The second edition of International Investment, Political Risk and Dispute Resolution explores the multi-layered legal framework for the protection of foreign investment against political risk. The authors expertly analyse some of the key issues surrounding this subject, such as structuring transactions to minimize political risk, political risk insurance, state responsibility, treaties protecting foreign investment, and international arbitration between states and investors. Since the previous edition was released in 2005, far more attention has been paid to these issues, in particular investor-state arbitration. All chapters have been revised to take into account the number of new arbitration awards that have come to light and the massive volume of commentary on the subject of international investment arbitration since the first edition. The authors have carefully considered the latest theoretical approaches to foreign investment protection and the most intellectually challenging awards issued in the intervening decade, as well as the most recent practical guidance on the procedural recourse available to investors who face political risks. This book is addressed to a wide audience, and is suitable as a primer for non-specialist practitioners seeking to familiarize themselves with international law pertaining to political risk. While appropriate for practitioner use, this book is also suitable for undergraduate students or for graduates who intend to specialize in international investment law.

Procedural issues are an area of increasing complexity and concern in modern investment arbitration, and one in which very little guidance currently exists. Indeed, there are a number of important points of departure from the procedural rules commonly adopted in the context of international commercial arbitration. Procedural Issues in International Investment Arbitration is the first text of its kind to address this gap, examining the most prevalent and controversial procedural issues that arise in investment arbitrations conducted under the ICSID, UNCITRAL, and other arbitral rules. Written by international arbitration experts, the book takes the reader through an investment arbitration in chronological order, identifying each key procedural issue in turn and providing details of the relevant precedents. It charts the process of an arbitration from applicable law and first sessions right through to post-hearing applications and costs. Fully cross-referenced and tabled, Procedural Issues in International Investment Arbitration is an invaluable and practical guide to issues of increasing importance and relevance in ICSID and other arbitrations today.

Arbitration is one form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). It must be taken into account that ADR was envisioned as an alternative to litigation, with its own manifest of substantive and procedural characteristics. To that extent, arbitration enhances access to justice by permitting claimants to bring claims they could not afford to bring to court. International commercial arbitration is a legally binding dispute resolution process that substitutes for domestic courts. Arbitration began as an extrajudicial mechanism for resolving disputes. Arbitration took its rise in the very infancy of Society as a private and self-contained method, distinctive from litigation and not as a postscript to the development of public courts. Has this fact been shared by state legislation and modern arbitration practice or has arbitration been developed into an appendage of the courts? Merchants established arbitration tribunals because they felt that the courts were not sufficiently knowledgeable about commercial customs and were exceptionally slow and unwieldy. National arbitration, international commercial arbitration, and investor-state arbitration have developed on parallel but separate tracks, each reacting to different political, economic, and social settings. Although arbitration is a quasi-judicial proceeding, it is not conducted with the same degree of formality as a judicial proceeding within the United States which means that the spirit of arbitration is the parties freedom from the strict structure of ordinary judicial proceedings. Arbitration has to guarantee legal certainty, predictability, and settlement being costless. The emergence of many non-independent arbitral tribunals creates a Gordian knot by merely adding more work for courts in order to deal with so many requests for intervention in arbitrations. The current perplexing between arbitration and courts causes only confusion, profit chances for many people and less quick and cheap justice. In addition, arbitration is judicialized dependent more and more from court rulings; this causes it to lose its advantages and become more and more costly. Because of this, its validity is questionable and it might be more productive to establish more courts to employ more judges rather than struggling with arbitration as it currently functions. Taking into account that private parties are performing an escalating number of tasks that were once accomplished by the government, privatization has become so prevalent and involves delegation of state authority to private parties. This can be seen as a legal basis for the independence of arbitration under National Authority Management Arbitration (NAMA).

Written by a leading legal researcher, this book offers a comprehensive study of the principle, a frequently invoked but rarely analysed aspect of investment arbitration. Good Faith in International Investment Arbitration is a thorough and expansive study that considers the application of good faith by arbitral tribunals and parties in international investment disputes, encompassing both procedural and substantive aspects of good faith. Expertly negotiating a complex principle, this book diligently follows the arbitral process from jurisdiction through merits and to cost decisions, identifying the various applications of good faith in investment disputes. The author offers detailed analyses of the role of good faith in defining nationality and investor as well as in pre-dispute admissibility requirements. The study then delves into the ways the principle guides parties' arguments and informs tribunals' decisions regarding evidence, substantive protections, and costs. It further addresses the role of good faith in the behaviour of arbitrators and other actors. This is an essential guide for anyone wishing to understand this important principle that has accompanied the developing system of international investment law.

The post-Cold War proliferation of international adjudicatory bodies and increase in litigation has greatly affected international law and politics. A growing number of international courts and tribunals, exercising jurisdiction over international crimes and sundry international disputes, have become, in some respects, the lynchpin of the international legal system. The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication charts the transformations in international adjudication that took place astride the twentieth and twenty-first century, bringing together the insight of 47 prominent legal, philosophical, ethical, political, and social science scholars. Overall, the 40 contributions in this Handbook provide an original and comprehensive understanding of the various contemporary forms of international adjudication. The Handbook is divided into six parts. Part I provides an overview of the origins and evolution of international adjudicatory bodies, from the nineteenth century to the present, highlighting the dynamics driving the multiplication of international adjudicative bodies and their uneven expansion. Part II analyses the main families of international adjudicative bodies, providing a detailed study of state-to-state, criminal, human rights, regional economic, and administrative courts and tribunals, as well as arbitral tribunals and international compensation bodies. Part III lays out the theoretical approaches to international adjudication, including those of law, political science, sociology, and philosophy. Part IV examines some contemporary issues in international adjudication, including the behavior, role, and effectiveness of international judges and the political constraints that restrict their function, as well as the making of international law by international courts and tribunals, the relationship between international and domestic adjudicators, the election and selection of judges, the development of judicial ethical standards, and the financing of international courts. Part V examines key actors in international adjudication, including international judges, legal counsel, international prosecutors, and registrars. Finally, Part VI overviews select legal and procedural issues facing international adjudication, such as evidence, fact-finding and experts, jurisdiction and admissibility, the role of third parties, inherent powers, and remedies. The Handbook is an invaluable and thought-provoking resource for scholars and students of international law and political science, as well as for legal practitioners at international courts and tribunals.

Treaty shopping, also known under the terms of nationality planning, corporate (re-)structuring or corporate maneuvering, implies a strategic change of nationality or strategic invocation of another nationality with the aim of accessing another (usually more favourable) investment treaty for purposes of investment arbitration. When deciding on whether an investment claim based on treaty shopping should be upheld or dismissed, investment arbitral tribunals have been increasingly faced with significant questions, such as: What is treaty shopping and how may legitimate nationality planning be distinguished from treaty abuse in international investment law? Should a claimant that is controlled by a host-State national be considered a protected investor, or should tribunals pierce its corporate veil? Does an investor have to make the investment in good faith, and does it have to make a contribution of its own to the investment it is claiming protection for? When does a corporate restructuring constitute an abuse of process, and which is the role of the notion of dispute in this respect? How efficient are denial of benefits clauses to counter treaty shopping? Treaty Shopping in International Investment Law examines in a systematic manner the practice of treaty shopping in international investment law and arbitral decisions that have undertaken to draw this line. While some legal approaches taken by arbitral tribunals have started to consolidate, others remain unsettled, painting a picture of an overall inconsistent jurisprudence. This is hardly surprising, given the thousands of international investment agreements that provide for the investors right to sue the host State on grounds of alleged breaches of investment obligations. This book analyses and discusses the different ways by which arbitral tribunals have dealt with the value judgment at the core of the distinction between objectionable and unobjectionable treaty shopping, and makes proposals de lege ferenda on how States could reform their international investment agreements (in particular with respect to treaty drafting) in order to make them less susceptible to the practice of treaty shopping.

The South China Sea Arbitration, which marks the first time that the Philippines and China have been parties to a compulsory dispute settlement procedure, is a landmark legal case. The Tribunal tackled head-on critical issues in the interpretation and application of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that other international courts have failed to address, particularly the compatibility of historic rights with the Convention, the identification of maritime features as permanently submerged or above water at high-tide, and the distinction between features that are fully entitled to maritime zones and those that are not. In addition, the Tribunal also had to decide on issues as diverse as near-collisions at sea, illegal fishing of giant clams and sea turtles, and the destruction of fragile coral reefs resulting from island-building. The Tribunals task was rendered arduous by Chinas refusal to appear before it. In these circumstances, understanding the Tribunals decisions is a challenging undertaking. Chinas public relations campaign targeting the proceedings raised issues that the layperson could readily grasp, notably African states support for its non-appearance, the integrity of the judges, and the validity of arbitral awards. Understanding the Awards and Debating with China aims to facilitate understanding of the South China Sea Arbitration by presenting detailed summaries of the two Arbitral Awards. The author rebuts the questionable claims raised by Chinas public relations campaign and highlights Chinas covert actions during the proceedings.

The international energy industry frequently gives rise to complex, high-value disputes. As economic and commercial circumstances change, joint venture partners may disagree over operations, sellers and buyers may manoeuvre to amend pricing terms and states may seek to improve their take from investment projects. Any of these outcomes can have significant consequences for the long-term prospects of companies operating in the sector. These are just some of the issues covered by this title, which provides a practical, user-friendly overview of the essentials of international arbitration in the energy industry. Leading practitioners from international law firms and global companies consider, among other things, the effective drafting of arbitration clauses, how to keep international arbitration affordable, gas price arbitrations, EPC and construction arbitrations, investment treaty disputes under the Energy Charter Treaty, third party funding in international arbitration and enforcement of arbitral awards. Edited by Ronnie King, Tokyo Managing Partner and international arbitration expert at international law firm Ashurst LLP, this title will be of practical value for all lawyers advising in the energy industry, and for others who have an interest in the important issues discussed.

Which dispute settlement mechanisms are available in the area of space communication? Their choice is clearly determined by the legal character of those who are parties in the dispute - States, international intergovernmental organisations, private entities or even individuals. In this study the analysis of various dispute settlement mechanisms demonstrates that not all existing mechanisms are equally capable of serving this purpose. It appears that the parties to a dispute often prefer to search for a consensus and an arbitration procedure prior to taking part in international adjudication. The cases where formalised international courts are involved in this area have been relatively rare. Space communication disputes may often be similar to investment disputes; the decisive factors of this similarity are the high costs of investment, its international character, the necessity to maintain working relationships with the opposing party of the dispute after the conclusion of the dispute, the difficult technical background to the cases, little trust in court procedures, low indemnification and the fear of non-implementation of court decisions. As a consequence, it can be expected that mediation, negotiation and arbitration, but also alternative dispute settlement mechanisms will remain the main mechanisms of dispute settlement in the area of space communication in the near future.

Attorney-client privilege is often invoked as a defence in international arbitration proceedings however the participants often have very different expectations regarding the applicable privilege standard, as national attorney-client privilege laws vary widely between jurisdictions. This is complicated by the fact that institutional arbitral rules do not include provisions on the scope of attorney-client privilege, nor do they outline the conflict of laws issues determining the applicable national privilege law. The applicable level of privilege is therefore left to the discretion of the arbitral tribunal. Drawing on interviews with more than thirty leading international arbitration practitioners and extensive academic research, this book is the first of its kind to provide clear guidance to arbitral tribunals regarding the determination of the applicable attorney-client privilege standard. It compares attorney-client privilege in key common and civil law jurisdictions, analyses precedent from previous tribunals, and finally sets out proposed changes to the legal framework governing this area.

This is the leading work on Swiss arbitration law by a recognised team of experts. The fully revised and supplemented Fourth Edition provides up-to-date information on the law and practice of international and domestic arbitration in Switzerland, including on the recent revision of Chapter 12 PILA in 2020. It provides a comprehensive analysis of all relevant aspects of arbitration, including the concept of arbitration, the sources of arbitration, arbitrability, and all aspects concerning the validity and scope of the arbitration agreement and its autonomy. Other topics include competence-competence, the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, the arbitral procedure, the effects and limits of arbitral awards, setting aside as well as the recognition and enforcement of awards in Switzerland. All practitioners in the field will find this new edition invaluable.

In the context of harmonisation of arbitration law and practice worldwide, to what extent do local legal traditions still influence local arbitration practices, especially at a time when non-Western countries are playing an increasingly important role in international commercial and financial markets? How are the new economic powers reacting to the trend towards harmonisation? China provides a good case study, with its historic tradition of non-confrontational means of dispute resolution now confronting current trends in transnational arbitration. Is China showing signs of adapting to the current trend of transnational arbitration? On the other hand, will Chinese legal culture influence the practice of arbitration in the rest of the world? To address these challenging questions it is necessary to examine the development of arbitration in the context of China's changing cultural and legal structures. Written for international business people, lawyers, academics and students, this book gives the reader a unique insight into arbitration practice in China, based on a combination of theoretical analysis and practical insights. It explains contemporary arbitration in China from an interdisciplinary perspective and with a comparative approach, setting Chinese arbitration in its wider social context to aid understanding of its history, contemporary practice, the legal obstacles to modern arbitration and possible future trends. In 2011 the thesis on which this book was based was named 'Best Thesis in International Studies' by the Swiss Network for International Studies. "What distinguishes this work from other books on international arbitration is its interdisciplinary perspective and comparative approach...this book makes a remarkable contribution to the understanding of arbitration in China and transnational arbitration in general. Academics, scholars and students of international arbitration, comparative studies and globalisation may all find this book stimulating. It also provides useful guidance for practitioners involved or interested in arbitration in China." From the Foreword by Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler

This comprehensive and practical reference work offers extensive coverage of international arbitration as practiced across 24 key jurisdictions. In recent decades, there has been an extraordinary growth in arbitration throughout Asia and consequently arbitration centers in Singapore, Hong Kong and mainland China continue to report a steady increase in the number of cases. This handbook is the first to offer practitioners detailed guidance to help resolve issues that are likely to arise throughout the arbitration process and advise them of localized particularities in some areas which have very different arbitration traditions and judicial systems.
Containing specific chapters on jurisdictions throughout Asia (including Australasia) and a chapter devoted to the ICC in Asia, the book offers an impressive level of detail including information on key arbitration trends and statistics. A common structure allows for ease of navigation and quick, comparative cross-referencing between jurisdictions as well as ensuring consistent coverage across the chapters. The jurisdictions covered include People's Republic of China (mainland), Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, India, Australia, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, Brunei, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, Cambodia, Laos, (MASAO) SAR, Mongolia, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. The editors Michael Moser and John Choong have worked with a strong author team of Asia arbitration experts to comment on the methods of practice in each specific area and provide practical solutions in response to practical issues.
The Asia Arbitration Handbook is unique in its coverage of investor-state arbitration and bilateral investment treaties in this region, making it the first reference work to cover the law and practice of local arbitration, international commercial arbitration and investor-state arbitration in the key Asian jurisdictions. Its exhaustive scope both in terms of covered jurisdictions and content for each jurisdiction will make it a valuable addition to every law firm and in-house legal team library concerned with arbitration in Asia.

Commercial Arbitration: The Scottish and International Perspectives thoroughly analyses the Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010 and the most important current issues arising from international commercial arbitration. Legal case studies comparing Scots and international practice provide you with a practical insight to the various aspects of arbitration. The international practice chapters include UNCITRAL Model Law, UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, institutional arbitration rules and International Bar Association arbitration guidelines.

An established authority in the field, this work provides comprehensive analysis of the law and practice relating to internet domain names at an international level, combined with a detailed survey of the 35 most important domain name jurisdictions worldwide, including the US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Japan, China, Singapore, Russia, Canada, and Australia, and new chapters on Israel, Mexico, South Korea, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Portugal, and South Africa. The survey includes extensive country-by-country analysis of how domain names relate to existing trade mark law, and upon the developing case law in the field, as well as the alternative dispute resolution procedures.
In its second edition, this work analyses, in depth, key developments in the field including ICANN's new gTLD program. The program, introducing many new top-level domains, will have far-reaching consequences for brand name industries worldwide and for usage of the internet. The complicated application process is considered in detail as well as filing and review procedures, the delegation process, the role and function of the Trademark Clearing House and the Sunrise and Trademark Claims Services, dispute resolution, and new rights protection mechanisms.
Other developments covered include new registration processes such as the use of privacy and proxy services, as well as the expansion of the scope of internationalized domain names, including the addition of a number of generic top-level domains such as ."tel" and ."travel." Also considered are developments relating to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) in terms of the nature of cases seen under the Policy and the number of cases filed, as well as the recent paperless e-UDRP initiative. The Uniform Rapid Suspension System, working alongside the UDRP in the new gTLD space, is also discussed in a new chapter on this process.
Giving detailed information about the registration of domain names at national, regional and international levels, analysis of the dispute resolution processes at each of those levels, and strategic guidance on how to manage domain names as part of an overall brand strategy, this leading work in international domain name law is essential reading for practitioners in the field.

This book explains one hundred facts about arbitration proceedings that every in-house lawyer must know, and every outside counsel needs to communicate in a nutshell to their clients. It is broken down into ten chapters outlining ten concepts each. This clear and concise format makes these facts easily accessible for in-house counsel members and attorneys who need a straight-forward, no frills explanation of core concepts in international arbitration.

In Addressing Corruption Allegations in International Arbitration, Brody K. Greenwald and Jennifer A. Ivers provide a comprehensive overview of the key issues that arise in international arbitrations involving allegations of corruption by drawing upon their significant experience in these high-stakes cases, including in the only two reported investment treaty cases dismissed specifically as a result of corruption. Their monograph is a valuable resource that analyzes, among other things, the public policy against corruption, the requirements for establishing corruption, issues relating to the burden and standard of proof, how corruption has been proved in practice, and the legal consequences where corruption is established. Mr. Greenwald and Ms. Ivers also assess issues that arise where a sovereign State raises an arbitration defense based on alleged corruption, but does not prosecute the alleged wrongdoers in its domestic courts.

The fair and equitable treatment ('FET') standard is a type of protection found in BITs which has become in the last decades one of the most controversial provisions examined by arbitral tribunals. This book first examines the interaction between the 'minimum standard of treatment' (MST) and the FET standard and the question why States started referring to the former in their BITs. It also addresses the question whether the FET should be considered as an autonomous standard of protection under BITs. This book also examines the controversial proposition that the FET standard should now be considered as a rule of customary international law. I will show that while the practice of States to include FET clauses in their BITs can be considered as general, widespread and representative, it remains that it is not uniform and consistent enough for the standard to have crystallised into a customary rule. States also lack the necessary opinio juris when including the clause in their BITs.

Focusing on practical principles or guidelines for arbitrators, this book covers everything a prospective international commercial arbitrator should know about conducting an arbitration in Hong Kong. Specifically geared to those interested in or starting work as an international commercial arbitrator in Hong Kong, the book takes readers step-by-step through the problems that are likely to arise in the conduct of a commercial arbitration and in the development of their careers as international commercial arbitrators.

The manual deals with the relevant legal framework and the confidentiality of the arbitration procedure after an introduction into the peculiarities of arbitration disputes concerning IP disputes. Special emphasis is placed on the recitals in the drafting of the agreement, including the special features of the FRAND arbitration procedure. Furthermore, a description of what is to be observed in the implementation of the arbitration procedure and what remedies are available to the arbitration parties are presented in a practical manner. Finally, questions of the enforcement of arbitration laws in the field of intellectual property are dealt with. An indispensable tool for lawyers and patent attorneys.

The New York Convention is the most successful (and most important) treaty in the field of international trade law. This commentary provides a comprehensive in-depth discussion of the Convention's sixteen articles while outlining and contributing the expert opinions of the authors to the contemporary global discourse surrounding each. The first edition has not only become a respected point of reference for legal professionals and academics, but has also been drawn upon by courts around the world. The second edition brings the treatise up to date and reflects the most recent developments. Its target group includes lawyers, in-house counsel, judges, and academics.

While the availability and efficacy of arbitration in London, Paris and New York is well known, and the popularity of the Swiss system widely accepted, less is known about the mechanisms available for arbitrating international disputes in Germany. In fact, Germany boasts a well-developed system of arbitration which is streamlined, efficient and inexpensive, but which has been hitherto overlooked in favour of other jurisdictions. This new work by experienced German arbitrators, explains in detail the workings of the German system for international arbitration - the basis of its code, its institutional architecture and its procedural features. Thus this work presents, for the first time, the full workings of the German system to an English-speaking audience.

Many have talked of a 'new wave' of restitution claims prompted by the Sarr-Savoy report. This has been further enhanced by the announcement by the Open Society Foundation in November 2019 of $15 million of support for action to restore objects to Africa, including through litigation. A series of formal claims to European museums for the return of objects was reported in 2019. The sustained high level of public interest in the restitution debate, combined with the generally stubborn response of host nations, suggests that this pattern will continue. Cultural Restitution Claims: A Legal Handbook provides a concise and practical account of the international law relevant to cross-border claims for the restitution of cultural property. It covers both the supranational legal framework and the domestic legal position in a number of key jurisdictions, namely the UK, US, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and China, drawing on the expertise of practitioners in those jurisdictions. It also relates the present state of the law to the evolving political and ethical debate and engages in critical comparison of the position in different jurisdictions. The book serves as a practical resource for those asserting or responding to claims for the return of objects, whether in the context of formal litigation or otherwise, as well as for those with a professional or policy interest in the restitution debate.