpose and Levels of a Hierarchical Structure
2.4.2 Hierarchical Reasoning
(a) Principles of HSR
(b) Properties of Hierarchies
2.4.3 Different Views on SDI Hierarchy
2.5 Applying Hierarchy Theory on SDIs
2.5.1 Hierarchy Theory and An SDI Hierarchy
2.6 Relationships among Different SDIs
2.7 Conclusion

CHAPTER 3 Global Initiatives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 GSDI
3.2.1 History and Background
3.2.2 SDI Components and Organisational Model
3.2.3 SDI Current Status of Development
3.2.4 Issues and Challenges
3.2.5 Future Plans and Discussion
3.3 Global Map
3.3.1 Background
3.3.2 SDI Components and Organisational Model
(a) Institutional Arrangements
(b) Technical Standards
(c) Fundamental Data
3.3.3 SDI Current Status of Development
3.3.4 Issues and Challenges
3.3.5 Future Plans and Discussion
3.4 Other Multi-National Initiatives
3.5 Evaluation of Global Initiatives
3.6 Recommendations and Future Directions
3.7 References

CHAPTER 4 Regional SDIs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 European Umbrella Organisation For Geographic Information (EUROGI)
4.2.1 History and background
4.2.2. Current Status
4.2.3. Issues and Challenges
4.3 Permanent Committee On GIS Infrastructure For Asia And The Pacific (PCGIAP)
4.3.1 History and Background
4.2.1 Current Status of Development
(a) Institutional Framework
(b) Technical Standards
(c) Fundamental Datasets
(d) Access network
4.3.3 Issues and Challenges
4.3.4 Future Plans and Discussions
4.4 Permanent Committee On Spatial Data Infrastructure For The Americas (PCIDEA)
4.4.2 Current Status
4.4.3 Issues and Challenges
4.5 Comparative Evaluation
4.6 References

CHAPTER 5 Regional SDI Diffusion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Asia and the Pacific region and Regional SDI activities: a case study
5.2.1 Current Progress of PCGIAP and APSDI development
5.3 SDI Diffusion
5.4 Influencing Factors for Regional SDI Diffusion
5.4.1 Environmental Factors
5.4.2 Capacity Factors
5.4.3 SDI Organisation Factors
5.5 SDI Development Models
5.6 Recommendations
5.6.1 Organisational Restructure
5.6.2 Redesign Future Strategy Based on Asia-Pacific Social System
5.6.3 Modify APSDI Conceptual Model
5.6.4 Adopting SDI Process-Based Model
5.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
5.8 References

CHAPTER 6 National SDI Initiatives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview on National SDI
6.3 Role and Relationships within SDI Hierarchy
6.4 Current Situation
6.4.1 First Generation of National SDI Initiatives
a) Australia SDI
b) USA National SDI
6.4.2 Second Generation of National SDI Initiatives
a) National Geographic Information Infrastructure for Lebanon
b) Iranian National Spatial Data Infrastructure
6.4.3 Comparative Analysis
6.5 Recommendations and Future Directions
6.6 References

CHAPTER 7 State SDI Initiatives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Spatial Information
8.4.1 ANZLIC
8.4.2 Public Sector Mapping Agencies
8.4.3 Spatial Information Industry Action Agenda
8.4.4 Australian Spatial Information Business Association
8.4.5 Spatial Sciences Coalition
8.4.6 Spatial Information Cooperative Research Centre
8.5 ASDI Implementation
8.5.1 Fundamental Datasets
8.5.2 Australian Spatial Data Directory (ASDD)
8.5.3 ASDI Clearinghouse Definition
8.5.4 Pricing Policy
8.6 Current Issues And Future Directions
8.7 References

CHAPTER 9 State SDI Development: A Victorian Perspective
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Administration of Spatial Information
9.1.2 Development of State SDI
9.1.3 Spatial Information for Victoria: Early Beginnings
9.2 Victoria's Strategy for building SDI
9.2.1 Framework Information
9.2.2 Key Business Information
9.2.3 Custody
9.2.4 Metadata
9.2.5 Access Infrastructure
9.2.6 Pricing and Licensing
9.2.7 Spatial Accuracy
9.2.8 Awareness
9.3 Role and Responsibility for Developing Victorian SDI
9.4 Building Blocks Of Victoria's SDI
9.4.1 Land Exchange
9.4.2 Property Information Project (PIP)
9.4.3 Rural Addressing
9.4.4 Online Service Delivery
9.4.5 Land Channel
9.4.6 Land Channel Sales
9.5 Role within the Australian SDI Development
9.5.1 Growing the Private Sector
9.5.2 Participation in Standards Development
9.5.3 Jurisdictional Linkages
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 References

CHAPTER 10 SDI Development: Roles of Local and Corporate SDIs
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 The Concept of SDI
10.2 Local SDI Development at Geelong
10.2.1 History of Geelong SDI Development
10.2.2 Current Geelong SDI (components and organisation model)
10.2.3 Linkages of Greater Geelong SDI through corporate SDI
10.3 Corporate SDI in multi-level SDI development- the case of DNRE
10.3.1 Catchment and Water
10.3.2 Parks Flora and Fauna
10.3.3. Department wide effort
10.4 Some patterns of SDI development
10.4.1 Some good practices
10.4.2 Two scales of SDI development
10.5 Conclusions
10.6 References

CHAPTER 11 Sustainable Development, the Place for SDIs and the Case for E-Governance
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Effect on Government
11.2.1 Participatory Administration
11.2.2 Social Capital
11.3 The Role for SDIs
11.4 The Case for E-Governance
11.5 Conclusion

CHAPTER 12 Spatial Data Infrastructures and Descision-Support
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Spatial Decision-Making
12.2.1 Decision Process
12.2.2 Decision Complexity
12.2.3 Participation in Decision-Making
12.2.4 Measuring Reach and Range for Decision Support
12.3 The Role of SDIs in Decision-Support
12.4 Institutional Frameworks to Support Decision-Making
12.4.1 People
12.4.2 Policies
12.4.3 Mechanisms
12.5 The Case for Decision-Enabled SDI
12.6 Conclusions
12.7 References

CHAPTER 13 Financing Spatial Data Infrastructure Development: Examining Alternative Funding Models
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Economic issues of SDI implementation
13.3 The Concept of SDI Funding Models
13.3.1 Funding Models of the First Generation of SDIs
13.4 Alternative Funding Models
13.4.1 Infrastructure Classification
(a) Natural Monopoly
13.4.2 Funding Models for SDIs Classified as Classic Infrastructures/Natural Monopolies
13.4.3 Funding Models for SDIs Classified as Network Infrastructures
13.5 Customizing the Alternative Funding Models for Emerging Nations
13.6 Conclusion
13.7 References

CHAPTER 14 Developing Evaluation and Performance Indicators for SDIs
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Land Administration Systems and the Role of SDIs
14.3 Evaluation And A Framework For Evaluation
14.4 Evaluation of SDIs
14.5 Conclusions
14.6 References


CHAPTER 15 Administrative Boundary Design in Support of SDI Objectives
15.1 Introduction
15.2 A Definition of the Spatial Hierarchy Problem
15.2.1 The First Solution: surface modelling
15.2.2 The Second Solution: data interpolation
15.2.3 The Third Solution: derived boundaries
15.2.4 The Fourth Solution: re-aggregation
15.3 Administrative Boundaries within SDI
15.3.1 Access
15.3.2 People
15.3.3 Data
(a) Confidentiality
(b) The modifiable-area-unit problem (MAUP)
15.3.4 Technical standards
(a) Hierarchical spatial reasoning (HSR) applied to administrative boundaries
(b) The structure of administrative boundaries
15.3.5 Policy
15.3.6 Summary
15.4 Conclusion
15.5 References

CHAPTER 16 SDI and Location Based Wireless Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 SDI as a foundation for location based services
16.3 Augmenting the SDI Model
16.3.1 Access Network
16.3.2 Policies
16.3.3 Standards
16.3.4 Data
16.3.5 People
16.4 Framework to Facilitate Wireless Applications
16.4.1 SDI Requirements
16.4.2 User Environment
16.5 Case Study
16.5.1 Use Case Scenarios
16.6 Discussion, Recommendations and Future Directions
16.7 References

CHAPTER 17 SDI and Positional Accuracy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 SDI And Positional Accuracy
17.3 Some Definitions
17.3.1 Reference Systems and Reference Frames
17.3.2 Dynamic Reference Frames
17.3.3 Height Datums
17.3.4 Coordinate Systems
17.3.5 Error
17.3.6 Positional Accuracy
17.3.7 Precision
17.4 Spatial Data Referencing
17.5 Transforming between different reference frames
17.6 Measuring and Recording Positional ACCURACY
17.7 Case Study 1: The GEOcentric datum of Australia
17.8 Case Study 2: PCGIAP
17.9 Conclusions And Recommendations
17.10 References

CHAPTER 18 Future Direction for SDI Development
18.1 Introduction
18.2 SDI Development Issues
18.3 SDI Development Models
18.3.1 The Product and Process-based Models
18.3.2 Assessment of Current SDI Initiatives
18.4 Relationships between SDI Hierarchy and different Models of SDI Development
18.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
18.6 References

The 5th International Conference on Spatial Information Theory, COSIT 2001, took place at the Inn at Morro Bay, California, USA, September 19 23, 2001. COSIT grew out of a series of workshops/NATO Advanced Study Institutes/NSF Specialist Meetings during the 1990s concerned with theoretical and applied aspects of representing large scale space, particularly geographic or environmental space (this history is elaborated in the prefaces of previous COSIT proceedings). These are spaces in which (and on which) human action takes place, and which are represented and processed in digital geographic information systems. In these early meetings, the need for well founded theories of spatial information representation and processing was identified, particularly theories based on cognition and on computation. This concern for theory provided an early foundation for the newly emerging field of geographic information science. COSIT is not backed by any particular scientific society but is organized as an independent enterprise. The conference series was established in 1993 as an interdisciplinary biennial European conference on the representation and processing of large scale spatial information after a successful international conference on the topic had been organized by Andrew Frank et al. in Pisa in 1992 (frequently referred to as "COSIT 0"). After two successful European COSIT conferences with strong North American participation (COSIT '93: Island of Elba, Italy; COSIT '95: Semmering, Austria), COSIT '97 moved across the pond to the United States, and was held in the Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania.

For those addressing ecological and natural resource management problems this volume presents a set of coherent, cross-referenced perspectives on incorporating the spatial representation and analytical power of GIS with agent-based modeling of evolutionary and non-linear processes and phenomena. Many recent advances in software algorithms for incorporating geographic data in modeling social and ecological behaviors and also the success in applying such algorithms have not been adequately written about This book fills that gap and provides much needed information on applications for the research community as well as those in the management of natural resources.

For those addressing ecological and natural resource management problems this volume presents a set of coherent, cross-referenced perspectives on incorporating the spatial representation and analytical power of GIS with agent-based modeling of evolutionary and non-linear processes and phenomena. Many recent advances in software algorithms for incorporating geographic data in modeling social and ecological behaviors and also the success in applying such algorithms have not been adequately represented in the present literature. This book fills that gap and provides much needed information on applications for the research community as well as those in the management of natural resources.

This book is dedicated to the theory and methodology of geographical data acquisition, providing comprehensive coverage ranging from the definition of geo-referencing systems, transformation between these systems to the acquisition of geographical data using different methods. Emphasis is placed on conceptual aspects, and the book is written in a semi-technical style to enhance its readability. After reading this book, readers should have a rather good understanding of the nature of spatial data, the accuracy of spatial data, and the theory behind various data acquisition methodologies. This volume is a text book for GIS students in disciplines such as geography, environmental science, urban and town planning, natural resource management, computing and geomatics (surveying and mapping). Furthermore it is an essential reading for both GIS scientists and practitioners who need some background information on the technical aspects of geographical data acquisition.

Maps make the world visible, but they also obscure, distort, idealize. This wide-ranging study traces the impact of cartography on the changing cultural meanings of space, offering a fresh analysis of the mental and material mapping of early modern England and Ireland. Combining cartographic history with critical cultural studies and literary analysis, it examines the construction of social and political space in maps, in cosmography and geography, in historical and political writing, and in the literary works of Marlowe, Shakespeare, Spenser and Drayton.

The book deals with two central themes: data modeling and management for 3D objects during different time states and the opening of geoinformation systems to a new generation of component-based GIS. The way from first geo-database kernel systems to a component-based GeoToolKit is presented. Furthermore, the implementation of a component-based GIS with geological and geophysical applications is described. With the common data access to a geo-database the geological and the geophysical applications are brought closer together and profit from each other's interpretations of the data.

A comprehensive source book for anybody interested in the potential of remote sensing and GIS technology for the Eastern Europe countries in transition, and less developed countries in general. Leading experts from Europe, Canada and the USA cover a wide variety of applications, from the provision of satellite data to land, water and atmosphere planning issues. The individual contributions present a nice balance between theory and proved application methods. The book is suitable for a wide spectrum of readers, such as graduate students of the environmental and geo sciences, teachers and professors, specialists at various administrative levels, political decision makers and policy makers, and technical aid GOs and NGOs.

Image Analysis, Classification and Change Detection in Remote Sensing: With Algorithms for Python, Fourth Edition, is focused on the development and implementation of statistically motivated, data-driven techniques for digital image analysis of remotely sensed imagery and it features a tight interweaving of statistical and machine learning theory of algorithms with computer codes. It develops statistical methods for the analysis of optical/infrared and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, including wavelet transformations, kernel methods for nonlinear classification, as well as an introduction to deep learning in the context of feed forward neural networks. New in the Fourth Edition: An in-depth treatment of a recent sequential change detection algorithm for polarimetric SAR image time series. The accompanying software consists of Python (open source) versions of all of the main image analysis algorithms. Presents easy, platform-independent software installation methods (Docker containerization). Utilizes freely accessible imagery via the Google Earth Engine and provides many examples of cloud programming (Google Earth Engine API). Examines deep learning examples including TensorFlow and a sound introduction to neural networks, Based on the success and the reputation of the previous editions and compared to other textbooks in the market, Professor Canty's fourth edition differs in the depth and sophistication of the material treated as well as in its consistent use of computer codes to illustrate the methods and algorithms discussed. It is self-contained and illustrated with many programming examples, all of which can be conveniently run in a web browser. Each chapter concludes with exercises complementing or extending the material in the text.

Geographis Information Systems (GIS) and related technologies have a new and powerful role to play in archaeological interpretation
Beginning with a conceptual approach to the representation of space adopted by the GIS; the book examines spatial databases; the acqusition and compilation of data; the analytical functionality of GIS and the creation and utilisation of critical foundation data layers such as the Digital Elevation Model (DEM).
The ways in which GIS can most usefully facilitaate archaeological analysis and interpretation is then explored, particularly as a tool for the management of archaeological resources. Formal analysis of archaeological material, and the use of trend surface, contouring and interpolation proceedures are considered. Predictive modeling analysis of visibility and intervisibility are explained. Finally, there is a discussion of leading-edge issues, including three-dimensional GIS, object oriented GIS, the relationship between GIS and 'Virtual Reality' technologies, and the integration of GIS with distributed systems and the internet.
The approach is light, and the detail is kept to a minimum, recognising that most readers are simply interested in using GIS effectively. The text is carefully illustrated with worked case-studies usingarchaeological data. The book provides a single reference source for archaeologists - students, professional archaeologists and academics in archaeology as well as those in anthrolpology and related disciplines.
Key Features
* accessible textbook
* heavily illustrated
* full colour section

This tutorial survey brings together two lines of research and development whose interaction promises to have significant practical impact on the area of spatial information processing in the near future: geographic information systems (GIS) and geometric computation or, more particularly, geometric algorithms and spatial data structures. In nine uniformly structured and coherent chapters, the authors present a unique survey ranging from the history and basic characteristics to current issues of precision and robustness of geometric computing. This textbook is ideally suited for advanced courses on GIS and applied geometric algorithms. Research and design professionals active in the area will find it valuable as a state-of-the-art survey.

The Conference on Spatial Information Theory - COSIT - grew out of a series of workshops / NATO Advanced Study Institutes / NSF specialist meetings concerned with cognitive and applied aspects of representing large-scale space, particularly geographic space. In these meetings, the need for a well-founded theory of spatial information processing was identified. The COSIT conference series was established in 1993 as a biennial interdisciplinary European conference on the representation and processing of information about large-scale space, after a successful international conference on the topic had been organized by Andrew Frank et al. in Pisa, Italy, in 1992 (frequently referred to as 'COSIT zero'). After two successful European conferences with strong North-American participation (COSIT '93, held on the Island of Elba, Italy; COSIT '95, held in Semmering, Austria), the conference became a truly international enterprise when COSIT '97 was held in the Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA. COSIT '99 will take place in Stade, Germany. All aspects of large-scale space, i. e. spaces too large to be seen from a single vantage point, are addressed in the COSIT conferences. These include spaces of geographic scale, as well as smaller spaces in which humans, animals, or autonomous robots have to find their way around. Spatial information theory also deals with the description of objects, processes, or events in spatial environments and it forms the foundation for the construction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and for spatial information and communication system design in general.

These proceedings collect the papers selected for the 2nd International Conf- ence on Interoperating GeographicInformationSystems held in Zur .. ich, Switz- land, 10-12 March, 1999. Interoperabilityhasbecomeanissueinmanyareasofinformationtechnology in the last decade. Computers are used everywhere, and there is an increasing need to share various types of resources such as data and services. This is es- ciallytrueinthecontextofspatialinformation.Spatialdatahavebeencollected, digitized and stored in many di?erent and di?ering repositories. Computer so- ware has been developed to manage, analyse and visualize spatial information. Producing such data and software has become an important business oppor- nity. In everydayspatialinformation handling in manyorganisationsand o?ces, however, interoperability is far from being a matter of fact. Incompatibilities in data formats, software products, spatial conceptions, quality standards, and models of the world continue to create as synchronicity among constituent parts of operating spatial systems. As a follow-upto the ?rst InternationalConference on Interoperating Geographic Information Systems held 1997 in Santa Barbara, California, the Interop'99 tries to provide a scienti? c platform for researchers in this area. Theinternationalprogramcommitteecarefullyselected22papersforpres- tation at the conference and publication in this volume. Additionally, this v- ume contains three invited contributions by Gio Wiederhold, Adrian Cuthbert and Gun .. ther Landgraf. Every paper was sent to three members of the program committee and other experts for review. The reviews resulted in a three-day single-track conference program that left some room for a few half-day tutorials on various topics regarding GIS interoperability.

When spatial data is digitized for use in geographic information systems and other software, information about its original scale, resolution and accuracy is frequently lost. As a result, using such information at different scales and combining it with data from other sources may be difficult. Mapping vector data at smaller than the original scale requires its generalization, which is usually handled by post-processing in ways that are only weakly supported by databases. The models and methods described in this book overcome many such problems by providing a multi-resolution data representation that allows retrieval of map data at a hierarchy of scales, as well as documenting the accuracy of every spatial coordinate.

Research on spatial cognition is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary enterprise for the study of spatial representations and cognitive spatial processes, be they real or abstract, human or machine. Spatial cognition brings together a variety of - search methodologies: empirical investigations on human and animal orientation and navigation; studies of communicating spatial knowledge using language and graphical or other pictorial means; the development of formal models for r- resenting and processing spatial knowledge; and computer implementations to solve spatial problems, to simulate human or animal orientation and navigation behavior, or to reproduce spatial communication patterns. These approaches can interact in interesting and useful ways: Results from empirical studies call for formal explanations both of the underlying memory structures and of the processes operating upon them; we can develop and - plement operational computer models obeying the relationships between objects and events described by the formal models; we can empirically test the computer models under a variety of conditions, and we can compare the results to the - sults from the human or animal experiments. A disagreement between these results can provide useful indications towards the re nement of the models.

This book, which is divided into three parts, gives a state-of-the-art report on technical developments in instrumentation and on theoretical advancements in acoustic remote sensing. It explains the utilization of acoustic techniques in studies related to the structure of the lower atmosphere and oceans and discusses various atmospheric and oceanic applications. The potential and limitations of acoustic remote sensing are also described. This book will be useful to researchers, graduate students, and teachers interested in the structure of the atmosphere and oceans.

S+SPATIALSTATS is the first comprehensive, object-oriented package for the analysis of spatial data. Providing a whole new set of analysis tools, S+SPATIALSTATS was created specifically for the exploration and modeling of spatially correlated data. It can be used to analyze data arising in areas such as environmental, mining, and petroleum engineering, natural resources, geography, epidemiology, demography, and others where data is sampled spatially. This users manual provides the documentation for the S+SPATIALSTATS module.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Spatial Information Theory, COSIT'97, held in Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania, USA, in October 1997. The 31 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from a total of 66 submissions. Also included are seven posters. The volume is divided into sections on representations of change, structuring of space, boundaries and gradations, topological models of space, formal models of space, cognitive aspects of spatial acquisition, novel use of spatial information, wayfinding and map interpretation, representations of spatial concepts, new approaches to spatial information.

In spatial data science, things in closer proximity to one another likely have more in common than things that are farther apart. With this practical book, geospatial professionals, data scientists, business analysts, geographers, geologists, and others familiar with data analysis and visualization will learn the fundamentals of spatial data analysis to gain a deeper understanding of their data questions. Author Bonny P. McClain demonstrates why detecting and quantifying patterns in geospatial data is vital. Both proprietary and open source platforms allow you to process and visualize spatial information. This book is for people familiar with data analysis or visualization who are eager to explore geospatial integration with Python. This book helps you: Understand the importance of applying spatial relationships in data science Select and apply data layering of both raster and vector graphics Apply location data to leverage spatial analytics Design informative and accurate maps Automate geographic data with Python scripts Explore Python packages for additional functionality Work with atypical data types such as polygons, shape files, and projections Understand the graphical syntax of spatial data science to stimulate curiosity

Database research in the last decade has increasingly focused on providing support for non-standard applications. One important domain is representation and processing of spatial information, needed, e.g., in geographical information systems. Spatial data types provide a fundamental abstraction for modeling the structure of geometric entities, their relationships, properties and operations. This monograph is an extensive survey of this field and introduces a new, general, sophisticated framework for the formal definition and robust implementation of spatial data types.

Lidar or laser radar, the depth-resolved remote measurement of atmospheric parameters with optical means, has become an important tool in the field of atmospheric and environmental remote sensing. In this volume the latest progress in the development of Lidar methods, experiments, and applications is described. The content is based on selected and thoroughly refereed papers presented at the 18th International Laser Radar Conference, Berlin, 22 - 26 July 1996. The book is divided into six parts which cover the topics of tropospheric aerosols and clouds, Lidar in space, wind, water vapor, troposheric trace gases and plumes, and stratospheric and mesospheric profiling. As a supplement to fundamental LIDAR textbooks this volume may serve as a guide through the blossoming field of modern Lidar techniques.