This edited volume provides insights about the molecular virology, pathoenesis of infection and host responses to varicella-zoster virus, which is a medically important human herpesvirus. The chapters not only discuss genetics and molecular evolution of the virus, but also new structure-based knowledge on the functions of viral glycoproteins. Further, the authors illustrate how mechanisms from the virus are used to take over and remodel host cells during pathogeneis. These mechanisms also enable viral modulation of host cells and evasion of the host immune response. Part of these evasion and survival strategies, is the reaction to triggered host cell responses like autophagy, the stress response, modulation of apoptosis and other cell death pathways. This hands-on knowledge is crucial for students and clinicians in Virology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases. Chapter "Common features between stroke following varicella in children and stroke following herpes zoster in adults" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via Springerlink.com.

How early studies of inflammation led to our current views on the roles of vascular adhesion molecules.- Adhesion of leukocytes from flow: The selectins and their ligands.- Co-operative signaling between leukocytes and endothelium mediating firm attachment.- Production and presentation of chemokines by endothelial cells.- Platelet-activating factor: A signaling molecule for leukocyte adhesion.- Tight junctions and adherens junctions in endothelial cells: Structure and regulation.- The role of PECAM in leukocyte emigration.- Selective lymphocyte migration into secondary lymphoid rrgans and inflamed tissues.- Oxidation-reduction sensitive regulation of vascular inflammatory gene expression.- Quantification and imaging of vascular adhesion molecule expression in inflammatory diseases in vivo.- Leukocyte adhesion and activation in xenografts.- Control of leukocyte adhesion and activation in ischemia-reperfusion injury.- Control of leukocyte adhesion and activation in atherogenesis.

Testing the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and safety in animal models is a crucial step in vaccine development. Pigs raised in germ-free environments, called gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs, are one of the most useful animal models for testing vaccines. The Gn pig model is a widely accepted model for studying pathogenesis and immunity and an ideal model for pre-clinical testing for the safety and efficacy of enteric viral vaccines. Through these studies and others, the Gn pig model has been established as the most reliable animal model for pre-clinical evaluation of human rotavirus and norovirus vaccines. This book provides detailed information on establishing Gn pig models, determining a proper virus inoculum pool and challenge dose, measuring protection and calculating efficacy, and delineating intestinal and systemic immune responses associated with the protection. Key Features Provides a natural history of human rotavirus and norovirus infection in Gn pigs Establishes the optimal virus challenge doses in Gn pigs for vaccine evaluation Evaluates various candidate rotavirus and norovirus vaccines Discusses human gut microbiota transplanted Gn pig models Documents the role of probiotics and rice bran as prophylactics and vaccine adjuvants

Testing the immunogenicity, protective efficacy and safety in animal models is a crucial step in vaccine development. Pigs raised in germ-free environments, called gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs, are one of the most useful animal models for testing vaccines. The Gn pig model is a widely accepted model for studying pathogenesis and immunity and an ideal model for pre-clinical testing for the safety and efficacy of enteric viral vaccines. Through these studies and others, the Gn pig model has been established as the most reliable animal model for pre-clinical evaluation of human rotavirus and norovirus vaccines. This book provides detailed information on establishing Gn pig models, determining a proper virus inoculum pool and challenge dose, measuring protection and calculating efficacy, and delineating intestinal and systemic immune responses associated with the protection. Key Features Provides a natural history of human rotavirus and norovirus infection in Gn pigs Establishes the optimal virus challenge doses in Gn pigs for vaccine evaluation Evaluates various candidate rotavirus and norovirus vaccines Discusses human gut microbiota transplanted Gn pig models Documents the role of probiotics and rice bran as prophylactics and vaccine adjuvants

Molecular Structure of the Arenaviruses: Arenavirus Ultrastructure and Morphogenesis; R.W. Compans. Glycoproteins of the Arenaviruses; J.W. Burns, M.J. Buchmeier. Antigenic Diversity among the Arenaviruses; C.R. Howard. Genetic Variation in Junin Virus; C.E. Coto, et al. Mechanism of Arenavirus RNA Synthesis; D. Kolakofsky, D. Garcin. Subgenomic RNAs of Tacaribe Virus; M.T. Franze-Fernandez, et al. Arenavirus Cellular Tropisms and Virulence; D.G. Harnish, et al. Immuno-Pathology, Vaccines, and Epidemiology Lymphocutic Choriomeningitis Virus; C.J. Pfau, A.R. Thomsen. Molecular Anatomy of the Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response to Lympocytic Choriomeningitis Virus; L.S. Klavinskis, et al. Virus Induced Acquire Immune Suppression by T Cell Mediated Immunopathology and Vaccine Strategies; R.M. Zinkernagel. Construction and Evaluation of Vaccines for Lassa Fever; D.D. Auperin. 8 additional articles. Index.

With globalisation taking centre stage in the business world and multiculturalism affecting markets and societies, there is a need to understand the ways that customers respond to the changing marketplace from international and multicultural perspectives. This book is timely in addressing important themes raised in the most recent marketing literature, such as: global consumer culture, and the impact of Western culture on consumer behaviour in other countries; consumer acculturation processes, and the impact on identity conflicts and the strategies people use to manage them; globalisation vs. localised strategies, and the interaction of local and global influences on customer behaviour; climate change and global warming, the impact on consumer behaviour, and the implications for social responsibility; and cross-cultural customer research, including important methodological questions around the application of sociological, group-level measures to psychological, individual-level phenomenon in marketing contexts. The papers in this edition address those themes, reporting on studies from a range of countries, including Germany, Greece, China, and Austria, and a number of cultural groups in the UK. These papers draw on quantitative and qualitative methodologies, reflecting the full range of methods employed in contemporary consumer research. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Marketing Management.

This fourth volume in an exciting and detailed series on contact allergens and drug allergy provides monographs of all 507 systemic drugs which have caused delayed-type cutaneous drug hypersensitivity reactions and/or occupational allergic contact dermatitis. The monographs present: Identification section; Occupational allergic contact dermatitis; and Cutaneous adverse drug reactions from systemic drugs caused by type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity, as shown by positive patch tests (e.g. maculopapular eruption, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis [AGEP], symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema [SDRIFE], fixed drug eruption, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms [DRESS], and photosensitivity). Separate chapters present an overview of the spectrum of allergic cutaneous drug reactions, diagnostic tests, immediate contact reactions (contact urticaria), and systemic drugs that have acquired delayed-type hypersensitivity only by cross-reactivity. Key Features: Presents monographs of all known systemic drugs which have caused delayed allergic cutaneous drug reactions and/or occupational allergic contact dermatitis Provides an extensive literature review of relevant topics of allergenic systemic drugs, part of which is hard or impossible to find in database searches Identifies IUPAC names, synonyms, CAS and EC numbers, structural and chemical formulas, Merck Index monographs, and advises on patch testing Presents immediate contact reactions (contact urticaria) from systemics drugs and delayed-type hypersensitivity in drugs caused only by cross-reactivity Covers an extensive amount of information to benefit dermatologists, allergists, and all others interested in drug allergy

This volume provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary overview of fibrocytes, written by the main researchers in the field. It is aimed at a broad audience of scientists and clinicians with an interest in the role of circulating fibrocytes in the etiopathogenesis of different fibrosing disorders, atherosclerosis, autoimmunity, and cancer.

Immune responses at mucosal surfaces play a major role in host mucosal defense against microbial pathogens and in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic mucosal inflammatory diseases. immunogenetic approaches in combination with human and murine in vitro cell culture and in vivo model systems to address questions in mucosal immunity. Humans produce more immunoglobulin A (IgA) than all other antibody isotypes combined, most of which is rapidly transported into the external secretions bathing mucous membranes. It has been estimated that more than 3 grams of IgA are transported daily into mucosal secretions, carrying out a wide range of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory functions. IgA is the second most abundant class of antibody in the bloodstream, contributing to systemic as well as secretory immunity. Recent advances in human genomics, gene regulation, structural biology, cell signaling, and immunobiology have greatly enhanced our understanding of this important class of antibody. knowledge of the biology of IgA, including structure of IgA and its interaction with Fc receptors; epithelial transport of IgA; regulation of the mucosal IgA system; biological roles of IgA, including newly discovered functions; IgA-associated diseases, and therapeutic applications for IgA. Chapters have been contributed by internationally recognized leaders in the field of IgA research, representing 8 countries on 3 continents.

The immune system has evolved in large part to enable organisms to resist microbial infection. Microorganisms have long been used as experimental tools by immunologists, and the study of the immune response to viruses and bacteria has contributed much to our understanding of basic immunological mechanisms. There are also important practical and clinical reasons for attempting to understand the immunology of infections -- these include the rational design of vaccines, the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, the advent of AIDS, the rise in drug-resistant mycobacterial infections and the recognition of the infectious aetiology of peptic ulcer disease. The contributors to this book are all chosen for their active involvement and expertise in the fields. It bridges the divide between basic immunological research and clinical practice.

This second edition expands upon and updates the vital research covered in its predecessor, by presenting state-of-the-art multidisciplinary and systems-oriented approaches to complex diseases arising from and driven by the acute inflammatory response. The chapters in this volume provide an introduction to different types of computational modeling, and how these methods can be applied to specific inflammatory diseases, with a focus on providing readers a roadmap for integrating advanced mathematical and computational techniques with traditional experimental methods. In this second edition, we cover both well-established and emerging modeling methods, especially state-of-the-art machine learning approaches and the integration of data-driven and mechanistic modeling. This volume introduces the concept of Model-based Precision Medicine as an alternative approach to the current view of Precision Medicine, based on leveraging mechanistic computational modeling to decrease cost while increasing the information value of the data being obtained. By presenting the role of computational modeling as an integrated component of the research process, Complex Systems and Computational Biology Approaches to Acute Inflammation: A Framework for Model-based Precision Medicine offers a window into the recent past, the present, and the future of computationally-augmented biomedical research.

Definitive yet concise, Food Allergy, by Drs. John M. James, Wesley Burks, and Philippe Eigenmann, provides expert guidance for efficient diagnosis and effective management of these increasingly prevalent conditions. The consistent, practical format, with a wealth of case studies, clinical pearls and pitfalls, full-color photos and illustrations, diagrams, and more - along with online access at www.expertconsult.com - make this an ideal quick reference tool for both allergy clinicians and primary care physicians. Quickly reference essential topics thanks to a templated, focused format that includes a wealth of full-color photos and illustrations, diagrams, case studies, and more. Benefit from the knowledge, experience, and global perspective of leading international authors. Deliver the best outcomes by incorporating clinical pearls from experts in the field into your practice. Stay current with timely topics including our latest understanding of non-IgE-mediated food allergies; cross-reactions; future therapies; natural history and prevention; and a review of unproven diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Access this reference online at ExpertConsult.com, complete with the full text, entire image bank, and more. The tools you need to quickly and accurately diagnose, treat, and manage food allergies.

The cytokines are a group of peptides secreted by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, lymphocytes and T cells. The term cytokine is however simplistic and in fact they can be divided into functional families and have wide ranging effects from cells and molecular pathways to the whole individual. Written by distinguished scholars and experts, this book is a holistic knowledge-base to enable scientists and doctors to understand cytokines in specific or broad detail.

One hundred years have elapsed since specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT) was first employed and found to be effective in the treatment of allergic respiratory diseases. This cutting-edge issue of Immunology and Allergy Clinics offers a comprehensive review of this disease modifying treatment, exploring its history, status, and potential future. Topics covered include the mechanisms of subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy; the mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy; optimizing efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy; preparation of allergen immunotherapy extraxcts; risk factors and subcutaneous immunotherapy safety; accelerated schedules and reducing risk with premedication (antihistamines, omalizumab, leucotriene antagonist); safety and efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy for allergic respiratory disease and other indications; monitoring clinical outcomes of specific immunotherapy; monitoring immunotherapy response with immunological parameters; socioeconomics and comparative effectiveness of immunotherapy; oral desensitization for food hypersensitivity; peptide and recombinant immunotherapy; intralymphatic and epicutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy; peptide and recombinant immunotherapy; adjuvants and vector systems for allergy faccines; and future forms of immunotherapy.

Allergy and Allergen Immunotherapy: New Mechanisms and Strategies is a valuable and comprehensive book that covers allergy and causative allergens and provides diagnostic and therapeutic aspects as well. With chapters from internationally recognized experts in the field, the book provides a balanced approach to enumerating pollen allergens as well as allergy diagnosis and therapeutic management and safety assessment of genetically engineered food allergens. The book features a special section on allergic diseases and allergens from tropical countries, including such countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Iran, and South Korea, giving the book a global appeal. The book is broken in the following sections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Allergy Aerobiology and Allergic Diseases Pollen Allergy in the Tropics and Temperate Regions Allergy in Children Food Allergy Evaluation Allergen Immunotherapy and Anti IgE The book deals not only on basics of allergy and allergen immunotherapy but also discusses indoor environments and safety considerations of genetically modified food allergens. The first of its kind volume from the Indian subcontinent that caters to the needs of clinicians, aerobiologists, environmentalists, and regulatory agencies as well, the volume will be of immense interest for clinicians and patients of allergy as well as diagnostic and therapeutic management of allergy in tropics.

Dr. Coppes and his co-Editors have created a comprehensive table of contents that addresses the full spectrum of food allergies in children. Articles are presented to be most useful to pediatricians, as the issue begins with the clinical presentation and epidemiology of food allergy, and then progresses to the diagnostic testing and pahthophysiology.? Articles are also included that are devoted to specific types of food allergy, dairy, soy, egg, peanut, and tree nut. Finally, articles are also devoted to living with food allergies, management of allergies in schools and camps, and therapies for food allergies.

This book covers the latest information related to understanding immune responses to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Many ENMs used in both the consumer and biomedical fields have been reported to elicit adverse immune responses ranging from innate immune responses such as complement activation to changes in adaptive immunity that influence pathogen responses and promote disease states such as asthma. Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System covers the most up to date information on our understanding of immune responses to ENMs across a wide range of topics including innate immunity, allergic immune responses, adaptive provides the reader with (1) up to date understanding of immune responses to ENMs; (2) current testing methods; and (3) appropriate models including alternative testing strategies for evaluating immunotoxicity of ENMs.

Get the most from your study time, and experience a realistic USMLE simulation with Rapid Review Microbiology and Immunology, 3rd Edition, by Drs. Ken S. Rosenthal and Michael J. Tan. This new reference in the highly rated Rapid Review Series is formatted as a bulleted outline with photographs, tables and figures that address all the microbiology and immunology information you need to know for the USMLE. And with Student Consult functionality, you can become familiar with the look and feel of the actual exam by taking a timed or a practice test online that includes 400 USMLE-style questions. Access all the information you need to know quickly and easily with a user-friendly, two-color outline format that includes High-Yield Margin Notes. Take a timed or a practice test online with more than 400 USMLE-style questions and full rationales for why every possible answer is right or wrong. Review the most current information with completely updated chapters, images, and questions, including a new chapter on Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis. Profit from the guidance of series editor, Dr. Edward Goljan, a well-known author of medical study references, who is personally involved in content review. Study and take notes more easily with the new, larger page size. Practice with a new testing platform on USMLE Consult that gives you a realistic review experience and fully prepares you for the exam. Review your understanding of how to interpret lab results in a new chapter on Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis.

The importance of bone marrow transplantation for patients who do not have a matched sibling donor cannot be overestimated. This subject has always been in the public domain, accentuated by dramatic appeals, from time to time, to search for matched volunteer donors in the public at large. Unfortunately, the availability of such donors is limited, due to the remarkable genetic diversity of humans. Thus, although registries of such volunteers now include more than seven million individuals, we still face the problem of finding a matched donor for about 30% of patients in need. To address this burning issue, extensive clinical and basic research is performed in leading institutes around the world. This book presents updated accounts of the different aspects of this research. The scope of the book is very wide, including strategies to overcome graft vs. host (GVH) disease and graft rejection, cell therapy to prevent leukemia relapse, and a range of modalities to improve immune reconstitution after transplantation. In addition, new approaches to induce immune tolerance towards organ transplants by means of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is extensively reviewed.

Dendritic Cells; J.M. Austyn. The Multiple Accessory Cell Concept; M. Van Rooijen. Sythetic Peptides and the Role of T-Helper Cell Determinants; M.J. Francis. Carriers for Peptides; M.J. Francis. Co-Entrapment of T-Cell and B-Cell Peptides in Liposomes Overcomes Genetic Restriction in Mice and Induces Immunological Memory; G. Gregoriadis, et al. Preparation and Characterization of Stable Liposomal Hepatitis B Vaccine; D. Diminsky, et al. Initiation of Immune Response with ISCOM; B. Morein, et al. Nanoparticles as Potent Aduvants for Vaccines; J. Kreuter. Optimization of Carriers and Adjuvants; A. Snidjders, et al. Immunotargeting as an Adjuvant Independent Subunit Vaccine Design Option; D.L. Skea, B.H. Barber. BCG Vaccine; M.J. Groves, et al. Significance of Virulence Factors and ImmunoEvasion for the Design of Gene-Deleted Herpesvirus Marker Vaccines; S. Kit. Eradication of Sylvatic Rabies Using a Live Recombinant Vaccinia-vRabies Vaccine; M.P. Kieny, et al. 7 additional articles. Index.

This book explains how the immune system functions, namely, how individual cells of the immune system make the decision to respond or not to respond to foreign microbes and molecules, and how the critical molecules function to trigger the cellular reactions in an all-or-none (quantal) manner. To date, there has not been a complete description of the immune system and its cells and molecules, primarily because most of the information has accumulated only in the last 40 years and our understanding has been expanding rapidly only in the last 20 years. It is now clear that the cells have evolved a way to "count" the number of foreign antigenic molecular "hits," and they only react when a critical number of events have accumulated. Subsequently, control over the reaction is transferred to a systemic lymphocytotrophic hormone system that determines the tempo, magnitude and duration of the immune reaction.

This book explains in detail how the immune system, cells and molecules work for the first time. With this understanding as a basis, the pathogenesis of autoimmunity can now be understood as a mutational usurpation of the genes encoding molecules that participate in a sensitive feedback regulatory control of the immune reaction. By comparison, malignant transformation is understood as a mutational usurpation of the genes encoding the molecules that control the quantal decision to proliferate, so that normal ligand/receptor cell growth control is circumvented. This molecular understanding of the immune system is especially important for the design of successful vaccines, and also explains why vaccines fail.

This issue, Guest Edited by Drs. Shyam Mohapatra and Gary Hellermann, will include topics such as: Virus-induced airway injury and asthma inception; Pediatric infectious diseases and asthma; Rhinoviruses and inception or exacerbation of asthma; Respiratory syncytial virus infections in the adult asthmatic-role of viral subversion and host susceptibility in RSV infection; New rhinovirus clades and their significance in asthma exacerbation and airway remodeling; Metapneumovirus and asthma.

This edition of Immunology and Allergy Clinics focuses on Stress and Immune-Based Diseases. Articles include: The Adverse Effects of Psychological Stress on Immunoregulatory Balance: Application to Human Inflammatory Diseases; Impact of Psychological Stress on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients;Stress and Asthma;Stress and Allergic Diseases; Stress and Autoimmune Diseases;Psychosocial influences of Stress in Cancer Patients;Stress and Wound Healing and Neuroendocrine Effects of Stress on Immunity in the Elderly: mpact on Risk for Inflammatory Diseases.

During the past fifty years, thousands of natural products have been isolated from plants, fungi, and bacteria. Apart from intense searches by pharmaceutical companies for medicinals and the concentrated effort mounted by the National Cancer Institute, many of these have not been tested in biological systems. The major reasons for this appear to be, at least, twofold. First, individual researchers looking for biologically active natural products will often isolate only small amounts of material sufficient to determine a structure and calculate the specific activity for their particular bioassay systems: insufficient funds preclude re-isolating the compound unless industrial potential is foreseen. Second, the difficulty with which original structures were proved prior to 1972. This required the isolation of relatively large quantities of a natural product and there followed extensive degradation, elemental analyses of the parent and its fragments, then synthesis, piece by piece, of the molecule. All this took time and energy. No wonder that when the structure was proved the chemist was enervated. And coupled to this was the fact that many chemists were not trained to test their materials in biological systems. In contrast, today a natural product can be isolated, its mass and molecular formula determined and, if there is some serendipity, crystals may be obtained for single crystal x-ray analysis. If conditions are near perfect, it is possible to isolate and identify a novel compound in a month.

"Advances in Immunology, " a long-established and highly respected publication, presents current developments as well as comprehensive reviews in immunology. Articles address the wide range of topics that comprise immunology, including molecular and cellular activation mechanisms, phylogeny and molecular evolution, and clinical modalities. Edited and authored by the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future.
* Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts
* Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field