Although over two thirds of the Earth's surface is covered by water, more than 97% is ocean water which is too salty for human use or even for irrigation. Consequently, the freshwater is only 3% and almost 1% of the available freshwater is liquid surface water that can be used directly by humans. The rest is groundwater and iced water. Yet still, freshwater is considered to be one of the most abundant resources on earth. In the agriculture sector only, over two-thirds of the available freshwater is used for irrigation. This book focuses on the technology, management and efficiency of drip irrigation.

The fall of the New Order government in 1998 and the political reform that followed posed substantial challenges for Indonesia's bureaucracy to continue fulfilling its mandate. This book analyses the process of bureaucratic reform in the irrigation sector. Using irrigation Management Transfer policy as the entry point for analysis, it documents and analyses the irrigation bureaucracy's ability to sustain its power and prominence in the sector's development, amidst and against national and international pressures for reform. The book argues that bureaucratic reform in the irrigation sector rather than attempting to change the bureaucracy's functioning in the image of national and global (good) governance perspectives and priorities, should instead focus on linking the irrigation bureaucracy's everyday practice more effectively with farmers' needs and aspirations. Reform efforts of the past decades show that Indonesia's irrigation sector development cannot be redirected without the irrigation bureaucracy's knowledge, experience and cooperation, and without strengthening its downward accountability to farmer-irrigators.

The comprehensive and compact presentation in this book is the perfect format for a resource/textbook for undergraduate students in the areas of Agricultural Engineering, Biological Systems Engineering, Bio-Science Engineering, Water Resource Engineering, and Civil & Environmental Engineering. This book will also serve as a reference manual for researchers and extension workers in such diverse fields as agricultural engineering, agronomy, ecology, hydrology, and meteorology.

This book develops and presents a conceptual model for sustainable-groundwater irrigated agriculture. The model is based on the general principles of the economic theories of cost-benefit relations and behavioral models of resource use. The study has evaluated the advances in tubewell farming and the aquifer potential in arid Balochistan over a period of three decades. It has analyzed the booms and busts of the farming over time taking into consideration the local aquifer limitations and the socio-political considerations and policy framework. Three data sets farmers, expert officials and satellite images - have been used to aid validation. By observing the most vital parameters, the study has concluded that the local aquifer has been falling at a rate directly proportional to the growth rate of irrigated farming, suggesting the current development process is unsustainable. For instance, the research finds that tubewell bores have reached down to depths where the term aquifer mining applies; as a result, irrigation costs have become too high to allow farming to be economically viable. In addition, desertification is steadily encroaching and the cropping pattern being changed from high-value horticulture to subsistence cropping. The study has also set parameters for assessing the willingness of farmers to accept modern, sustainable strategies and interventions."

This book Irrigation & Agricultural Drainage Engineering is intended as a source book in the area of irrigation and drainage for the students of agricultural engineering in particular and agricultural science in general. However, this book also may be useful for agricultural extension workers and the professional working in this area. The contents of the book will enable one to acquire some basic requirements which an irrigation and drainage manager must have. The contents include basics along with some information toward research achievements, importance and usefulness so that the students get interested to the subject and at the same time help them to attend the institutional and competitive examinations. The book contains good numbers of numerical as example and task to get the students familiar to the requirements, complicacies, and possible remedies in actual working condition. Excepting the traditional broad and short questions, multiple choice questions are also set in every to assist the students in successful preparation for the entrance examinations in PG programs and the competitive examinations like State and Union PSC, etc.

This book for Agriculture and Agricultural and Civil Engineers and will be very much helpful for the beginning students in irrigation. It is designed to guide its readers in: Basic knowledge of soil, water and plant, hydrologic and hydraulics to the state-of-the-art of irrigation system design and management. Presented the principles and concepts of farm irrigation in a simple manner to maximize the students learning, understanding and motivation. The method and order of presentation have been carefully developed and classroom tested to make this book a useful and effective teaching tool. The book is written covering syllabus of irrigation engineering which is taught in different State Agricultural Universities as well as in the department of Civil Engineering of different Engineering colleges. The book contains adequate solved problems, short and long type questions, tables, figures which will be immensely helpful to the students and design engineers. Several field experimental results have also been incorporated in the book at appropriate sections to make the book interesting for the readers.

With fresh water becoming an increasingly precious commodity, and the prospect of becoming a source of the same type of political instability that is now associated with energy shortages, sustainable use of water resources is becoming more and more important. One of those uses is for irrigation. Sustainable Irrigation Management, Technologies and Policies IV addresses various aspects of irrigation. It includes not only the scientific and technical aspects of the management of water resources, but also matters the economics and policy aspects. Containing papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on the subject, the book covers the topics such as: The State of the Art; Irrigation Modelling; Irrigation Systems and Planning; Sustainable Irrigation and Water Re-use; Irrigation Management; Governance for Sustainable Irrigation; Water Trade Issues.

Today's irrigation management faces challenges and competition with other sectors (ie: household, industry, and environmental), quality degradation, and uncertain climatic conditions. To cope with these situations, the irrigation managers need precise estimation/determination of irrigation needs for crops, advance/water-saving techniques for water application, water conservation approaches, economic considerations in irrigation, and potentials for using marginal quality water in irrigation (such as saline water, and waste-water). This book focuses on all of the above issues: starting with irrigation management strategies for field crops -- to suitability of saline and waste-water as irrigation water. The book is useful to identify the need and adopt emerging technologies for irrigation management, as well as to identify appropriate methodologies for social, economic, and environmental benefits of improved irrigation management.

The comprehensive and compact presentation in this book is the perfect format for a resource/textbook for undergraduate students in the areas of Agricultural Engineering, Biological Systems Engineering, Bio-Science Engineering, Water Resource Engineering, and Civil & Environmental Engineering. This book will also serve as a reference manual for researchers and extension workers in such diverse fields as agricultural engineering, agronomy, ecology, hydrology, and meteorology.

At last, integrated management of drought on farms is dealt with in one comprehensive book. Although drought is a highly variable, near-universal natural phenomenon which has repercussions on a country's water and food supplies and many other sectors of the economy, there are many ways of avoiding, resisting and mitigating the effects of drought. Pro-active preparedness entails using the principles of risk management to upgrade the drought resistance of a farm systematically, and to have auxiliary contingency plans at the ready for use during unusually long droughts. The book provides tools for these strategies as it covers the management of water, soils, crops, rangeland, fodder and livestock, and many other drought-related topics. Audience: This book will be an important source of information for university and college staff and students in agricultural sciences, water and land use, environmental management, geography and risk management, and also farmers, agricultural advisors and policy makers.

Vertical and horizontal expansion of irrigated agriculture to feed the increasing population has contributed to excessive groundwater withdrawal and affected the availability of water in terms of both quality and quantity. To sustain agricultural growth, strategic measures should be adopted to reduce water consumption while minimizing adverse effect on yield. The effect of deficit irrigation on wheat yield was studied in three consecutive years (2002-03 to 2004-05) in field and pot. Ten irrigation treatments were imposed in a randomized complete block (RCB) design covering full deficit, no deficit at all, single deficit at different stages, and alternate deficits. Water deficit was created by withholding irrigation at different growth stages. The results indicate that deficit irrigation strategies affected all aspects of plant growth (leaf area index, chlorophyll content, root growth, nutrient uptake, plant height) adversely. Yield attributes were affected by deficit irrigation treatments although they are not statistically significant in all cases. Differences in grain and straw yield among the partial- and no-deficit treatments were small, and statistically insignificant in most cases. When compared within single-deficit treatments, the grain yield reduction was in the order to water deficit at phases: CRI> maximum tillering > booting - heading >flowering- soft dough. The crop coefficient (kc) under different ET0 methods for early, crop development, middle, and late period ranged from 0.54 to 0.96, 0.95 to 1.36, 1.2 to 1.62, and 0.68 to 1.05, respectively. On average, yield response factor (ky) for early, maximum tillering, booting-heading, and flowering-soft dough stages was 0.27,0.21, 0.25, and 0.17, respectively. The sensitivity index (?i, of Jensen model) for early, vegetative, booting-heading, and flowering-soft dough phases was 0.35, 0.22, 0.31, and 0.14, respectively. From the evaluation of yield, irrigation amount, irrigation water productivity, relative water savings, relative yield reduction, and maximum profit under limited water resource condition, it can be concluded that when limited quantities of water is available, preference should be given to irrigate first at CRI (if one irrigation is available), then at CRI and booting-heading (if two irrigations are available), and next at CRI, maximum tillering and booting-heading (if three irrigations are available) stages of growth.

This book looks at Sustainable Irrigation in a holistic way, considering the multidisciplinary objectives of sustainable agriculture, sustainable water management, sustainable water infrastructure, sustainable irrigation communities and a sustainable environment, the need to reallocate water between competing users, and the need for water and food security in an environment of scarcity. It does this by accepting the links between these objectives, and the need to change behavior and perceptions when it comes to water and how water is used. It does not treat sustainable irrigation as a fixed defined endpoint, but rather as a locally defined and constantly changing objective. It provides a comprehensive discussion of the importance of institutions and governance to guide this process and then provides examples from around the world showing how incentives and instruments have been introduced to support this development, how successful they have been and what the factors have promoted or impeded the successful outcomes.

Purpose of study was to quantify canal water distribution and its impact on income of the farmers in selected watercourse of 3-R distributary before and after the remodeling of outlets. The study was conducted on 3-R distributary of subsystem 6 in district Bahwalnagar of Punjab, Pakistan. Total 9 watercourses were selected of subsystem 6 of 3-R distributary. The subsystem 6 was divided into 3 reaches i.e. the Head, Middle and Tail reaches, and three watercourses were selected in every reach of field study. For every watercourse, Farmers interview at head, middle and tail ends was conducted and results are presented in this technical book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers on the impact of remodeling of outlets on local community and helps planning research studies for the survival of humanity. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating during book finalization and highly acknowledge publishing of this book by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

2009 reprint of the 1956 second edition. This title made available for the first time an adequately organized, comprehensive analytical method for evaluating the stresses, reactions and deflections in an irregular piping system in space, unlimited as to the character, location or number of concentrated loadings or restraints. Profusely illustrated and meticulously detailed.

This book is a facsimile reprint and may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages.

This book is a facsimile reprint and may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages.

This book is a facsimile reprint and may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages.