Genital prolapse, or pelvic organ prolapse, occurs when the structures of the pelvis protrude into the outside vaginal canal. "Genital Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence" is the first book of its kind dedicated specifically to genital prolapse and is filled with every different type of prolapse, including the bladder, uterus, rectum, and the mucosal fold containing the intestine. Covering all aspects of this defect while emphasizing the managed care of genital prolapse, this text also explores both surgical and non-surgical treatments, which include methods for the diagnosis and treatment of all abnormalities.

This source examines:

This guide brings together the varied and multiple skills and activities required of pest control practitioners, including biology, chemistry, architecture, engineering, sales, logistics, legal and accounting, presented with a primary emphasis on pest organisms at its core. This book provides information and tips on all of these aspects and: explores the business of controlling pests (including trends in the industry, pest control tools, and sustainable pest control); covers biological information on each pest in addition to information on control and management, monitoring and follow-up; focusses particularly on globally significant pests with internationally-applicable use and guidance; and provides practical and hands-on experience, drawing on original case studies This is a key resource for pest control practitioners, as well as in-house staff of companies or buildings involved in household or urban pest control. It is also a valuable reference for researchers, and sanitation and building managers.

Throughout Asia, Australia and the Pacific, and increasingly in Africa, the primary horticultural insect pests are fruit flies belonging to the genera Bactrocera, Zeugodacus and Dacus (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini). The Dacini is a hugely diverse clade of nearly 900 species endemic to the rainforests of Asia, Australia and the western Pacific, and the savannas and woodlands of Africa. All these species lay their eggs into fleshy fruits and vegetables, where the maggots feed, therefore destroying the fruit. In addition to being crop pests, dacines are also invasive pests of major quarantine importance and their presence in production areas can significantly impact market access opportunities. This broad text provides a rapid introduction to this economically and ecologically important group, which includes species such as the Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis), Melon fly (Z. cucurbitae), Queensland fruit fly (B. tryoni) and the Olive fly (B. oleae). Broken into three primary sections, it first explores the evolutionary history, systematic relationships, taxonomy and species-level diagnosis of the Dacini flies. The following biology section covers their life history, population demography, behaviour and ecology, and natural enemies. The final section of the book covers the management of these flies, with chapters on pre-harvest, post-harvest and regulatory controls. Each chapter concludes with a list of key monographs, papers or book chapters for further reading. This book will be of interest to field entomologists, extension officers, quarantine officers and market access negotiators, as well as students of applied entomology and pest management.

Increasing resistance to established fungicides has stimulated the search for novel fungicides with new modes of action. Environmental concerns now also demand that these have low environmental impact and toxicity. Fungicidal Activity discusses new approaches to fungicide development including biological control and genetic engineering, and takes a global view of the future of fungicidal development. Fungicidal Activity is a volume in the Wiley Series in Agrochemicals and Plant Protection. This series brings together current scientific and regulatory knowledge and perspectives on all aspects of the use of chemicals and biotechnology in agriculture.

Stored product insects and other pests represent a major hygiene and safety issue to many industries, from food production to building infestation, and issues for timber pallets and packaging. Beds bugs are rapidly becoming a public health issue in hotels, hostels and houses in many parts of the world. While fumigation has been one of the prevalent routes for pest control, there remain issues with the toxicity of the chemicals used and potential exposure to humans therefore heat treatment has proven to be a successful alternative when used correctly.

It is well known that excessive heat is dangerous to life. There is a difference between the amount of heat required to kill microbes such as bacteria and viruses and that required to kill larger life forms such as insects or mammals. This book focuses on the use of heat to kill insects and mites in food production, storage and other facilities.

Heat Treatment for Insect Control examines how controlled heat treatment kills all stages of pest insect life across species and without causing damage to surrounding structures or electronics. The advantages of heat treatment include no health & safety hazards, a completely controllable and environmentally friendly process, reduced treatment time of fumigation (hours verses days), as well as no factory shutdown or exclusion of staff from adjacent areas during treatment.

Part I reviews the principles of heat treatment, with chapters covering the fundamentals, planning, best practice and costs of integrated pest management. Part II looks at heat treatment applications in food production, storage, food materials and fresh produce. Part III examines the other applications in clothing, small rooms, buildings, and transportation.
Provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the heat treatment for insect controlReviews the development of heat treatment processes and technology as part of integrated pest management approaches

Many biological studies on insect management do not consider economics or fundamental economic principles. This book brings together economists and entomologists to explain the principles, successes, and challenges of effective insect management. It highlights the importance of economic analyses for decision making and the feasibility of such approaches, and examines integrated pest management (IPM) practices from around the world with an emphasis on agriculture and public health. The book begins by establishing an economic framework upon which to apply the principles of IPM. It continues to examine the entomological applications of economics, specifically, economic analyses concerning chemical, biological, and genetic control tactics as well as host plant resistance and the cost of sampling and is illustrated with case studies of economic-based IPM programs from around the world.

Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, is an insect pest which transmits a bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), primarily through feeding in newly emergent foliage of citrus trees. This pathogen causes a disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, which has become the most debilitating and intractable disease in citrus crops. This book, written by a team of experts on the Asian citrus psyllid, gathers together everything currently known about the biology and ecology of this important pest species, examines the transmission and acquisition processes of the pathogen, and looks at current management practices and their effectiveness. The potential for new, innovative management techniques are also described, along with the economic implications of managing this rapidly establishing disease. This book: Covers all aspects of Asian citrus psyllid biology and ecology for the first time in one place. Examines new, innovative management practices and assesses their effectiveness. Discusses the vector-pathogen relationship in detail. Explains the economics of controlling this devastating pest. This title is essential reading for all researchers involved in the management and control of Asian citrus psyllid, extension agents, and pest management consultants. It will also be of great use to graduate students in applied entomology and related disciplines.

IPM Systems need to be developed for agriculture to be economically and environmentally strong, in production, storage and food processing. Although the concept and philosophy of integrated pest management have been largely accepted for some time, its implementation is complex and faces numerous potential problems. If IPM is to enjoy widespread approval and adoption, it must be clearly defined and economically and socially acceptable. The topics covered in this book include a range of topics, such as risk-benefit analysis, transgenic crops in IPM and consumer response to IPM.

Arthropods as pests in crops, vectors of diseases, pollinators, and natural enemies of pests are of huge economic importance. They affect livestock, human health and food supplies around the world. This unique book examines and reviews how light and colour can be used to enhance pest management in agricultural and medical applications by manipulating the optical responses of arthropods. Arthropods use optical cues to find food, oviposition sites and to navigate. Light also regulates their diurnal and seasonal activities. Plants use optical cues to attract or deter various species of arthropod. In this book, an international team of experts show how light can be used successfully to attract, arrest, confuse and deter arthropods as well as to disrupt their biological clocks. The book: Presents an up-to-date and thorough summary of what is known about how arthropods of agricultural and medical importance respond to visual cues. Describes techniques that use light to manipulate pests and beneficial insects and mites. Presents a broad discussion of the potential use of optical manipulation of arthropods to improve the health of plants, domestic animals and humans.

In this fascinating book, Graham Matthews takes the reader through the history of the development and use of chemicals for control of pests, weeds, and vectors of disease. Prior to 1900 only a few chemicals had been employed as pesticides but in the early 1940s, as the Second World War raged, the insecticide DDT and the herbicide 2-4-D were developed. These changed everything. Since then, farmers have been using a growing list of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides to protect their crops. Their use has undoubtedly led to significant gains in agricultural production and reduction in disease transmission, but also to major problems: health concerns for both users of pesticides and the general public, the emergence of resistance in pest populations, and environmental problems. The book examines the development of legislation designed to control and restrict the use of pesticides, the emergence of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the use of biological control agents as part of policy to protect the environment and encourage the sustainable use of pesticides. Finally, the use of new technologies in pest control are discussed including the use of genetic modification, targeted pesticide application and use of drones, alongside basic requirements for IPM such as crop rotations, close seasons and adoption of plant varieties with resistance to pests and diseases.

Ever been tempted by the thought of trying juicy deep fried mealworms, proteinrich cricket flower, or swapping your Walkers for salt and vinegar flavoured grasshoppers? If so then you are not alone! Over 2 billion people regularly eat insects as part of their diet, and the world is home to around 1,900 edible insect species. For adventurous foodies and daring dieters comes the newest way to save the planet, eat more protein, and tickle taste buds. But this isn't an insect cookbook. Instead it's an informative field guide: exploring the origins of insect eating, offering tips on finding edible bugs and serving up a few delicious ideas of how to eat them once you've tracked them down! It includes a comprehensive list on edible insects and where to find them, how to prepare them, their versatile usage and nutritional value as well as a few recipes. A bug-eating checklist covering all known edible bugs so readers can mark off the ones they've eaten and seek out new delicacies concludes the book. This is a perfect introduction to the weird, wonderful, and adventurous side of entomophagy.

Agricultural production is in a period of rapid transformation which has seen an increase in the use of biotechnology, synthetic chemistry, biological chemicals and biopesticides. These disciplines are integrated with improvements in application technology, digital farming and the use of big data. Whilst offering unique opportunities to reduce potential environmental impacts, these advances also raise new environmental concerns. This book provides an overview of the changes occurring in the agricultural industry, highlighting opportunities to address impacts and indicating potential barriers to adoption of the technology. This new edition has been updated to include the very latest in agricultural developments, including organic farming and genetically modified crops. It is of interest to students and academics, as well as farmers and landowners and those working in legislation.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by occupational exposure during the spraying and application of insecticides. The book also features separate monographs evaluating the carcinogenicity of 17 individual pesticides, including several that have been banned by industrialized countries yet are still used in the developing world. Although some of these pesticides have been in use for more than four decades, evaluations of carcinogenicity were hindered by the sparsity of well-designed epidemiological studies. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates data from descriptive and ecological studies, cohort studies, and case-control studies suggesting an increased risk of cancer, most notably lung cancer, multiple myeloma and other tumours of B-cell origin, in workers exposed to insecticides during their application. On the basis of this evaluation, the book concludes that the spraying and application of nonarsenical insecticides entail exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. The remaining monographs evaluate the carcinogenicity of aldicarb, atrazine, captafol, chlordane, DDT, deltamethrin, dichlorvos, fenvalerate, heptachlor, monuron, pentachlorophenol, permethrin, picloram, simazine, thiram, trifluralin, and zitram. Of these, captafol, a fungicide used on plants, for seed treatment, and as a wood preservative, was classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. Atrazine, chlordane, DDT, dichlorvos, heptachlor, and pentachlorophenol were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The remaining pesticides could not be classified on the basis of available data.

In this handbook, the authors present current research in the study of the biological activity, classification and health and environmental implications of herbicides. Topics discussed include productive degradation of dichlorprop by transconjugant strains; weeds and their mechanisms of resistance to herbicides; application of 31P-NMR spectroscopy to glyphosate studies in plants; lethal and sublethal glyphosate effects on non-target fish species; chemical properties and genotoxic effects of phenylurea herbicides; action mode of triazines and toxic effects on vertebrates; photolysis experiments on alloxydim herbicide and biological response of its transformation product; glyphosate-resistant weeds in Southern Europe; herbicide paraquat genotoxicity-enhancement by the phenolic antioxidants Dl-A-tocopherl and 2,6-Di-Tert-Butyl-P-Cresol; glyphosate adsorption in a soil depth profile; adsorption-desorption processes and mobility of (4-Chloro-2-Methylophenoxy) acetic acid (Mcpa) in Irish grassland soils; pesticides and cancer with a study on the interaction of phenoxy acid herbicides with DNA; herbicidal activity of pyrazole derivatives; behaviour of herbicides in paddy water and soil after application; and laboratory lysimeter for pesticide transport studies.

The "Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology" is a comprehensive, two-volume reference guide to the properties, effects, and regulation of pesticides that provides the latest and most complete information to researchers investigating the environmental, agricultural, veterinary, and human-health impacts of pesticide use. Written by international experts from academia, government, and the private sector, the "Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology" is an in-depth examination of critical issues related to the need for, use of, and nature of chemicals used in modern pest management. This updated 3e carries on the book s tradition of serving as the definitive reference on pesticide toxicology and recognizes the seminal contribution of Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., co-Editor of the first edition.
Feature: Presents a comprehensive look at all aspects of pesticide toxicology in one reference work.
Benefit: Saves researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest definitive details on toxicity of specific pesticides as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles.

Feature: Clear exposition of hazard identification and dose response relationships in each chapter featuring pesticide agents and actions
Benefit: Connects the experimental laboratory results to real-life applications in human health, animal health and the environment.

Feature: All major classes of pesticide considered.
Benefit: Provides relevance to a wider variety of researchers who are conducting comparative work in pesticides or their health impacts.

Feature: Different routes of exposure critically evaluated.
Benefit: Connects the loop between exposure and harmful affects to those who are researching the affects of pesticides on humans or wildlife.
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Pests are defined purely from anthropocentric perspective. An organism is not considered a pest until its activities and life processes interfere with human health, convenience, comfort or profits. The importance of health education in the control of vector-borne diseases cannot be overstated. This should particularly be targeted at rural communities where the scourges of these diseases are most pronounced. With adequate commitment by the government at the federal, state and local levels as well as from private sectors, considerable success could be achieved in the battle against pests. This book represents an excellent addition to the literature on Integrated Pest Management (IPM). A historical overview traces the origins and concepts of pest organisms, their classification and general characteristics and the basic terminologies are given. The philosophy and goal of IPM and specific examples of chemical, cultural, biological, physical and mechanical approaches to IPM are discussed. The book is enriched with accounts of IPM practices and progression in the developing countries and the problems and prospects of implementation and the future of IPM highlighted. Also included is an interesting account of medical important arthropods and their management. A rich bibliography accompanies every chapter.

Palladium is a steel-white, ductile metallic element resembling and occurring with the other platinum group metals and nickel. Palladium and its alloys are used in the (petro) chemical and the automotive industries as catalysts, in dentistry, and in electronics and the, electrical industry.This book evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposures to palladium. The general population is primarily exposed to palladium through dental alloys or jewellery. There were case reports referring to palladium sensitivity associated with exposure to palladium-containing dental restorations; the, symptoms being contact dermatitis, stomatitis or mucositis and oral lichen planus.Palladium ions are considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms. However, due to palladium's high economic value, emissions of palladium from point sources are currently minimal. Increased use of catalytic converters may increase palladium emissions from diffuse sources. It was recommended that these emissions should, be controlled to be as low as possible.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by exposure to dinitro-"ortho"-cresol, a chemical used for over a century as an acaricide, larvicide, and ovicide to control the dormant forms of many insects in orchards. The chemical is also sprayed on potatoes to prevent virus and disease contamination of the tubers. Although the chemical's use as a pesticide has been banned in many countries, significant volumes of obsolete stocks are still found in several parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Dinitro-"ortho"-cresol continues to be used in the plastics industry as an inhibitor of polymerization in styrene and vinyl aromatic compounds. Concerning environmental behavior studies indicate that the chemical is rapidly biodegraded in soil and has no potential to volatilize when released to water. Evidence further suggests that uptake by treated fruit trees or potatoes leaving residues at harvest time does not occur. Food is therefore not considered an important source of exposure for the general population. Occupational exposures during agricultural spraying and during manufacturing and formulation are regarded as the principal sources of human exposure. The most extensive part evaluates the results of toxicity studies in laboratory mammals and "in vitro "test systems. Short-term dietary administration decreased body-weight gain in some species, usually without significant alteration in food consumption. At high doses, adverse effects on the liver have been observed. Data on embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity were judged inadequate for evaluation. The evaluation of effects on human health draws on data obtained during the limited use of dinitro-"ortho"-cresol in the 1930s as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and on cases of acute poisoning. Symptoms associated with toxicity include restlessness, flushed skin, sweating, thirst, deep and rapid respiration, severe increase of body temperature, and cyanosis leading to collapse, coma, and death. Concerning adverse effects on occupationally exposed workers, the report cites a dramatic decline over the last 25 years in reported cases of occupational intoxication. The decline is attributed to better education of users, the use of adequate protective equipment, and improvements in application techniques, equipment, and formulations. The report concludes that when used according to registered recommendations, and when measures for personal protection are followed, exposure to dinitro-"ortho"-cresol is reduced to levels that do not cause systemic toxicity.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to selected miscellaneous pesticides.

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is the world famous synthetic organochlorine broad-spectrum insecticide used in the control of mosquito vectors of malaria and insect pests of agriculture in developing countries, due to its low cost and high efficiency. This book discusses properties, uses and toxicity of DDT. Chapter One reports the empty-orbital electronic structure and experimental data of dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to the gas-phase molecules DDT and its principal metabolite DDE, which possesses good electron-withdrawing abilities. Chapter Two reviews the past, present and future of DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Chapter Three studies the photocatalytic selective oxidation of DDT.

In the first chapter of the book, the immunotoxicological risk arising from xenogenous substances is emphasised. Immunotoxicology investigates unwanted adverse effects of xenobiotics on the immune system of man and animals. With regards to insecticides and pest control, several studies showed that the insect endocrine system, especially anti-stress neuropeptides, could be used as a potential target for pest control. The second chapter examines the enhancement of insecticide efficacy specifically by adipokinetic hormones. In the third chapter, the authors propose, based on their research, that the combined use of different methods such as the use of biological control agents of insect vectors of aflatoxigenic fungi, plus the use of food grade antioxidants in sublethal doses, could help reduce aflatoxins in stored maize. Maize is a crop of major economic importance in the world because it is used as human and/or livestock feed. This chapter reviews the integrated management of insect vectors of aflatoxigenic fungi in stored maize. The fourth and last chapter of this book summarises the relationship between soil nematode communities as bioindicators of soil health and quality and application of insecticides used for the control of Western corn rootworm (WCR) in the maize field.

The U.S. Armed Forces used a variety of chemical defoliants to clear dense jungle land in Vietnam during the war. Agent Orange (named for the orange-colored identifying stripes on the barrels) was by far the most widely used herbicide during the Vietnam War. Many Vietnam-era veterans believe that their exposure to Agent Orange caused them to contract several diseases and caused certain disabilities, including birth defects in their children, and now their grandchildren. This book provides an overview of how Congress and the judiciary have addressed the concerns of Vietnam-era veterans and briefly describes some of the current issues raised by Vietnam-era veterans. Furthermore, underground coal miners face the threat of being overexposed to coal mine dust, which can cause CWP and other lung diseases, collectively referred to as black lung disease. The book examines the extent to which the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) used recent CWP trend data as a basis for its proposed exposure limit; and expert views on ways to lower the level of dust in coal mines, including their associated advantages, disadvantages, and cost. Finally, this book discusses the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA). The RECA was enacted in 1990 and provides one-time cash benefits to certain persons who participated in atomic weapons testing or lived near the Nevada Test Site during periods of atmospheric (above-ground) atomic weapons testing. Benefits under RECA are also available to certain uranium miners, mill workers, and ore transporters who worked in the uranium industry between 1942 and 1971, when the federal government stopped its procurement of radiation for the atomic weapons program.

This publication is rare among those texts on pesticides in that it covers herbicides exclusively. It presents, in one source, information that is typically scattered. This important publication enables the reader to recommend herbicide use more reliably and efficiently. It also highlights environmental issues relevant to herbicide use in agriculture. The book outlines potential areas of further research. This title is of particular value to weed scientists, environmental chemists and engineers, soil scientists, and those responsible for recommending and/or regulating use of herbicides in agriculture. Focuses On: ? Increasing efficiency of herbicides in agriculture ? Decreasing environmental contamination with herbicides ? Dissipation and transformations in water and sediment ? Nature, transport, and fate of airborne residues ? Absorption and transport in plants ? Transformations in biosphere ? Bioaccumulation and food chain accumulation ? Photochemical transformations ? Bound residues ? Predictability and environmental chemistry

Is it really true that martial arts, in spite of their popularity in this day and age of ours, have, at their deepest level, the promised land of "self-knowledge," "the expression of beauty," or something highly spiritual to be pursued for the human soul? Or, to put it in a different way, what exactly makes martial arts so amazing that, somehow, they will eventually lead the practitioners to the spiritual realm of self-cultivation in its highest depth? Contrary to the conventional wisdom about martial arts as held by many over the ages, this popular view about martial arts has become so legendary that their dark sides have yet to be systematically explored and that the lofty aims of martial arts are neither possible nor desirable to the extent that their proponents would like us to believe.Of course, this is not to say that the very tradition of martial arts is absolutely useless, or that the literature on martial arts hitherto existing in history is spiritually unworthy to be appreciated. Instead, this book constructively offers an alternative (better) way to understand the nature of martial arts, in special relation to the body and spirit of warriors-while learning from different views in the literature, without favoring any one of them (nor integrating them, as they are not necessarily compatible with each other), and, in the end, transcending them towards a new horizon not conceived before. This seminal view, if proven valid, will fundamentally change the legendary way that people have thought about martial arts-from the combined perspectives of the mind, nature, society, and culture, with enormous implications for the human future and what I originally called its "post-human" fate._____________________