STEAM: ITS GENERATION AND USE
Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Early History of the Generation and Use of Steam.
WHILE the time of man's first knowledge and use of the expansive force of the vapor of water is unknown, records show that such knowledge existed earlier than 150 B.C. In a treatise of about that time entitled "Pneumatica," Hero, of Alexander, described not only existing devices of his predecessors and contemporaries but also an invention of his own which utilized the expansive force of steam for raising water above its natural level. He clearly describes three methods in which steam might be used directly as a motive of power; raising water by its elasticity, elevating a weight by its expansive power and producing a rotary motion by its reaction on the atmosphere. The third method, which is known as "Hero's engine," is described as a hollow sphere supported over a caldron or boiler by two trunnions, one of which was hollow, and connected the interior of the sphere with the steam space of the caldron. Two pipes, open at the ends and bent at right angles, were inserted at opposite poles of the sphere, forming a connection between the caldron and the atmosphere. Heat being applied to the caldron, the steam generated passed through the hollow trunnion to the sphere and thence into the atmosphere through the two pipes. By the reaction incidental to its escape through these pipes, the sphere was caused to rotate and here is the primitive steam reaction turbine.
Hero makes no suggestions as to application of any of the devices he describes to a useful purpose. From the time of Hero until the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, there is no record of progress, though evidence is found that such devices as were described by Hero were sometimes used for trivial purposes, the blowing of an organ or the turning of a skillet.
Mathesius, the German author, in 1571; Besson, a philosopher and mathematician at Orleans; Ramelli, in 1858; Battista Della Porta, a Neapolitan mathematician and philosopher, in 1601; Decause, the French engineer and architect, in 1615; and Branca, an Italian architect, in 1629, all published treatises bearing on the subject of the generation of steam.
To the next contributor, Edward Somerset, second Marquis of Worcester, is apparently due the credit of proposing, if not of making, the first useful steam engine. In the "Century of Scantlings and Inventions," published in London in 1663, he describes devices showing that he had in mind the raising of water not only by forcing it from two receivers by direct steam pressure but also for some sort of reciprocating piston actuating one end of a lever, the other operating a pump. His descriptions are rather obscure and no drawings...
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A readable and user-friendly introduction to fluid mechanics, this high-level text is geared toward advanced undergraduates and graduate students. Topics include a derivation of the equations of fluid motion from statistical mechanics, classical theory, and a portion of the modern mathematical theory of viscous, incompressible fluids, with considerable attention to the Navier-Stokes equations. 1973 edition.

This book will provide you with the tools for designing drinking water systems and doing the calculations by hand. With minimal theory and through 28 progressive exercises, the most common scenarios are introduced one by one: branch lines, joining multiple sources, valley passes, pressure zones and even looped systems. You will learn how to decide on pipe diameters, check an existing design or plan a system enlargement, following simple, quick and reliable guidelines to achieve clear and tangible results for gravity flow water projects.

Vapor Liquid Separation
Author Contact:
Ronald J. Robichaux
1522 Savannah Drive, Garland, Texas 75041
E-mail: [email protected]
My experience with separators led me to compile design information for the precise design of this type of equipment. These devices seem simple in their operations. However I have seen a number of them fail to provide the performance required in the process. Working with consultants, their many suggestions and rules of thumb to resolve the issues, has left me with concern as to how to best approach a design for a proper operating separator.
I studied the works of many Engineers and designers and collected information from all the manufacturers I worked with in designing separators for my projects. I have read and collected many articles on the subject of separator design.
In 1984 I had the opportunity to accept a position with Perry Equipment Corporation in Mineral Wells, Texas. The range of designs, research efforts and field trouble shooting left me with the understanding that "rules of thumb" are useful in a limited set of circumstances. Fortunately for the industry these set of circumstances are sufficient at about 75 to 90 percent of the time.
One of the tasks I was given, while in their employ, was to attempt to place a scientific approach as to why these devices proved so successful in most situations, but failed in other situations. In order to develop a better understanding of the design parameters I wanted to know the physical properties of the fluids and their effect associated with separator failures and efficiencies.

Open-Channel Hydraulics, originally published in 1959, deals with the design for flow in open channels and their related structures. Covering both theory and practice, it attempts to bridge the gap that generally exists between the two. Theory is introduced first and is then applied to design problems. In many cases the application of theory is illustrated with practical examples. Theory is frequently simplified by adopting theoretically less rigorous treatments with sound concepts, by avoiding use of advanced mathematical manipulations, or by replacing such manipulations with practical numerical procedures. To facilitate understanding of the subject matter, the treatment is mostly based on the condition of one- or two-dimensional flow. The book deals mainly with American practice but also includes related information from many countries throughout the world. Material is divided into five main sections for an orderly and logical treatment of the subject: Basic Principles. Uniform Flow, Varied Flow, Rapidly Varied Flow, and Unsteady Flow. There are 67 illustrative examples, 282 illustrations, 319 problems, and 810 references. This classic textbook was the first English-language book on the subject in two decades. Open-Channel Hydraulics is a valuable text for students of engineering mechanics. hydraulics. civil. agricultural. sanitary. and mechanical engineering, and a helpful compendium for practicing engineers. Dr. Ven Te Chow was a Professor of Hydraulic Engineering and led the hydraulic engineering research and teaching programs at the University of Illinois. Through many years of experience as a teacher, engineer, researcher, writer. lecturer, and consultant, he became an internationally recognized leader in the fields of hydraulics, hydrology and hydraulic engineering. Dr. Ven Te Chow authored two technical books and more than 60 articles and papers in scientific an engineering magazines and journals. He was a member of lAHR, ASCE, AGU, AAAS, SEE, and Sigma Xi, and had been Chairman of the American Geophysical Union's Permanent Research Committee on Runoff.

FOR ANYONE WITH AN INTEREST IN HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS ARE USED BY MANY PEOPLE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD IN THEIR EVERYDAY LIVES, THIS BOOK EXPLAINS HOW COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS WORK AND PROVIDES GUIDANCE ON THE BEST WAYS TO MAINTAIN THE EQUIPMENT AND OBTAIN A LONG LIFE. Of equal interest to users of hydraulic equipment and those directly employed in the Fluid Power Industry, the book incorporates Don Seddon's practical knowledge of product design, system design and technical management gained over 45 years in the hydraulic industry. The insights into seal technology by Nick Peppiatt provide a clear understanding of the issues involved in the selection and maintenance of seals in hydraulic equipment.

This manual provides technical background and guidance for computing basin snowmelt runoff as is necessary in the design and operation of water control projects. This manual discusses the basic theoretical principles of snow hydrology and the practical applications of this theory in forecasting and design. It summarizes several important snowmelt runoff models and offers guidelines for model selection.

This design guide provides guidance for the basic design, installation and operation of ground water extraction and ground water injection systems for the cleanup of contaminated ground water, exclusive of any treatment systems. General guidance on ground water extraction already exists. The intent of this design guide is to document lessons learned from experience and to provide a systematic approach to the installation, operation and trouble-shooting of systems. In addition, this design guide identifies aspects of ground water/fuel extraction and ground water injection systems that have led to poor performance and provides solutions to these problems. The design guide provides trouble-shooting charts that list problems, causes, solutions and preventative measures. The design guide then provides a series of checklists for the user to follow during the implementation of a project. The checklists identify information and data needs that, when addressed, greatly improve the likelihood for project goals to be achieved.

This manual provides information of interest to planners and designers of small water systems. Such systems generally cannot benefit from economies of scale, and proper management and operation are critical to produce satisfactory finished water quality. Therefore, the major emphasis of the manual is on the design of systems that will be effective and reliable, but that require a level of operation and management activity commensurate with their physical size and the available resources. To this end, consideration is given in subsequent chapters to preliminary planning, source selection and development, water quality and quantity requirements, treatment, pumping, storage, and distribution. Throughout the manual an effort is made to focus on requirements and standards, key design elements, and generalized alternative design methods and their applicability. This manual provides guidance and criteria for the design of small water supply, treatment, and distribution systems. For the purpose of this manual, small water systems shall be those having average daily design flow rates of 380,000 liters per day (100,000 gallons per day) or less.

Geared toward students and professionals in the fields of engineering, physics, chemistry, geophysics, and applied mathematics, this volume offers a unified treatment and critical review of the literature related to the fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and mass transfer of single bubbles, drops, and particles. 1978 edition.

Originally published in 1903, this book was described by its publisher ---the Scientific American magazine--- as "comprising the physical properties of air from a vacuum to its liquid state, its thermodynamics, compression, transmission, and uses as a motive power in the operation of stationary and portable machinery, in mining, air tools, air lifts, pumping of water, acids, and oils; the air blast for cleaning and painting, the sand blast and its work, and the numerous appliances in which compressed air is a most convenient and economical transmitter of power for mechanical work, railway propulsion, refrigeration and the various uses to which compressed air has been applied; with forty air tables and five hundred and forty-five illustrations." Gardner D. Hiscox, M.E., was also the author of Mechanical Movements, Powers, Devices and Appliances, Gas Gasoline and Oil Engines, and Horseless Vehicles, Automobiles, amongst other books.

This monograph generalizes the design of stilling basins, energy dissipators of several kinds and associated appurtenances. General design rules are presented so that the necessary dimensions for a particular structure may be easily and quickly determined, and the selected values checked by others without the need for exceptional judgment or extensive previous experience. Proper use of the material in this monograph will eliminate the need for hydraulic model tests on many individual structures, particularly the smaller ones. Designs of structures obtained by following the recommendations presented here will be conservative in that they will provide a desirable factor of safety. However, model studies will still prove beneficial to reduce structure sizes further, to account for nonsymmetrical conditions of approach or getaway, or to evaluate other unusual conditions not described herein. In most instances design rules and procedures are clearly stated in simple terms and limits are fixed in a definite range. However, it is occasionally necessary to set procedures and limits in broader terms, making it necessary that the accompanying text be carefully read. At the end of this monograph is a graphic summary, giving some of the essential material covered, and a nomograph which may be used as a computation aid. These sheets are particularly useful when making preliminary or rough estimates of basin sizes and dimensions.

All hydraulic projects subjected to freezing temperatures have ice problems, such as: ice buildup on lock walls, hydropower intakes, and lock approaches; ice accumulation in navigation channels; ice passage over spillways that scours the downstream channels; and ice damage to shore structures and shorelines, etc. Therefore, ice control measures should be considered for both new and existing projects to improve operations and safety in cold regions. In Part I, this manual contains a discussion of ice formation processes, physical properties, and potential solutions to associated problems. Part II considers the problem of ice jams and ice jam flooding, and discusses a broad range of mitigation measures. Part III of this manual addresses the considerations that arise from winter navigation on inland waterways, including the conduct of river ice management studies and the preparation of river ice management plans.

This manual provides current guidance and engineering procedures for the solution of tidal hydraulics problems. The subjects covered in this manual range from the fundamentals of estuarine engineering to specific problem solving techniques, including environmental considerations, to a summary of "lessons learned" from completed projects. The problem solving portion of the manual serves as a means of transferring the technical knowledge obtained from recent research efforts in tidal hydraulic engineering.

Originally published in 1895, this book is useful to both the hobbyist and the practicing engineer. Topics covered include turbines in general, general theory of reaction turbines, losses of energy in reaction turbines, the design of reaction turbines, impulse turbines, summary of rules and formulas and numerical examples, measurement of the quantity of flowing water, descriptions of and experiments with turbines, American turbines, and hydraulic pressure engines.

This book is a thorough description of water wheels from the engineering standpoint. Early turbines like the Fourneyron, Fontaine, and others are also covered in this book. Originally published in 1869, this engineering text was used at the School of Civil Engineers in Paris. The translation was done by Lieutenant F. A. Mahan of the U.S. Corps of Engineers.Amongst the topics covered are: preliminary ideas of hydraulic motors, water wheels with a horizontal axle, water wheels with vertical axles, turbines, machines for raising water, spiral noria, and pumps.

This book was designed for a required course on hydraulics in an ABET-accredited program in Civil Engineering at The University of Akron. Used for a quarter of century in classrooms all over the world, the material was revised and upgraded on three occasions and was translated into Spanish and Chinese.

This is a practical textbook written for use by engineers, scientists and technicians. It is not intended to be a rigorous scientific treatment of the subject material, as this would fill several volumes. Rather, it introduces the reader to the fundamentals of the subject material, and provides sufficient references for an in-depth study of the subject by the interested technologist. The author has a lifetime teaching credential in the California Community College System. Also, he has taught technical courses with the American Vacuum Society for about 35 years. Students attending many of these classes have backgrounds varying from high-school graduates to Ph.D.s in technical disciplines. This is an extremely difficult class profile to teach. This book still endeavors to reach this same audience. Basic algebra is required to master most of the material. But, the calculus is used in derivation of some of the equations. The author risks use of the first person "I," instead of "the author," and "you" instead of "the reader." Both are thought to be in poor taste when writing for publication in the scientific community. However, "I" am writing this book for "you" because the subject is exciting, and I enjoy teaching you, perhaps, something new. The book is written more in the vein of a "one-on-one" discussion with you, rather than the author lecturing to the reader. There are anecdotes, and examples of some failures and successes I have had over the last forty-five years in vacuum related activities, I'll try not to understate either.
Lastly, there are a few equations which if memorised will help you as a vacuum technician. There are less than a dozen equations and half that many "rules of thumb" to memorize, which will be drawn on time an again in designing, operating and trouble-shooting any vacuum system.

Modern water conveyance and storage techniques are the product of thousands of years of human innovation; today we rely on that same innovation to devise solutions to problems surrounding the rational use and conservation of water resources, with the same overarching goal: to supply humankind with adequate, clean, freshwater. Water Resources Engineering presents an in-depth introduction to hydrological and hydraulic processes, with rigorous coverage of both core principles and practical applications. The discussion focuses on the engineering aspects of water supply and water excess management, relating water use and the hydrological cycle to fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics, energy, and other physical concepts, while emphasizing the use of up-to-date analytical tools and methods. Now in its Third Edition, this straightforward text includes new links to additional resources that help students develop a deeper, more intuitive grasp of the material, while the depth and breadth of coverage retains a level of rigor suitable for use as a reference among practicing engineers.