Within less than a decade, during the 1990s, the state of Israel established its global high tech sector. The number of startups rose to almost 3,000. Total venture capital available reached approximately $ 3 billion. Israeli firms trading on NASDAQ climbed to 120 with aggregate market value of approximately $120 billion, twice the Israeli GNP.
This book emphasizes the multilevel nature of this development from a strategic management perspective. The first level focuses at the country global processes emphasizing the entry of foreign multinational corporations and the privatization of state owned enterprises. The second level focuses on the government and its role in establishing the technological incubators and venture capital industries. The third level focuses on the sources of new start ups and the role of veterans of elite technological units of Israel Defense Forces and women entrepreneurs. The fourth level focuses on the emerging organizations and the role of the board of directors and competitive intelligence capabilities and practices. Finally, the fifth level focuses at the industry level, emphasizing the role of the large number of new firms in creating new industrial sectors. The multilevel paradigm describes the sequential effects, starting at the first global level, and the interactive effects, across all five levels.
The book provides insights that can aid academic researchers, company executives and public policy makers in understanding high tech takeoff. It is especially interesting and important given the turbulent environment mixed with the optimism of the peace process of Israel in the Middle East during the 1990s.
*An aid for academic researchers, publicpolicy makers, and company executives for understanding high tech takeoff
*Conceptualizes the success of Israeli high-tech as a multilevel operation consisting of global, governmental, sources of new start ups, organizational, and industrial factors
*Discusses each of these factors individually and the interaction between them

Drug Efflux Pumps in Cancer Resistance Pathways: From Molecular Recognition and Characterization to Possible Inhibition Strategies in Chemotherapy, Volume Seven, describes the fundamental aspects of efflux pumps of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily in cancer resistance pathways, along with strategies to target and improve chemotherapy efficacy. Pumps of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily (ABCs) regulate the access of drugs to the intracellular space. In this context, the overexpression of ABCs is a well-known mechanism of multidrug resistance in cancer and is associated with therapeutic failure. Cancer types discussed include breast, endocrine, hematologic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, lung, skin and central nervous system cancers. The book is a valuable source for researchers and advanced students in cancer, biology, pharmacology, pharmaceutical sciences, biomaterials and medical/clinical sciences that are interested in accessing a comprehensive compendium on efflux pumps in mechanisms of cancer resistance.

The scale and complexity of research and practices of open innovation mandate a correspondingly sophisticated form of decision making. Strategic Planning Decisions brings together a number of tools that ease the decision process in technology companies, providing both conceptual frameworks and practical applications. Innovative approaches are presented such as an ontology-based model where all the relevant aspects of a potential technology are interrelated to provide a comprehensive and logically connected data pool for decision makers. Divided into two sections, Strategic Planning Decisions describe both strategic approaches using the decision tools, and tactical approaches. Some of these tools are expanded while some others are embedded in a model that will lay the ground for practical application. These include: bibliometric analysis, ontology, roadmapping, lead user, six sigma, and multi-actor & multi-objective decision making methods Recent research and relevant theory are balanced with up-to-date practical applications and hands-on techniques making Strategic Planning Decisions ideal for engineers who wish to keep up-to-date with current ideas in the field of TM. It also provides workable methods for practising managers from all levels who wish to apply a more rigorous approach in their work and consultants concerned with technology assessment and its management.

Over the last fifty-plus years, the increased complexity and speed of integrated circuits have radically changed our world. Today, semiconductor manufacturing is perhaps the most important segment of the global manufacturing sector. As the semiconductor industry has become more competitive, improving planning and control has become a key factor for business success. This book is devoted to production planning and control problems in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities. It is the first book that takes a comprehensive look at the role of modeling, analysis, and related information systems for such manufacturing systems. The book provides an operations research- and computer science-based introduction into this important field of semiconductor manufacturing-related research.

Ever since Schumpeter's groundbreaking work there has been a plethora of new research seeking to extend the direction and dynamics of innovation. Using a rich account of detailed interviews, this book offers new evidence on how latecomers have successfully caught up and leapfrogged incumbent firms. Catching Up and Leapfrogging: the new latecomers in the integrated circuits industry explores how technological transitions affect latecomer catch-up strategies, and vice versa, in a high technology industry. It looks to the East Asian latecomers who, towards the end of the twentieth century, pioneered a new pathway through organizational change by specializing in the key production stages of integrated circuits and pushing technologies further. This volume assesses how latecomer resource acquisition strategies have varied alongside structural industry changes and evaluates the mechanisms through which firms started life as technology followers and rose to become technology leaders. Xiao-Shan Yap and Rajah Rasiah present a unique story about how firm strategies evolve from the catching up phase to the leapfrogging phase, captured from the accounts of managers on the ground. It is the first time firm-level strategies have been systematically analysed to describe twenty-first century strategic management in the integrated circuits industry in particular, and the high tech industry in general. The evidence and analysis in this book offers insights for chief executive officers, policy-makers and researchers to revisit existing approaches to the theory of catching up and leapfrogging.

Divided Sun is the story of the methods and machinations that have driven Japan's high-tech industrial policies over the last two turbulent decades. It focuses on MITI and Japan's giant electronics firms - their ambitions and conflicts - in the context of the core of MITI's high-tech strategy since the 1970's, the so-called "cooperative" technology consortia. The author finds that despite widespread claims to the contrary, MITI's industrial policy in high technology has proved to be neither cooperative nor successful. He shows that the policymaking process is torn by conflict and competition: between MITI and other bureaucracies, between MITI and powerful Japanese companies, and between the different companies. As a result, the elaborate structures created to promote cooperation are in many cases a public show masking the underlying reality of fierce competition and conflict.
Equally important is the fact that recent technologies emerging from Japanese high-tech consortia have been sadly disappointing. The author's detailed explanation of MITI's internal decisionmaking processes reveals that much of MITI's decline in effectiveness is caused by its rigid insistence on targeting technologies in accordance with long-term plans even when the technologies are soon rendered obsolete in the rapidly changing high-tech marketplace. In the shadow of these new realities, MITI finds itself at a turning point. The author argues that it will have to redefine itself and carve out a new role in the Japanese political economy and the bureaucracy. MITI's primary focus cannot be what once worked so successfully, i.e., the promotion of Japanese companies in international competition. If it does not find a new role, and soon, MITI faces a slow but inevitable decline in influence and effectiveness.

This book aims to help business strategists and policy-makers understand how compatibility standards may be used to ensure business success. It combines strategic analysis with an evaluation of standards policy and suggests ways in which markets and policy intervention may be effectively used together. Cases include VCRs, CDs, DAT, PCs, Open Systems, HDTV, and Telepoint cordless phones.

In The Capacity to Innovate, Sarah Giest provides insight into the collaborative and absorptive capacities needed to provide public support to local innovation through cluster organizations. The book offers a detailed view of the vertical, multi-level, and horizontal dynamics in clusters and cluster policy and addresses how they are managed and supported. Using the biotechnology field as an example, Giest highlights challenges in the collaborative efforts of public bodies, private companies, and research institutes to establish a successful ecosystem of innovation in this sector. The book argues that cluster policy in collaboration with cluster organizations should focus on absorptive and collaborative capacity elements missing in the cluster context in order to improve performance. Currently, governments operate at different levels - from the local to the supranational - in order to support clusters, and cluster policies are often pursued alongside other programs, leading to uncoordinated efforts and ineffective cluster strategies. The Capacity to Innovate advocates for a coordinated effort by government and cluster organizations to support capacity elements lacking within the specific cluster context.

The Silicon Dragon is a systematic study of the growth of high-tech giants in the Greater China Region, depicting the success story of the microelectronics industry in Taiwan. Literature and studies on Taiwan's success are surprisingly limited, and this book aims to fill this gap, addressing questions such as: How has Taiwan achieved such an outstanding performance in the information industry? How did Taiwan obtain and maintain its competitive advantage? What was the secret of success? What role did the government and manufacturers play during the development process? What insights can newcomers gain from these achievements? The book examines the government policies that acted as catalysts to the growth of high-tech industries in Taiwan, along with the roles of high-tech 'incubators' and government-administered science parks. The authors provide case studies of high profile companies including Acer, Philips Semiconductors and Macronix International, and interviews with key decision makers to highlight the corporate strategies adopted in response to government policies and global commercial demand. Finally, insightful narratives on the birth and growth of a government-fostered strategic industry are provided, as is a synopsis of the Asian contribution to the evolution of the global microelectronics development. This book will strongly appeal to academics, researchers and students with an interest in engineering, technology and business management. Business managers and government officials will also find much to interest them in this book.

Contemporary management concepts, methods, and techniques for global, high-technology industries

The rapidly changing shape of technology industries requires a constant reevaluation of what it takes to manage such sophisticated corporations effectively. Management for Quality in High-Technology Enterprises explains how traditional "hard" management skills must be combined with new "soft" skills, why an expanding, global market necessitates an expanding, global mindset, and why a "focus on customers" must dominate all aspects of business.

Momentous external and internal changes to technology enterprises demand new management procedures. Externally, industries are moving toward globalization, increased mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, and outsourcing. Internally, the typical workforce has become significantly more knowledgeable and professional; the increase in knowledge workers in particular is changing the role and function of the contemporary manager. Drawing on their considerable experience as leaders in a high-technology corporation, Yefim Fasser and Donald Brettner show managers how to succeed in a shifting playing field.

The book’s five parts, comprising twenty chapters, are:

• A Systemic Approach to Organizational Transformation
• Managing a Knowledge-Based Organization
• Managing in a Global Environment
• Some Aspects of Managing Quality
• Reshaping the Organizational Culture

Eschewing abstract, technical jargon, the authors explain in a lively, accessible fashion what managers must do to cope with the global changes in technology enterprises. Middle managers and engineers in high-technology manufacturing companies, as well as all professionals interested in improving their managerial knowledge and skills, will benefit from Management for Quality in High-Technology Enterprises.

Cutting through unnecessary technical data, this invaluable book presents comprehensive facts and figures relating to the many materials available for use in medical devices. Chapters in Part One address types of materials and also discuss biocompatibility, as well as batteries and fibre optics, while Part Two concentrates on design and manufacturing methods, including information on prototyping, sterilisation, standards and quality control. The penultimate part of the book speculates on future development trends in medical device engineering and considers the impact on the environment of medical device manufacture and disposal. Information on sourcing is provided in the final part. Design Engineering of Biomaterials for Medical Devices discusses the fundamentals and applied nature of:

• Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
• Polymers and PVC
• Non metallic/non-polymer materials
• Adhesives
• Filters and membranes
• Micro-engineering
• Design specifications
• Liability
• Patenting
• Packaging

Describes principles and methodologies necessary to build efficient and highly productive work systems in high tech organizations that must develop and deploy new products in a timely fashion with competitive advantage. Presents techniques applicable to small high tech consumer products or large complex systems requiring cost control, waste minimization and rapid product development. Stresses methodologies to be used for strategic advantage. Suggests diverse strategic plans and their pros and cons, depending on the product and markets.

There are 17 million small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union which play an important role in economic life. Within this subset, increasing recognition is being given to "new technology-based ftrms. " 1 In the literature, different defmitions have been put forward to describe the term new technology-based ftrm (Oakey et a11988; Roberts 1991; Autio 1995; Storey and Tether 1998). Common denominators include that the activity is based on the exploitation of advanced technological know-how, the prior affiliation of founders with research establishments and the entrepreneurial character of the ftrm. Research studies in Europe, North America and the Paciftc Rim have identifted these ftrms' important contributions in new employment creation, export sales growth, product and process innovation and structural adjustment (e. g. Rothwell & Zegveld 1982; OECD 1986; Oakey et a11988; Acs & Audretsch 1991; Roberts 1991; Coopers & Lybrand 1996). While there is a growing body of literature on new technology-based ftrms that concentrates on strategic issues such as access to fmancial resources, growth processes and innovation behaviour (see Storey and Tether 1998, for a review), there has been relatively little research into the process by which young high technology companies have internationalised. Research activity in the latter fteld has historically been strongly oriented towards large ftrms or, more rarely, towards "traditional transnational SMEs" in the manufacturing sector that often act as suppliers of bigger ftrms and are characterised by simple production technologies and low-technology products (United Nations 1993)."

Why is it that in the '90s, business in California's Silicon Valley flourished, while along Route 128 in Massachusetts it declined? The answer, Annalee Saxenian suggests, has to do with the fact that despite similar histories and technologies, Silicon Valley developed a decentralized but cooperative industrial system while Route 128 came to be dominated by independent, self-sufficient corporations. The result of more than one hundred interviews, this compelling analysis highlights the importance of local sources of competitive advantage in a volatile world economy.

This book about the formation, development, and success or failure of new high-technology companies focuses on those that grew up in Boston at the end of the Second World War. Edward Roberts is one of the acknowledged academic experts on entrepreneurship and this is the culmination of his work.

Manufacturing the Future: A History of Western Electric is the first full-length history of the Western Electric Company, the manufacturing arm of the Bell System. As a manufacturer in the communications revolutions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Western Electric made new products such as telegraphs, telephones, an early computing machine, radios, radar, and transistors. The book demonstrates, through Western's 1882 acquisition by Bell Telephone, that vertical integration was a lengthy process rather than a single event. It also shows the coming of age of industrial psychology and describes the advent of civil rights in corporate America.

Japan is an example of what is known as a "latecomer" in industrial development. Drawing on case studies of computer and telecommunications and related firms, Donna Doane investigates how intra- and inter-industry cooperation between public and private enterprises pushed rapid technological advancement in Japan. The book places such interlinkage in the context of a historical evolution, starting with prewar industrial house groupings that helped link indigenous and external ideas and form an integrated technological base.Doane focuses mainly on the postwar, catch-up period from the 1960s through the 1980s in which three characteristics associated with late development are examined: multistructured industry, family-based industrial networks, and a distinct government-industry relationship. Implications of the cooperative structure are drawn for other advanced industrial as well as developing countries, where flexible technological networks could help individual enterprises overcome the limitations of isolated organization to survive rapid economic changes.

The aim of this study is to investigate in the role of Venture Capital in the development of New Technology Based Firms in two countries: USA and Germany. Based on literature review and empirical work issues concerning the extent and stage of financing, the nature of oversight provided by Venture Capitalists and the framework conditions for Venture Capital are subject of investigation. The results have been reflected in a workshop with experts from research, industry and policy.

Technology-based firms contribute to dynamic competition, ensure product variety, close market gaps and promote job creation. Their development is impeded by a difficult access to capital, high R&D costs and management deficits. The book analyses their chances and risks in the innovation process. Topics deal with the management of technology-based firms, different aspects on their financing, the spectrum of public promotion programmes and the venture capital market in Germany. Finally, the book centres on regional technology and economic promotion and the creation of regional networks for technology-based firms. The reader documents research of Fraunhofer-ISI on technology-based firms and their environment and aims at a better understanding of specific chances and risks in the development process of such firms.

The incredible progress in microelectronics over the last 20 years has led to a whole range of products that have invaded and often reshaped our lives. Technologies currently being deployed or in the laboratory, such as the information super highway, virtual reality, instantaneous language translators and artificial nerves promise to further revolutionise our lives. This book, written by a distinguished member of the microelectronics community in collaboration with a leading journalist, seeks to bridge the gap between the microelectronics community and the general public. The evolution of the technology is explained with its social and economic effects, showing the forces shaping the industry and concluding with a glimpse of the ideas currently under development in the worlds' electronics laboratories.

The life sciences is an industrial sector that covers the development of biological products and the use of biological processes in the production of goods, services and energy. This sector is frequently presented as a major opportunity for policy-makers to upgrade and renew regional economies, leading to social and economic development through support for high-tech innovation. Innovation, Regional Development and the Life Sciences analyses where innovation happens in the life sciences, why it happens in those places, and what this means for regional development policies and strategies. Focusing on the UK and Europe, its arguments are relevant to a variety of countries and regions pursuing high-tech innovation and development policies. The book's theoretical approach incorporates diverse geographies (e.g. global, national and regional) and political-economic forces (e.g. discourses, governance and finance) in order to understand where innovation happens in the life sciences, where and how value circulates in the life sciences, and who captures the value produced in life sciences innovation. This book will be of interest to researchers, students and policy-makers dealing with regional/local economic development.

During the 1970s, Japan supplanted the United States as the world leader in steel production, automobile manufacturing, and consumer electronics. Are the Japanese poised to repeat these successes in the semiconductor industry? This question has vast potential significance, because semiconductor technology holds the key to competitiveness in high technology, one of America's last bastions of industrial supremacy. This book, the product of years of joint research by a multidisciplinary team of American and Japanese scholars, analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each country's semiconductor industry with reference to three major areas: technological innovation; the role of government, not only in specific policies directed toward the semiconductor industry, but also in the broader context of industrial policy, government-business relations, and the two political systems; and the influence of financial institutions, ties between banks and businesses, and corporate financing. The book provides, in short, a broad yet in-depth analysis of emerging industrial competition in high technology between the world's two largest market economies. This is the first book in the series ISIS Studies in International Policy, sponsored by the International Strategic Institute at Stanford.

PRAISE FOR Trading in the Zone

"Ari Kiev takes us inside the most successful trading firms of our time and shows us how those firms seek to improve performance through disciplined self analysis and structured goal management. His application of psychiatric tools to the short-term trading aspects of behavioral finance can give readers a competitive edge."–Charles A. Leeds Jr., CFA, Managing Member, Hermit Capital Management, LLC

"Kiev uses the powerful combination of his professional training as well as a unique vantage point inside the ropes at a market-moving, high-rolling hedge fund to deliver a fascinating analysis of a trader’s psyche. Although trading is widely acknowledged as an art, one that requires incredible innate intuition and feel for the markets, Kiev prescribes ‘getting into the zone’– a psychological state that one can create – for those aiming to achieve a higher level of performance. His anecdotes, case studies, interviews and tales of the ‘Master Trader’ are both instructive and tremendously insightful. A compelling read."–Ciaran T. O'Kelly, Head of Equity Trading, Salomon Smith Barney

"Trading in the Zone discusses the psychological considerations that serve to distinguish the most successful traders and portfolio managers from the majority of traders who are doomed to failure. Trading is so greatly influenced by emotions and discipline that not to have Ari’s insight and advice is a serious mistake."–Tom DeMark, author of The New Science of Technical Analysis

"I have been managing money for more than twenty years and I am happy to endorse Dr. Kiev’s principles, which have enhanced my performance and that of my traders over the past three years. Trading in the Zone will propel readers to the next level of trading success."–Jay Goldman, Hedge Fund Manager, J. Goldman & Co., L.P.

"Ari Kiev’s Trading in the Zone clearly and forcefully illustrates the mental discipline that will enable a stock trader to improve his performance."–Allan R. Tessler, Chairman and CEO, Jnet Enterprises

"Dr. Kiev works with professional traders, including some of the best traders in the country. In Trading in the Zone, he provides numerous case studies based on the market experiences of these traders, told both through narratives and their own words, in order to distill insights and lessons that should prove invaluable to professional and aspiring traders alike."–Jack Schwager, author of The Market Wizards and Stock Market Wizards

Transform your research into commercial biomedical products with this revised and updated second edition. Covering drugs, devices and diagnostics, this book provides a step-by-step introduction to the process of commercialization, and will allow you to create a realistic business plan to develop your ideas into approved biomedical technologies. This new edition includes: Over 25% new material, including practical tips on startup creation from experienced entrepreneurs. Tools for starting, growing and managing a new venture, including business planning and commercial strategy, pitching investors, and managing operations. Global real-world case studies, including emerging technologies such as regulated medical software and Artificial Intelligence (AI), offer insights into key challenges and help illustrate complex points. Tips and operational tools from established industry insiders, suitable for graduate students and new biomedical entrepreneurs.

The life sciences is an industrial sector that covers the development of biological products and the use of biological processes in the production of goods, services and energy. This sector is frequently presented as a major opportunity for policy-makers to upgrade and renew regional economies, leading to social and economic development through support for high-tech innovation. Innovation, Regional Development and the Life Sciences analyses where innovation happens in the life sciences, why it happens in those places, and what this means for regional development policies and strategies. Focusing on the UK and Europe, its arguments are relevant to a variety of countries and regions pursuing high-tech innovation and development policies. The book's theoretical approach incorporates diverse geographies (e.g. global, national and regional) and political-economic forces (e.g. discourses, governance and finance) in order to understand where innovation happens in the life sciences, where and how value circulates in the life sciences, and who captures the value produced in life sciences innovation. This book will be of interest to researchers, students and policy-makers dealing with regional/local economic development.