In this study, labor economist Henry Schechter concludes that there is a need for greater international prohibitions and for keeping open channels for collective bargaining for higher wages. He presents an analysis of recent changes in the United States and elsewhere, highlighting the spread of automated production technology to lesser developed, low-wage areas of the world, which leads to global demand-supply imbalances and downward pressure on wages. This circumstance, he charges, is aggravated as multinational corporations affiliate with one another, lessening competition and increasing monopolistic influences worldwide. This work will be of interest to the scholars and policymakers in academia, government, business, and the labor movement concerned with fiscal and labor economic policies.

From analyzing competition and identifying market segments, to capitalizing on Internet marketing opportunities and creating valuable after-sale services, this practical text aims to help the reader to apply marketing principles to foster success in the international market-place. It teaches how to objectively evaluate and manage their company's technological and knowledge-based competencies, develop effective product and pricing strategies, more precisely target their marketing efforts and utilize up-to-date distribution and sales channels. Also included is an investigation into the most effective positioning of the marketing department within the organization and a step-by-step guide to writing a strategic marketing plan.

This study was motivated by an awareness of the ever-growing importance of technology on productivity and power in the information age. It examines the relationship among national security, economic competition, and technology. An underlying premise is that in an era of diminished military confrontation, economic and technological power are acquiring enhanced importance in national security considerations. Green believes that this is bound to promote closer coordination between government and private industry, but not without tensions. Using both a public policy and an economic focus, his work seeks to clarify the debate on high technology industrial policy and to address the policy question of whether and how government should respond to competitive assaults in strategic industries.

How did Japanese companies, technology-supporting organizations, and governments reformulate organizational strategies, industrial structures, and institutions to revive Japanese high-tech industries (semiconductor, telecommunications, and biotechnology) in the 1990s? This book takes a comprehensive look at the question by integrating the fields of institutional economics and corporate strategy, an approach that will be of significant interest theoretically and empirically to scholars, professionals, and graduate students. Complex interactions among diverse technology-related actors are presented, focusing on co-evolution among market changes induced by technology innovation, macro-level institutional arrangements for innovation, and corporate strategies for survival. Insights are provided on diverse types of institutional arrangements, technology innovation policies, and management practices for companies and technology organizations.

Founded in 1987 by a former engineer in China's People's Liberation Army (Ren Zhengfei), Huawei Technologies is the world's largest telecoms equipment manufacturer and second only to Apple in smartphones. Its emergence into a multinational with over 175,000 employees all around the world is nothing short of extraordinary. This book delves into the financial workings and systems within Huawei - and the individuals whose craftsmanship and excellence enabled Huawei to expand globally in such impressive terms. Their personal stories tell us about the extraordinary vision, dedication, and perseverance required for companies to establish a robust financial system that supports the growth of a world-class company. Huawei's goal is not just to have profitable income and healthy cash flow. More important is that operating results are sustainable.

The Growth of Chinese Electronics Firms outlines the way firms grow in China at an organizational level. Kimura uses China's electronics industry as a case study for measuring technology-fuelled growth and provides a way to understand diversified the growth process systematically.

Based on in-depth study of the electronics giant Philips, Corporate Strategy, Public
Policy and New Technologies examines the key factors which have determined the
success or failure of new technologies and the global competitiveness of firms within a major
European consumer industry. Drawing on the insights gained from intensive empirical
research into the company's growth, structure and competitive strategy, the book traces the
reciprocal influences of Philips and of European Community policymaking on each other and
on the development of the industry since the 1970s.

The core of the book focuses on
detailed case studies of three major technological initiatives, and analyses the reasons for
their success or failure: the European VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) industry and Philips'
VCR 2000 format; Philips and the development of the European HDTV (High Definition
Television) system; and Philips' CD-i (Compact Disc-interactive) project. All three studies
raise important issues of competition, collaboration, technology and the role of public policy,
with a firm theoretical grounding in the most relevant and up-to-date academic
research.

In addition to providing an instructive analysis of the performance of an industry
at the levels of the firm, the state and the European Community, the book emphasises that the
strategies and policies discussed were adopted largely in response to the global challenge
from the USA and, above all, Japan.

Examining the dynamics of competence-building processes at the firm level, this book looks at a sample of Japanese and European companies engaged in the field of optoelectronics. The concept was derived from the notion of firm-specific competences which are closely related to the firm's intangible assets and accumulated technological bases. Several factors affect the rate and direction of competence-building, chief among them being primary markets, top management strategy and the evolution of research and development organization, and organizational learning. The book also introduces a technique to assess competences using three types of data on US patenting, scientific publications and qualitative interview data.

Translational Biotechnology: A Journey from Laboratory to Clinics presents an integrative and multidisciplinary approach to biotechnology to help readers bridge the gaps between fundamental and functional research. The book provides state-of-the-art and integrative views of translational biotechnology by covering topics from basic concepts to novel methodologies. Topics discussed include biotechnology-based therapeutics, pathway and target discovery, biological therapeutic modalities, translational bioinformatics, and system and synthetic biology. Additional sections cover drug discovery, precision medicine and the socioeconomic impact of translational biotechnology. This book is valuable for bioinformaticians, biotechnologists, and members of the biomedical field who are interested in learning more about this promising field.

This book deals with the packaging of electronic equipment to prevent damage from vibration and exposure to large variations in temperature.

Global competitiveness has always been a hotly debated issue, promoting differing opinions among economists, management strategists, business leaders, and policy analysts and consultants. Global Economic Competition provides a broad framework to compare the United States economy with 23 other global economies. This is done by presenting empirical evidence in a series of comparative analyses of economic competition using data pertaining to specific countries, industries and companies. In this volume, the electronics industries are used to illustrate an ongoing economic warfare among competing regions, nations, and cluster companies across the electronic technology chain. Employing the latest empirical data to evaluate the competitiveness of the US economy and its electronic industries and companies in the 1980s and early 1990s, Global Economic Competition will be of interest not only to those who study economics, management science and international trade, but also to policy makers and business leaders.

Following World War II, the U.S. manufacturing sector emerged as the dominant industrial force in the world in virtually all areas, including productivity, market share, innovations, and capital investments. Though other countries have caught up with and surpassed the United States in many industries, Romesh Diwan and Chandana Chakraborty argue that America can recapture its dominant role by moving forcefully into high-technology industries. In this work, they examine competitiveness in a range of high-technology enterprises, analyzing the industries as an aggregate as well as through three specific examples: semi-conductors, telecommunications, and computers. The authors provide a complete understanding of the technical changes and developments that are taking place in U.S. high technology, and offer guidance to policy makers in promoting competitive strength. Their work defines and quantifies the high-tech industrial sector of the U.S, economy, and analyzes the productivity of this sector by utilizing a translog cost function, which provides information about the structure of the input-output relations in a particular industry. Using these functions, Diwan and Chakraborty answer quantitatively a number of questions relating to the growth of various inputs, productivities, and outputs, which lead to conclusions regarding the structure of production, costs, and capacity in U.S. industry. Their conclusions--that technical change is biased in the main in favor of capital and material, and that capital and skilled labor are complements--are consistent with new ideas and theories in the field. This work will be a valuable reference source for professional economists and policy experts, as well as for scholars and students in international trade, finance, and development.

This volume presents a multi-faceted view of the set of problems that the electronic industry currently faces in the development and integration of complex heterogeneous systems (including both hardware and software components). It analyses and proposes solutions related to the provision of integration platforms by SoC and IP providers in light of the needs and requirements expressed by the system companies: they are the users of such platforms which they apply to develop their next generation products. Further, the book tries to draw a comprehensive picture of the current interfaces between the platform providers and users, defined by technical requirements, current design methodology and flows, standards, and finally by the business context and relationships (which should not to be underestimated).

Professor Stazi's volume on biotechnological inventions is an excellent work that any scholar or practitioner in this complex area of law should not only read, but also frequently consult. This detailed, systematic and comprehensive explanation of the provisions on 'patentability of life' - both in the EU and the USA - is combined with the related theories and constructions as well as the relevant case law. In this regard, the author offers a balanced overview of the relevant provisions and their explicit or implied exceptions.' - Alberto Musso, University of Bologna, Italy'The appropriate protection of biotechnological inventions and the so-called 'patentability of life' are one of the most crucial questions of modern intellectual property. It is also one of the most debated, as it involves not only complex legal issues but raises high social, ethical and even sometimes religious concerns. Professor Stazi's book is thus a very timely contribution, managing the 'tour de force' of combining serious and comparative doctrinal analysis of the criteria (and the limits) of patentability, while at the same time offering a good overview of the challenges with regard to bioethics and fundamental rights. Without any doubt, this volume will enrich the already excellent series on New Directions in Patent Law.' - Christophe Geiger, CEIPI, University of Strasbourg, France In today's technological world, biotechnology is one of the most innovative and highly invested-in industries for research, in the field of science. This book analyzes the forms and limitations of patent protection recognition for biotechnological inventions, with particular regard to patentability of life. The author expertly compares the United States model, traditionally based on technical evaluations, with the European model, inspired by fundamental rights and bioethics. He highlights how the regulation of biotechnological inventions should guarantee a fair balance between protection of investment and access to information, which is essential for further research and innovation. Academics and practitioners dealing with intellectual property, patent law and biotechnological inventions will find this book to be of interest. The topics discussed will also be useful for patent offices and medical institutions, as well as medical researchers.

In Sub-Sahara Africa, the sector of informal micro-enterprises (IMEs) is already employing a large share of the labour force in both urban and rural areas. There are even indications that in the past decade it has been a source of employment and incomes for nine out of every 10 new entrants to the labour market. This study reviews the ways in which the owners and workers of IMEs have acquired the vocational and management skills that they are using in the operation of these ventures. It reviews the contributions of all the different training providers, including public sector training institutes, private sector training providers, and training centres run by NGOs and other non-profit organizations. Its findings confirm the notion that the training efforts of these formal training providers are only to a limited extent relevant for the IME operators, and that many of the poor and other vulnerable groups do not have ready access to these programmes. The study finds that informal apprenticeship training is by far the most common source of various skills - in some countries it is likely to be responsible for 80-90% of all ongoing training efforts. Informal apprenticeship training presents a number of important advantages: it is practical, hands-on training at an appropriate level of technology, takes place in the real world of work, offers good prospects for post-training employment and is essentially self-financing. At the same time it has a number of limitations: the training quality is often modest, there is a risk of a ~incompletea (TM) transfer of skills and knowledge, limited infusion of technological progress, and uncertainties with regard to the duration of the apprenticeshipperiod, the training programme and the skills acquired at the end of the training. The study concludes that there is a major challenge to improve the transfer of relevant skills to IME operators, through both pre-employment training and skills upgrading. In view of the scope of the challenge to provide hundreds of thousands IME owners and workers, as well as large numbers of out of school youths, with relevant practical and management skills, it suggests to build upon the strengths of the existing practices of informal apprenticeship training and to remedy its weaknesses by involving professional training providers in upgrading its training organization and delivery, quality and efficiency, and final training outcomes. It reviews the results of a number of innovative interventions in different African countries that are working in this direction. Finally, the study suggests that there is an interesting potential ina ~business-embedded traininga (TM) provided by private companies as part of their regular business operations.

Over the last two decades one of the great global emerging technological trends has been the shift from chemistry to biology in agriculture. Bitterly contested and enduringly controversial, the shift to biotechnology has nevertheless led to greater sustainability and promises even greater gains in years to come. This Handbook is an invaluable compendium of detailed case study and insight.' - Mark Lynas, Cornell University, US'This important volume analyses the current state of crop biotechnology development and regulation. It establishes a firm basis for understanding the current level of deployment of crops modified by biotechnology and also the uneven and often unscientific bases that have been used to judge their merits for particular regions. This book is an indispensable reference for anyone concerned with the development of this vital area of agriculture.' - Peter H. Raven, Missouri Botanical Garden, US 'With interest in biotechnology surging, this book is a must-read for anyone who wants to learn more about the potential that advancements in modern agriculture have to offer, how they've already changed agriculture around the world and what s coming down the pipeline. Agriculture is about economics, the environment and feeding the world; so too, at the heart of it, is biotechnology, as this book so clearly demonstrates. The authors have years of experience with biotechnology and their expertise shines through on each page.' - Lorne Hepworth, CropLife Canada This book is a compendium of knowledge, experience and insight on agriculture, biotechnology and development. Beginning with an account of GM crop adoptions and attitudes towards them, the book assesses numerous crucial processes, concluding with detailed insights into GM products. Drawing on expert perspectives of leading authors from 57 different institutions in 16 countries, it provides a unique, global overview of agbiotech following 20 years of adoption. Many consider GM crops the most rapid agricultural innovation adopted in the history of agriculture. This book provides insights as to why the adoption has occurred globally at such a rapid rate. This is a rich and varied collection of research, which will appeal to scholars, academics and practitioners worldwide. An invaluable resource, this book will be a first point of reference to anyone with an interest in agbiotech and studies into agriculture, biotechnology and development. Contributors: A.A. Adenle, P. Aerni, C. Alexander, J.M. Alston, V. Beckmann, J. Bognar, C.G. Borroto, D. Brewin, G. Brookes, J. Carpenter, Y. Carriere, D. Castle, M. Chen, P. Conceicao, B. Dayananda, M. Demont, K. Dillen, D. Eaton, E. Einsiedel, J. Falck-Zepeda, J. Fernandez-Cornejo, G.B. Frisvold, C.V. Gonslaves, D. Gonsalves, M. Gouse, G. Graff, R. Gray, A. Gupta, W.O. Hennessey, J.E. Hobbs, W.E. Huffman, L. A. Jackson, C. Juma, N. Kalaitzandonakes, S. Kaplan, V.J. Karplus, W.A. Kerr, G.G. Khachatourians, E.M. Kikulwe, E. Kim, D.E. Kolady, S.P. Kowalski, J. Kruse, L. Levidow, S. Levine, K. Ludlow, X. Ma, A. Magnier, S. Malla, I. Matuschke, J.J. McCluskey, A. McHughen, J. Medlock, D. Miller, L. Nagarajan, A. Naseem, C. Oguamanam, M. Ouattarra, M. Owen, R. Paarlberg, P. W. B. Phillips, M. Qaim, T. Raney, J.M. Reeves, S.D. Rhodes, S.M.H. Rizvi, C.D. Ryan, D. Schimmelpfennig, G.J. Scoles, G. Skogstad, S. J. Smyth, C. Soregaroli, D.J. Spielman, A.J. Stein, J. Thomson, J. Vitale, G. Vognan, G. Waterfield, S. Wechsler, J. Wesseler, A. Williams, W.W. Wilson, L.L. Wolfenbarger, G. Ye, J. Yorobe Jr, D.Z. Zeng, D. Zilberman

High-Tech Ventures is for those who design, build, and market innovative products,people who are creating the high-tech world of the future. More specifically it is for all engineers, engineering managers, entrepreneurs, and intrapreneurs. Although engineers are responsible for identifying products and businesses that might benefit their company, all too often their suggestions are rejected. The products don't fit within the current business, or they threaten the status quo. Thus, start-up companies are the main arena for innovation.Entrepreneurs who are considering starting up a company, or who are already doing so, can use this book to determine the health of their venture. With High-Tech Ventures they can systematically assess the exact stages of their company's growth. They can compare their experiences to an ideal model, and sidestep,or eliminate,flaws early enough to save time, money, and even the company itself. High-Tech Ventures provides entrepreneurs with insight into the problems they may face, as well as a formal checklist for measuring success. It is also useful for board members, investors, and service industry personnel who are intimately involved in ventures. Professionals such as attorneys, accountants, technical consultants, and marketing consultants, who support the venture's infrastructure will also find critical information here. High-Tech Ventures includes revealing case studies from major entrepreneurial players such as Sun Microsystems, Apollo, Prime, Amdahl, Cullinet, etc.

Sridharan provides an interpretative comparison of the political economy of policy and development of a new industry--electronics--in three major developing countries --India, Brazil, and Korea--over a quarter of a century. Electronics, defined to encompass the entire microelectronics-based complex of industries, is the epitome of a new industry for developing countries. Promoting it involves all the dilemmas of industrial policy for developing countries: state versus market, multinations versus domestic firms, imported versus indigenous development of technology, import-substitution versus export-orientation, and so forth.

India, Brazil, and Korea are three of the developing world's technological leaders and largest industrial producers. All began to systematically promote a local electronics industry in the late 1960s. Different strategies were chosen, different trajectories followed, and different outcomes resulted. Sridharan interprets this experience in comparative perspective in the light of the concept of strategic capacity (of developing countries to effect industrialization), refining and further augmenting it to advance the theoretical debate on the political economy of industrialization. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars, researchers, and policy makers involved with industrial development and public policy.

Video recording has recently become an important phenomenon. Although the majority of American homes have at least one video recording set, not much is known about video recording's past and about its continual effect on affiliated industries. This text documents the history of magnetic recording, stressing its importance in consumer as well as commercial applications from the advent of magnetism through the invention of such new technologies as Digital Audio Tape (DAT), High Definition Television (HDTV), and a multitude of sophisicated Digital Video Cassette Recorders.

The new millennium has carried several challenges for patent law. This up-to-date book provides readers with an important overview of the most critical issues patent law is still facing today at the beginning of the twenty first century, on both sides of the Atlantic. New technological sectors have emerged, each one with its own features with regard to innovation process and pace. From the most controversial cases in biotech to the most recent decisions in the field of software and business methods patent, patent law has tried to stretch its boundaries in a way to accommodate such new and controversial subject matters into its realm. Biotechnology and Software Patent Law will strongly appeal to postgraduate students specializing in IP law, international law, commercial and business law, competition law as well as IP scholars, academics and lawyers. Contributors: S.D. Anderman, R.B. Bakels, S.J.R. Bostyn, D.L. Burk, V. Di Cataldo, V. Falce, C. Geiger, R.M. Hilty, C.M. Holman, M.A. Lemley, A. Ottolia, J. Pila, J.R. Thomas, P.L.C. Torremans

Over the course of the last two decades, Iran has gone through major industrial transformation, in spite of major obstacles in the path of the country's development. This comprehensive book examines the Iranian government's mobilization of resources to develop science and technology, presenting an overview of the structure, dynamics, and outcomes of the government's science and technology policies. It evaluates sectors at the systems level and emphasizes the prominence of government, rather than of the market, in the innovation system of the Iranian economy. Written by authors who are in positions of leadership in the industries they discuss, this book offers an unparalleled look into Iran's current technology achievements.

A series of biotechnology entrepreneurs - from the USA, the UK and continental Europe - tell their own stories of how they played a part in the evolution of the biotechnology companies they founded and/or now run. This book also looks at the role of venture capital and other forms of financing through their key stages of growth. A detailed introduction outlines the emergence of the biotech boom and its progress to date. This book is designed to be of interest to students of business. Stephanie Jones is the author of "The Headhunting Business" and "Working for the Japanese".

This book makes a significant contribution to the literature on strategy, management and innovation by drawing together the literature from these three fields and closely examining a critical issue, the importance of a firm's national base at a sectoral level in an era of globalization. Differences in national economic structures, management, firm learning, and firm strategy all contribute profoundly to competitive success. By examining two very dynamic high-technology industries--semiconductors and liquid crystal displays, the author shows how national systems of innovation are of critical importance in determining competitive success.

The emergence of platforms is a novel phenomenon impacting most industries, from products to services. Industry platforms such as Microsoft Windows or Google, embedded within industrial ecosystems, have redesigned our industrial landscapes, upset the balance of power between firms, fostered innovation and raised new questions on competition and innovation. Annabelle Gawer presents cutting-edge contributions from 24 top international scholars from 19 universities across Europe, the USA and Asia, from the disciplines of strategy, economics, innovation, organization studies and knowledge management. The novel insights assembled in this volume constitute a fundamental step towards an empirically based, nuanced understanding of the nature of platforms and the implications they hold for the evolution of industrial innovation. The book provides an overview of platforms and discusses governance, management, design and knowledge issues. With a multidisciplinary approach, this book will strongly appeal to academics and advanced students in management, innovation, strategy, economics and design. It will also prove an enlightening read for business managers in IT industries.