Although a State s treatment of foreign investors has long been regulated by international law, it is only recently that international investment law has emerged as an independent discipline in its own right. In recent decades the practical success of investment arbitration has allowed international investment law to develop both its own cadre of academic and professional specialists and its own legal doctrines. This book analyses the structure of international investment law, as it has developed through the practice of investment arbitration in order to see how a variety of international investment law doctrines should be understood and applied. The book demonstrates how a structural analysis can shed light on several major controversies within investment law and also examines what an "investment" actually is. The book offers an original interpretative approach to the resolution of problems in international investment law, and so is one of the few books within the field to attempt to give investment law a solid theoretical basis. It also focuses on only a select number of problems, rather than attempting to deliver the universal coverage currently popular for investment law books. As a result, those issues that are addressed get a detailed discussion rarely available in competing texts.

This book presents an in-depth analysis of the environmental issues raised in the South China Sea Arbitration Awards, which have not attracted as much attention in the Philippines as the "nine-dash line". Specifically it focuses on the conservation of endangered species and the conservation of fragile ecosystems in the South China Sea. The aims of the book are two-fold. First, it seeks to explain the Philippine perspective on the environmental aspects of its dispute with China. The book reconstructs the Philippine perspective in part by consulting several dozens of the hundreds of documents that the Philippines submitted to the Tribunal. Some of these documents were classified as secret and would thus have never been made available to the public had it not been for the arbitration. Second, it attempts to explain the decisions of the Tribunal on jurisdiction and admissibility as well as the decisions on the merits of the dispute. The book does this by consulting not only the two Awards but also the hundreds of pages of transcripts, expert reports, supplemental submissions and written responses by the Philippines to questions posed by the Tribunal.

How diverse cultures approach conflict in the context of the integration of global markets is a new arena for research and practice. To date, most of the research on international arbitration has focused exclusively on Western models of arbitration as practiced in Europe and North America. While such studies have accurately reflected the geographic foci of international arbitration practice in the late twentieth century, the number of international arbitrations conducted in East Asia has recently been growing steadily and on par with growth in Western regions. Resolving Disputes in the Asia-Pacific Region presents empirical research about the attitudes and perceptions of over 115 arbitrators, judges, lawyers and members of the rapidly expanding arbitration community in China, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia as well as North America and Europe. The book covers both international commercial arbitration and "alternative" techniques such as mediation, providing an empirical analysis of how both types of dispute resolution are conducted in the East Asian context. The book examines the history and cultural context surrounding preferred methods of dispute resolution in the East Asian region and sheds light on the various approaches to international arbitration across these diverse regions. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of international arbitration and dispute resolution, comparative and Asian law, as well as anyone dealing with potential conflict in international business relationships in East Asia.

The proliferation of international courts and tribunals has given rise to several new issues affecting the administration of international justice. This book makes a significant contribution to understanding the impact of this proliferation by addressing one important question: namely, whether international courts and tribunals are increasingly adopting common approaches to issues of procedure and remedies. This book's central argument is that there is an increasing commonality in the practice of international courts to the application of rules concerning these issues, and that this represents the emergence of a common law of international adjudication.
The book examines this question by considering several key issues relating to procedure and remedies, and analyzes relevant international jurisprudence to demonstrate that there is substantial commonality. It goes on to look at why international courts are increasingly adopting common approaches to such questions, and why a greater degree of commonality may be found with respect to some issues rather than others. In doing so, light is shed on the methods adopted by international courts to engage in the cross-fertilization of legal principles.
The emergence of a common law of international adjudication has important practical and theoretical implications, as it suggests that international courts can also devise common approaches to the challenges that they face in the age of proliferation. It also suggests that international courts do not generally operate as self-contained regimes, but rather that they regard themselves as forming part of a community of international courts, therefore having positive implications for thedevelopment of the international legal system.

How diverse cultures approach conflict in the context of the integration of global markets is a new arena for research and practice. To date, most of the research on international arbitration has focused exclusively on Western models of arbitration as practiced in Europe and North America. While such studies have accurately reflected the geographic foci of international arbitration practice in the late twentieth century, the number of international arbitrations conducted in East Asia has recently been growing steadily and on par with growth in Western regions. Resolving Disputes in the Asia-Pacific Region presents empirical research about the attitudes and perceptions of over 115 arbitrators, judges, lawyers and members of the rapidly expanding arbitration community in China, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia as well as North America and Europe. The book covers both international commercial arbitration and "alternative" techniques such as mediation, providing an empirical analysis of how both types of dispute resolution are conducted in the East Asian context. The book examines the history and cultural context surrounding preferred methods of dispute resolution in the East Asian region and sheds light on the various approaches to international arbitration across these diverse regions. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of international arbitration and dispute resolution, comparative and Asian law, as well as anyone dealing with potential conflict in international business relationships in East Asia.

The Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal, concerned principally with the claims of U.S. nationals against Iran, is the most important international claims tribunal to have sat in over half a century. Its jurisprudence is bound to make a uniquely important contribution to international law and, in particular, the law relating to aliens. The series is the only complete and fully indexed report of the decisions of this unique Tribunal. These Reports are essential for all practitioners in the field of international claims, academics in private and public international law and comparative lawyers as well as all Governments and law libraries. Each volume contains a detailed consolidated index and tables of cases covering the whole series to date.

International investment law is one of the fastest growing areas of international law. It has led to the signing of thousands of agreements, mostly in the form of investment contracts and bilateral investment treaties. Also, in the last two decades, there has been an exponential growth in the number of disputes being resolved by investment arbitration tribunals. Yet the legal principles at the basis of international investment law and arbitration remain in a state of flux. Perhaps the best illustration of this phenomenon is the wide disagreement among investment tribunals on some of the core concepts underpinning the regime, such as investment, property, regulatory powers, scope of jurisdiction, applicable law, or the interactions with other areas of international law. The purpose of this book is to revisit these conceptual foundations in order to shed light on the practice of international investment law. It is an attempt to bridge the growing gap between the theory and the practice of this thriving area of international law. The first part of the book focuses on the 'infrastructure' of the investment regime or, more specifically, on the structural arrangements that have been developed to manage foreign investment transactions and the potential disputes arising from them. The second part of the book identifies the common conceptual bases of an array of seemingly unconnected practical problems in order to clarify the main stakes and offer balanced solutions. The third part addresses the main sources of 'regime stress' as well as the main legal mechanisms available to manage such challenges to the operation of the regime. Overall, the book offers a thorough investigation of the conflicting theoretical positions underlying international investment law, testing their worth by reference to concrete issues that have arisen in the jurisprudence. It demonstrates that many of the most important practical questions arising in practice can be addressed by a carefully dosed resort to theory.

International arbitration has become the preferred method for the resolution of international commercial disputes, yet the question still remains: What is the procedural law of international commercial arbitral proceedings and what is its relevance? This book comprehensively analyses the relevant legislative practice of all major arbitration venues in the world, as well as the arbitral practice of a number of arbitral institutions. Practitioners will welcome the book's examination of the fate of awards annulled in their state of origin, 'stateless' awards, the procedural regime of arbitrations involving sovereign states, and the human rights considerations in international arbitration. The book goes on to propose an analytical model for the determination of the procedural law of international arbitration, as well as a number of 'model' legislative provisions of substantive and private international law.

As the proverbial workhorse of international economic law, investment arbitration is heavily relied upon around the globe. It has to cope with the demands of increasingly complex proceedings. At the same time, investment arbitration has come under close public scrutiny in the midst of heated political debate. Both of these factors have led to the field of investment protection being subject to continuous changes. Therefore, it presents an abundance of challenges in its interpretation and application. While these challenges are often deeply rooted in the doctrinal foundations of international law, they similarly surface during live arbitral proceedings. International Challenges in Investment Arbitration serves not only as a collection of recently debated issues in investment law; it also deals with the underlying fundamental questions at the intersection of investment arbitration and international law. The book is the product of the 1st Bucerius Law Journal Conference on International Investment Law & Arbitration. It combines the current state of knowledge, new perspectives on the topic as well as practical issues and will be of interest to researchers, academics and practitioners in the fields of international investment law, international economic law, regulation and comparative law.

Attribution in International Law and Arbitration clarifies and critically discusses the international rules of attribution of conduct, particularly regarding their application to states under international investment law. It examines the key question of how and to what extent breaches of State obligations, particularly in respect of States' commitments to foreign investors under international investment agreements (IIAs) and bilateral investment treaties (BITs), can be attributed. Of special interest within this context is the responsibility of States when the alleged breach has been committed by separate legal entities, rather than the state itself. Under domestic law, entities such as state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are considered legally distinct, however the State may still be considered responsible for their actions under international law. The book addresses the relevant issues systematically, beginning with direct reference to the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) on attribution, finalized by the International law Commission (ILC) in 2001. It then elaborates on the specifics of international investment law, based on a detailed examination of practice and case law, whilst giving due consideration to the academic debate. The result is a full, innovative take on one of the most difficult questions in investment arbitration.

Arbitration is the dominant method in the world for resolving international commercial disputes. As compared with institutional arbitration, ad hoc arbitration has many advantages that make it a preferred way to resolve commercial disputes on many occasions.

The Tribunal, concerned principally with US nationals' claims against Iran, is the most important international claims tribunal to have sat in over half a century. Its jurisprudence will contribute significantly to international law. This series is the only complete and fully indexed report of this unique Tribunal's decisions. It is essential for practitioners in the field of international claims, academics in private and public international law, comparative lawyers, and Government and law libraries. Each volume contains a detailed consolidated index and tables of cases covering the whole series to date.

International business exchanges between and with Asian countries have increased enormously over the last few years. As a natural consequence, this has brought about an increasing number of trade disputes that are being resolved through arbitration as an effective alternative to more expensive litigation. This volume offers a variety of perspectives on this important international dispute resolution practice in Asia. Essentially interdisciplinary in approach, it brings together specialists in law, international commercial arbitration and discourse analysis. The contributing authors include practitioners as well as academics. Together they explore the interrelations between discourses and practices in the field of arbitration in Asia. The work also investigates the extent to which the 'integrity' of arbitration principles, typical of international commercial arbitration practice, is maintained in various Asian contexts. The authors focus particularly on arbitration norms and practices as they are influenced by local juridical, cultural and linguistic factors. The book will be a valuable resource for academics and practitioners working in the areas of arbitration and dispute resolution, as well as researchers with an interest in language, communication and discourse analysis.

The Tribunal, concerned principally with US nationals' claims against Iran, is the most important international claims tribunal to have sat in over half a century. Its jurisprudence will contribute significantly to international law. This series is the only complete and fully indexed report of this unique Tribunal's decisions. It is essential for practitioners in the field of international claims, academics in private and public international law, comparative lawyers, and Government and law libraries. Each volume contains a detailed consolidated index and tables of cases covering the whole series to date.

New York is a leading venue for international commercial arbitration, home to the headquarters for the International Centre for Dispute Resolution, the international branch of the American Arbitration Association, and many leaders in the international arbitration field. New York also serves as the locus of several prominent arbitration firms' central offices. The second edition of International Commercial Arbitration in New York encompasses five years of developments in New York and other US international arbitration law since the first edition appeared. Every chapter has been updated, and the new edition includes an entirely new chapter on the legal and practical aspects of conducting an arbitration hearing in New York, covering such subjects as rights to appear as a representative of a party, subpoenas to compel attendance of witnesses, confidentiality of proceedings, and witness testimony and instructions. This collection boasts contributors of pre-eminent stature in the arbitration field. Each chapter elucidates a vital topic, including the existing New York legal landscape, drafting considerations for clauses designating New York as the place of arbitration, and material and advice on selecting arbitrators. The book also covers a series of topics at the intersection of the arbitral process and the New York courts, including jurisdiction, enforcing arbitration agreements, obtaining preliminary relief, and discovery. Class action arbitration, challenging and enforcing arbitral awards, and biographical materials on New York-based international arbitrators are also included, making this a comprehensive, valuable resource for practitioners. New York continues to be the leading venue for international commercial arbitration in the US, and this book is the only comprehensive treatment of its law and practices. The first edition was described as "a wonderful and important book . . . a must for all those seriously engaged in the practice or study of international arbitration in New York and in the United States" (Arbitration International) and "an excellent resource for practitioners anywhere in the world who are or may become involved in an international commercial arbitration seated in New York City" (Global Arbitration Review).

The Arbitration Law Handbook collects together in one volume the laws in force in more than twenty countries, with the main procedural rules used in each of those countries. Each section has a short overview identifying relevant treaty obligations, the main arbitral bodies and the principal laws in force. Additionally, there is an international section in which the UNCITRAL Model Law and Arbitration Rules are set out and in which the major international conventions relating to arbitration, such as the New York Convention and table of signatories, are reproduced. The section also includes the ICSID Arbitration Rules (applicable to the settlement of investment disputes), as well as those of WIPO (applicable to the settlement of intellectual property disputes)

On 22 January 2013, the Republic of the Philippines instituted arbitral proceedings against the People's Republic of China (PRC) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) with regard to disputes between the two countries in the South China Sea. The South China Sea Arbitration is a landmark case in international law because of the parties involved, the legal questions to be decided and the absence of one of the parties. As revealed in its official statements, the PRC will neither accept nor participate in this arbitration nor present written and oral arguments in the tribunal room. Such default of appearance makes applicable certain procedural rules. According to Article 9 of Annex VII, the Tribunal, before making its Award, is obligated to satisfy itself not only that it has jurisdiction over the dispute, but also that the claims brought by the Philippines are well-founded in fact and law. Therefore, it is necessary for the Tribunal to look into all the claims brought forward by the Philippines and all the disputes constituted by the claims in the procedural phase. The possible arguments the PRC could make should be explored during this process. This book brings together chapters selected from well-established scholars in Asia, Europe and North America addressing the issues arising from the South China Sea Arbitration. It contains five easy to read parts: origin and development of the South China Sea dispute; the jurisdiction and admissibility of the case; international adjudication and dispute settlement; legal issues arising from the case such as the legal status of the U-shaped line and islands, rocks and low-tide elevations; and the Arbitration case and its impact on regional maritime security.

This original commentary on the ICSID Convention, Regulations and Rules offers a new, forward-looking and highly practical interpretation of the Washington Convention and its associated documents. It is the first commentary to provide systematic article-by-article coverage not only of the Convention itself, but also of the institution and arbitration rules as well as the administrative and financial regulations. Key features include: Contributions from leading practitioners, academics and government officials in the field of international investment law and arbitration, drawn from different backgrounds and jurisdictions to give an exhaustive view of the topic Analysis of current thinking around proposed amendments to ICSID Rules, together with an examination of potential future developments in their interpretation and implementation Inclusion of the full text of the Convention, Regulations and Rules provided for ease of reference Detailed commentary on the Convention, Regulations and Rules, including up-to-date analysis of all significant case-law. Highly practical information and insights presented in an accessible format, ideal for use by Arbitration Tribunals. This unique and comprehensive work will be an essential resource for practising lawyers and policy-makers in the investment arbitration community. The book will also be an important reference work for researchers and academics in international investment law and international arbitration.

Understanding International Arbitration introduces students to the primary concepts necessary for an understanding of arbitration, making use of illustrative case examples and references to legal practice throughout. This text offers a comprehensive overview of the subject for those new to arbitration. Making use of a unique two-part structure in each chapter, Understanding International Arbitration provides a clear and simple statement of rules, followed by detailed discussion of the ideas underlying those rules, illustrated with relevant comparative law and case examples. Designed with students of arbitration in mind, this text provides both a clear introduction to the subject and a comprehensive course text that will support students in their preparation for exams and practical assessments.

Although there are several books currently in publication which are useful for those who either want to become mediators or want to know more about the theory, there are no publications for those involved in commercial mediation practice. International Commercial Mediation is a practical guidebook that explains how to handle and complete a mediation, as well as how to personally market the skills developed as a mediator. The book provides examples, supplies forms, and explains procedures of actual working mediations which can be used to adapt to individual needs. It also deals with advanced practitioner issues and the emerging law on international mediation. Contents include: mediation as a form of ADR the development of mediation in the construction industry differences between construction and general commercial mediation the construction mediation process the initial meeting commencement of the mediation mediator control traditional mediation methods specific constru

A Practical Guide to International Arbitration in London takes a pragmatic look at how to run an international arbitration where the seat of the arbitration is London. The book also examines the role of the English courts in assisting foreign arbitrations and in relation to enforcement of foreign awards. Contents include: dome relevant aspects of the English legal system and practice overview of the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration compared with other forms of dispute resolution understanding arbitration clauses the scope of the arbitration clause choosing the tribunal and the legal team activity and consideration prior to commencing an arbitration first steps in the process activity and considerations upon formation of the tribunal jurisdiction directions and timetable applications to the court prior to the hearing ongoing issues and preparing for hearings awards challenges to the award enforcement of an English or foreign award investment trea

"The increased interest in international arbitration as a method of dispute resolution in cross-border contracts, and the widespread practice of including arbitration clauses in such contracts, means that practitioners are often called upon to advise on disputes which will be heard abroad. Ready access to the relevant arbitration laws in force at the seat (or potential seat) of the arbitration is essential. The Arbitration Handbook collects together in one volume the laws in force in more than twenty countries, with the main procedural rules used in each of those countries. Each section has a short introduction identifying relevant treaty obligations, the main arbitral bodies and the principal laws in force. Additionally, there is an international section in which the UNCITRAL Model Law and Arbitration Rules are set out and in which the major international conventions relating to arbitration, such as the New York Convention and table of signatories, are reproduced. The section also inc

International arbitration is becoming more complex, and its importance continues to grow. The internatinal system for enforcement of arbitration awards is unparalleled. Increasing globalisaiton, cross-border trade and foreign investment require such a system. Private, consensual processes for dispute resolution can be flexible and sensitive to buiness needs. State court stytems to not offer such advantages. Getting the benefits of these advantages required an understanding of the complex web of international conventions, arbitration laws, institutional rules, and the necessary elements for an effective arbitration agreement. International Arbitration: A Handbook guides to reader to the relevant laws and rules, and provides an overview of the most important legal and practical matters for each stage of the aribtration process.

Forum shopping in international litigation and arbitration is the product of the differences which exist in the procedural and substantive laws of countries throughout the world participating in an ever-more globalized economy.This book provides an in-depth study of the conditions for, motivations behind and techniques of forum shopping as well as possible defences against it. It will be of interest to practitioners, judges and academics throughout the common law world, the European Union and the United States.

This book outlines the protection standards typically contained in international investment agreements as they are actually applied and interpreted by investment tribunals. It thus provides a basis for analysis, criticism, and stocktaking of the existing system of investment arbitration. It covers all main protection standards, such as expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, the non-discrimination standards of national treatment and MFN, the prohibition of unreasonable and discriminatory measures, umbrella clauses and transfer guarantees. These standards are covered in separate chapters providing an overview of textual variations, explaining the origin of the standards and analysing the main conceptual issues as developed by investment tribunals. Relevant cases with quotations that illustrate how tribunals have relied upon the standards are presented in depth. An extensive bibliography guides the reader to more specific aspects of each investment standard permitting the book's use as a commentary of the main investment protection standards.